A + P II Endocrine HW

Which of these hormones exerts a strong effect on adrenal steroid production? TSH LH ADH ACTH

ACTH

Which of these is released by the neurohypophysis? ADH FSH TSH ACTH

ADH

What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor? aldosterone cortisol angiotensin II ADH (vasopressin)

ADH (vasopressin)

Which of the following statements would NOT be considered a mechanism of action of hormones? Adjacent cells coordinate cellular activities by exchanging ions and molecules across gap junctions. Stimulate the synthesis of an enzyme or a structural protein not already present in the cytoplasm by activating appropriate genes in the cell nucleus. Turn an existing enzyme or membrane channel "on" or "off" by changing its shape or structure. Increase or decrease the rate of synthesis of a particular enzyme or other protein by changing the rate of transcription or translation.

Adjacent cells coordinate cellular activities by exchanging ions and molecules across gap junctions.

Bob suffers from severe rheumatoid arthritis associated with overproduction of the growth factor RANKL, the receptors for which are present on osteoclasts. Based on this information, which of the following do you predict Bob will have problems regulating? increased osteoclast activity increased rate of mineral turnover increased blood calcium levels All of the listed responses are correct.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face." Addison's disease Cushing's disease pheochromocytoma

Cushing's disease

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones? oxytocin prolactin (PRL) GH (growth hormone) thyroid hormones

GH (growth hormone)

Which of these statements about the pineal gland is FALSE? It receives inputs from the retina. (Think Circadian Rhythm) It is controlled by the adenohypophysis. It promotes sleep. It produces melatonin.

It is controlled by the adenohypophysis.

Body cells that respond to insulin include Intestinal cells only. Muscle cells only. Liver cells only. Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body. Liver cells and muscle cells only.

Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose? Muscle cells. Liver cells and cells in the pancreas. Liver cells. Cells in the pancreas. Intestinal cells.

Liver cells.

Which of these signs is often seen in patients suffering from hyperthyroid disease? elevated oxygen utilization elevated body temperature elevated heart rate Patients with hyperthyroid disease often exhibit all of these signs.

Patients with hyperthyroid disease often exhibit all of these signs.

A liver cell responds to insulin by Releasing insulin. Breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose. Taking in glucose and converting it to glucagon. Releasing glucagon. Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.

Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.

Which of these statements about the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome is FALSE? Glucose is conserved. The dominant hormones are glucocorticoids. It follows the alarm phase. The dominant hormone is epinephrine.

The dominant hormone is epinephrine.

Which of these statements about the parathyroid gland is FALSE? There are usually four glands. Release of the hormone produced by the parathyroid gland results in an increase in Ca2+ reabsorption in the kidney. The hormone release is triggered by a rise in blood calcium. It is posterior to thyroid.

The hormone release is triggered by a rise in blood calcium.

When blood glucose levels are low Liver cells convert more glucose to glycogen. The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease.

The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.

When blood glucose levels are high The pancreas releases insulin. The liver releases glucagon. The pancreas releases glucose. The pancreas releases glucagon. The liver releases insulin.

The pancreas releases insulin.

Which of the following responses do not occur when blood glucose levels are increasing above the normal range, such as after eating a meal? Beta cells in the pancreatic islets secrete insulin into the bloodstream. Amino acid absorption and protein synthesis are increased. Body cells will increase the conversion of glucose into glycogen. There is an increase in the breakdown of fat into fatty acids in adipose tissue. Body cells respond by increasing the rate of glucose uptake into target cells.

There is an increase in the breakdown of fat into fatty acids in adipose tissue.

What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones? activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell increasing protein kinases phosphorylation of intracellular proteins

activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell

After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do? directly alters protein synthesis at the ribosome activates a protein kinase acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene phosphorylates a protein

acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene

What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland? luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) growth hormone (GH) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Compared the endocrine system, the nervous system is __________. briefer in action more rapidly acting more localized in action all of the listed characteristics

all of the listed characteristics

Which of these might result from excessive parathyroid hormone release? Which of these might result from excessive parathyroid hormone release? an increase in Ca2+ excretion by the kidneys an increase in bone density an increase in the loss of bone minerals a decrease in blood calcium levels

an increase in the loss of bone minerals

Which hormone is the antagonist to PTH and functions to lower blood calcium levels? calcitonin glucagon calcitriol estrogen

calcitonin

Which of the following is NOT involved in elevating blood calcium concentration? calcitriol calcitonin parathyroid hormone vitamin D (cholecalciferol)

calcitonin

What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor? chaperone proteins (chaperonins) Receptors can't enter the nucleus until the hormone is bound to it. transcription factors

chaperone proteins (chaperonins)

What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons? control secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) control secretion of thyroid hormones control secretion of oxytocin

control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors? epinephrine insulin cortisol

cortisol

In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen? decreased or difficulty breathing decreased insulin secretion decreased sweating decreased cardiac output

decreased insulin secretion

Primary endocrine disorders may be due to damage to the hormone-producing organ. Karen's thyroid gland suffered damage from repeated exposure to radiation because of a neck injury. Which of the following is least likely to be part of a primary endocrine disorder for Karen? decreased osteoblast sensitivity to calcitonin hyposecretion of T3 and T4 hyposecretion of calcitonin All of the listed responses are correct.

decreased osteoblast sensitivity to calcitonin

Which of these is NOT produced by pancreatic islet cells? insulin glucagon digestive enzymes pancreatic polypeptide

digestive enzymes

Excessive secretion by the adrenal medulla can lead to all of these changes EXCEPT __________. elevated heart rate drowsiness elevated blood glucose level elevated blood pressure

drowsiness

Which of the following could occur with a hypersecreting tumor of the adrenal gland? elevation of blood pressure and blood glucose concentration excess output of dilute urine appearance of a lump in the neck enlargement of bones and cartilage

elevation of blood pressure and blood glucose concentration

Which type of long distance intercellular communication do hormones like parathyroid hormone (PTH) fall into? synaptic paracrine endocrine direct

endocrine

Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress? cortisol epinephrine ADH (vasopressin) aldosterone

epinephrine

In secondary hypothyroidism, thyroid hormone release from the thyroid is impaired because of a lack in TRH or TSH. Considering the information above, secondary hypogonadism could result from a lack in which of the following hormones? growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) luteinizing hormone (LH) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Some athletes use GHB to enhance their lean body muscle mass. GHB, however, does not have a direct effect on muscle growth. Which hormone would most likely be stimulated by GHB to exert its anabolic effect? progesterone prolactin growth hormone testosterone

growth hormone

Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma? heart palpitations slow heart rate cool, dry skin low blood glucose

heart palpitations

The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called homeostasis. diabetes. positive feedback. negative feedback. None of the above.

homeostasis.

The brain region that exerts the most direct effects on the endocrine system is the __________. hypothalamus mesencephalon pons thalamus

hypothalamus

Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized? posterior pituitary anterior pituitary hypothalamus kidney

hypothalamus

From the list below, choose the response that lists the structures that produce the following hormones in correct order for signaling to their respective organs: GH-RH, GH, somatomedins, target tissue skeletal muscle, hypothalamus, liver, anterior pituitary hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, liver, skeletal muscle liver, skeletal muscle, anterior pituitary, hypothalamus anterior pituitary, skeletal muscle, liver, hypothalamus

hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, liver, skeletal muscle

A rise in blood glucose level will trigger all these responses EXCEPT __________. storage of triglycerides increased beta cell secretion increased alpha cell secretion storage of glycogen

increased alpha cell secretion

Which of these hormones is NOT derived from an amino acid? epinephrine thyroid hormone norepinephrine insulin

insulin

Calcitriol is secreted by the kidneys to promote calcium absorption along the intestines. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) causes release of calcium from bone matrix. These actions are examples of __________ between hormones. integrative effects permissive effects synergistic effects All of the listed responses are correct.

integrative effects

Lipid-soluble hormones usually bind to __________ receptors. extracellular transmembrane intracellular G protein coupled

intracellular

Which of the following correctly lists the hormones produced by the thyroid gland? ithyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin ctyrosine, thyroxin, calcitonin ithyroxine, T4, tetraiodothyronine tthyroglobulin, calcitonin

ithyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin

Adipose cells produce a hormone called __________ that acts on the brain to reduce food intake. adipin renin insulin leptin

leptin

Hormones often interact in an integrative way, producing different but complimentary results. Examples of this include all of the following EXCEPT __________. lowering blood sugar by insulin resistance to stress regulation of growth regulation of reproduction

lowering blood sugar by insulin

Your friend has been taking a cocktail of hormone supplements in an effort to gain a competitive edge during an upcoming marathon. You tell him that this is unhealthy and illegal. But it also gets you wondering what might be in this cocktail. Which of the following is NOT a likely ingredient? melatonin growth hormone (GH) erythropoietin (EPO) testosterone

melatonin

What hormones secreted by the heart can regulate blood volume and blood pressure? erythropoietin natriuretic peptides cortisol renin

natriuretic peptides

What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone? negative feedback a circadian rhythm of release thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

negative feedback

Where would you find the receptor for PtH? in the cytosol of target cells in the nucleus of target cells on the plasma membrane of target cells on the plasma membrane of all cells

on the plasma membrane of target cells

Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine ("letdown") reflex? oxytocin antidiuretic hormone (ADH) cortisol

oxytocin

If a hormone does NOT directly affect cellular activities, it is most likely a __________. transcription factor peptide hormone thyroid hormone steroid hormone

peptide hormone

The __________ gland secretes melatonin. pituitary pineal neurohypophysis thymus

pineal

Melatonin is secreted by __________. pituicytes ovaries and testes pinealocytes keratinocytes

pinealocytes

Diabetes insipidus occurs when the __________ lobe of the pituitary gland no longer releases __________. posterior; ACTH posterior; ADH anterior; ADH anterior; ACTH

posterior; ADH

Where in the parathyroid gland is PTH produced? parafollicular cells or C-cells principal cells follicular cells oxyphils

principal cells

Which of the following is an example of an autocrine communication? the direct transmission of an action potential from one cardiac muscle fiber to another cardiac muscle fiber the secretion of inhibitory neurotransmitters from a photoreceptor cell to nearby bipolar cells in the retina smooth muscle cells secreting prostaglandins that cause contraction of the smooth muscle cells the secretion of a thyrotropin (TSH) from the anterior pituitary gland into the blood where it travels to the cells of the thyroid gland

smooth muscle cells secreting prostaglandins that cause contraction of the smooth muscle cells

Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of __________ and the excretion of __________. potassium ions, calcium ions sodium ions, potassium ions calcium ions, sodium ions water, sodium ions

sodium ions, potassium ions

Which gland is named for a nearby prominent cartilage? thyroid pituitary salivary adrenal

thyroid

Which hormone's receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty? cortisol insulin thyroid hormone

thyroid hormone

From the choices below, which disease is associated with the following diagnosis? Jill secretes normal amounts of insulin, but her tissues do not respond properly, demonstrating a condition known as insulin resistance. Cushing disease type 1 diabetes type 2 diabetes diabetes insipidus

type 2 diabetes

Which of these is mismatched? zona glomerulosa; aldosterone zone reticularis; norepinephrine zona fasciculata; cortisol adrenal medulla; epinephrine

zone reticularis; norepinephrine