AAMC FREE EXAM

Capacitance has a parallel relationship to...

1. Area of the parallel plates 2. Permittivity 3. Volage

How many Liters are in 1 mol of gas?

22.4 L

Parietal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing sensory information

G protein-coupled receptor

A signal receptor protein in the plasma membrane that responds to the binding of a signaling molecule by activating a G protein.

Cones

Cones are the photoceptors responsible for color vision, and are mainly located in the fovea of the eye.

Which metabolic process are GI tract bacteria directly involved?

Conversion of PS into short chain fatty acids

How does fluorescence occur?

Fluorescence can occur when the absorbed radiation has a photon energy larger than the photon energy of the radiation emitted through fluorescence.

If the red line in the Balmer series has a wavelength of 656 nm, which of the following is closest to its frequency?

For light that travels in vacuum, wavelength and frequency are related according to wavelength × frequency = 3.0 × 108 m/s. Solving for frequency yields (3.0 × 108 m/s)/(656 × 10-9 m) = 4.6 × 1014 Hz.

Psychodynamic theory

Freudian theory that unconscious forces determine behavior.

Glucagon

Glucagon is secreted in response to low blood glucose levels from pancreatic alpha cells.

Horizontal mobility

Horizontal mobility would represent an individual's change of role within the same social class

Insulin

Insulin is secreted in response to high blood glucose levels by pancreatic beta cells

Intergenerational mobility

Intergenerational mobility refers to generational change in socioeconomic status across different generations.

Which amino acid exhibits a beta-branched side chain?

Isoleucine contains a branched side chain

Looking-glass self

Looking-glass self refers to an individual basing their sense of self on how they think others perceive them.

Medicalization

Medicalization refers to the recategorization of a condition as a medical problem that requires diagnosis and treatment by medical experts.

Neural plasticity

Neural plasticity refers to the ability of the nervous system to modify itself, functionally and structurally, in response to experience or injury.

Based on the passage, which of the following is closest to the pressure exerted on the chest by a 10 × 5 cm rectangular paddle during defibrillation? (Note: 1 Pa = 1 N/m2.)

Pressure is the ratio of the force applied perpendicular to a surface and the area of the surface. Because the normal component of the force is 100 N and the area is 10 cm × 5 cm = 50 cm2 = 0.005 m2, the pressure is (100 N)/(0.005 m2) = 20 kPa

Reaction formation

Reaction formation involves minimizing uncomfortable thoughts or emotions by overemphasizing their opposite.

scapegoat

Scapegoating refers to erroneously assigning blame to an identifiable source, often when the real cause is abstract, such as globalization.

Secondary reinforcement

Secondary reinforcers are stimuli that have acquired reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers.

The categorization aspect of the cognitive functioning assessment involves which type of memory?

Semantic memory is memory for facts and knowledge. This is the memory system used for a categorization task which requires participants to use pre-existing knowledge to sort the items.

Capacitance has an inverse relationship to...

Separation between the parallel plates

In operant conditioning, partial reinforcement, rather than continuous reinforcement, leads to a response that is:

Slower to acquire and more resistant to extinction.

Social facilitation

Social facilitation occurs when the presence of an audience improves performance on a well-practiced task.

Le Chatelier's Principle

States that if a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system shifts in the direction that relieves the stress.

Heisenberg uncertainty principle

States that one cannot known both the momentum and position of an object with absolute certainty

Pauli Exclusion Principle

States that two or more identical fermions, e.g. electrons, cannot occupy the same quantum state

stimulus discrimination

Stimulus discrimination refers to a stimulus-controlled behavior occurring in response specifically to the original controlling stimulus without being elicited by stimuli that resemble the original stimulus.

Stimulus generalization

Stimulus generalization refers to a stimulus-controlled behavior occurring in response to stimuli that physically resemble the original controlling stimulus.

Structural mobility

Structural mobility refers to social mobility as a result of macro-social changes, generally impacting a significant part of the population.

Km

Substrate concentration at 1/2 Vmax

Hawthorne effect

The Hawthorne effect refers to the change in the participants' behavior when they know their behavior is being observed, including via self-report

Which membrane transporter is electrogenic and translocates a net charge across the membrane? A. Na+− H+ exchanger B. Na+−C- cotransporter C. Na+−glucose cotransporter D. GLUT2 facilitative glucose transporter

The Na+-glucose cotransporter transports Na+ cations and glucose into the cell. This process is electrogenic, as it results in the net movement of positively charged molecules into the cell.

Amygdala

The amygdala is involved in emotional encoding, which is likely to be involved in recalling the critical incident.

If the energy of a photon is doubled, which of the following properties of the photon will also double?

The energy of a photon is given by the relationship E = hf. If E is doubled, then frequency f is doubled, too, as Planck's constant h does not change.

Hippocampus

The hippocampus is involved in memory encoding, which is necessary for the recall of the critical incident. Therefore, this structure is likely to be involved in the task.

The reaction between NADH and ubiquinone is exergonic, but the reaction, when catalyzed by Na+-NQR, does not generate much heat in vivo. What factor accounts for this difference?

The movement of a charged particle against its concentration gradient is energetically costly. Coupling the two processes: the redox reaction between NADH and ubiquinone and the movement of Na+ up a concentration gradient makes the overall process less exothermic.

Prefrontal cortex

The prefrontal cortex is involved in executive functioning and decision making, which is likely to be involved in answering the assessments in the tasks, and is thus incorrect.

If the wavelength of a light beam were doubled, its frequency would be:

The product between wavelength and frequency is constant when light travels through a certain medium, thus doubling the wavelength results in halving the frequency.

Which of the following is closest to the wavelength of a photon whose energy is 2 eV?

Using hc = 4.1 × 10-15 eV•s × 3 × 108 m/s = 1230 eV•nm, and λ = hc/E, then E = 2 eV corresponds to λ = (1230 eV•nm)/(2 eV) = 615 nm, which is closest to 620 nm.

In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction where enzyme concentration is held constant and substrate concentration is relatively low, which kinetic parameter will increase with the addition of more substrate?

V0. V0 is the initial velocity of an enzymatic reaction. At low concentrations of substrate and constant enzyme concentration, adding more substrate will increase V0 until the maximal velocity is reached.

Blood Flow Speed

V= Q/A A= Pi*r^2

An ice cube at 0°C and 1 atm is heated to form steam at 100°C and 1 atm. Ignoring heat loss to the surroundings, what part of the process uses the most heat? (Note: Specific heat of water = 1 cal/g°C. Heat of fusion = 80 cal/g. Heat of vaporization = 540 cal/g.)

Vaporizing all the water requires 540 cal/g, which is a greater heat requirement than specific heat or heat of fusion.

Vertical mobility

Vertical mobility indicates a change in someone's socioeconomic status

Heuristic

a problem solving approach (algorithm) to find a satisfactory solution where finding an optimal or exact solution is impractical or impossible.

cognitive schema

an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular topic or aspect of the world

Contraction of the diaphragm results in:

decreased intrathoracic pressure and inhalation.

A major obstacle to obtaining useful energy from a nuclear fusion reactor is containment of the fuel at the very high temperatures required for fusion. The reason such high temperatures are required is to:

enable reactants to approach within range of the strong nuclear force.

Vmax

maximum initial velocity or rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction.

Ion exchange chromatography

molecules separated based on net surface charge

The morphological changes associated with elevated stress or exercise are examples of:

neural plasticity

In contrast to chemical messengers in classical endocrine signaling systems, chemical messengers in paracrine and autocrine signaling systems are:

not transported by blood vessels.

Rods

retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond. They are located at the periphery of the eye.

gel filtration chromatography

separates proteins based on size

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

stage theory of psychosocial development, lifespan consists of eight dilemmas that must be solved correctly in order to solve the next dilemma

Bose-Einstein Principle

states that a collection of atoms cooled close to absolute zero will coalesce into a single quantum state

adaptive immunity

the ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them e.x., T and B cells

positive cooperativity

the first substrate changes the shape of the enzyme allowing other substrates to bind more easily

Kcat

turnover number (molecules catalyzed per second in optimal conditions) Vmax / [E]

A 2 kg mass and a 5 kg mass are connected by a massless cord suspended over a massless and frictionless pulley. If the acceleration due to gravity is g, what will be the acceleration of the masses after they are released from rest?

According to Newton's second law, the net force acting on the 5-kg mass is given by the expression Fnet= 5 kg × a1 = 5 kg × g - T, where a1 is the acceleration after the release and T is the tension in the cord. The net force acting on the 2-kg mass is given by the expression Fnet= 2 kg × a2 = 2 kg × g - T. Because the two masses move simultaneously but in opposite directions after they are released, a1 = -a2 = a. Substituting the expression T = 5 kg × (g - a) into the equation of motion of the 2-kg mass yields -2 kg × a = 2 kg × g - 5 kg × (g - a) = -3 kg × g + 5 kg × a. Then 7 kg × a = 3 kg × g, hence a = 3g/7.

If all else is held constant, which of the following changes would NOT double the volume of a gas

Based on Boyle's Law, P is inversely proportional to volume, thus, doubling the pressure of a gas sample will decrease, not increase, the volume.

What is the molecular formula of the heterocyclic aromatic compound pyrrole?

C4H5N

Which of the following species has an electron configuration equivalent to that of a noble gas A. Ca2+ B. Cu2+ C.O D.H

Ca2+ has lost its valence electrons and thus attains the electronic configuration of the previous noble gas (Ar). Copper has 11 outer electrons. Loss of 2 electrons.

Which type of reaction has a Keq > 1 and is kinetically fast? A.Endergonic with high activation energy level B.Endergonic with low activation energy level C.Exergonic with high activation energy level D.Exergonic with low activation energy level

D. Exergonic with low activation energy level. A reaction that has a Keq > 1 is exergonic and a low activation energy results in fast reaction kinetics

Emotional displacement

Emotional displacement involves shifting the focus of emotion from a less to more acceptable target.

Enantiomers can exhibit a difference in which chemical or physical property

Enantiomers have the same physical and chemical properties. They differ only in their three dimensional arrangement of atoms and their interactions with other chiral molecules. They can differ in their smell due to interacting differently with chiral odorant receptors.

Which cells express lactase?

Enterocytes of the duodenal villi

Which type of cells have a plasma membrane, lack a nucleus, lack most organelles, and are shaped like a flat disc with a concave center?

Erythrocytes