A&P 1 Lecture Online (2)

Which hormone is NOT matched with its correct function? (calcitonin; increases blood calcium levels, osteocalcin; helps regulate glucose metabolism, growth hormone; lengthens long bones, PTH; indirectly stimulates osteoclast activity)

calcitonin; increases blood calcium levels

Which event must precede all others during tissue repair?

Inflammation occurs in the damaged area.

Choose the answer that shows the correct order for the standard preparation of a histological specimen.

(1) fixation, (2) sectioning, (3) staining

How many lumbar vertebrae are there in a typical adult skeleton?

5

Which event has to precede all others during endochondral ossification?

A cartilage model of the bone is formed.

Which of the following is NOT a role of connective tissue? (absorption, transport, insulation, support)

Absorption

Which of the following statements is true? (After the age of 21, most people will not experience longitudinal growth of bones., By the age of 21, the width of the bones stops changing., Hormones determine where remodeling occurs within the skeleton., PTH will increase calcium deposits in the bone matrix.)

After the age of 21, most people will not experience longitudinal growth of bones

Which description of skeletal cartilage is INCORRECT? (Costal cartilages reinforce airways and support the external nose., Fibrocartilages are able to withstand both pressure and stretch., Articular cartilages cover the ends of most bones at moveable joints., Elastic cartilages are able to tolerate repeated bending.)

Costal cartilages reinforce airways and support the external nose.

During DNA replication, the covalent bonding of nucleotides into a new strand of DNA is performed by __________.

DNA polymerase

Which of the following statements is true? (Closely packed bundles of collagen fibers are characteristic of loose connective tissues., Loose connective tissue includes cartilage., Dense connective tissue is dominated by collagen fibers., Dense irregular connective tissue has a high proportion of elastic fibers.)

Dense connective tissue is dominated by collagen fibers.

Which of the following statements is true? (Endochondral ossification leads to the formation of the clavicles and cranial bones., Endochondral ossification occurs within fibrous connective tissue membranes., Most bones in the body are formed by intramembranous ossification., During endochondral ossification, hyaline cartilage is broken down and replaced with bone.)

During endochondral ossification, hyaline cartilage is broken down and replaced with bone.

Which of the following statements is true? (Unlike endocytosis, exocytosis does not rely on protein interactions with the plasma membranes., Exocytosis involves infolding of the plasma membrane., During exocytosis, substances from inside the cell are moved outside., Endocytosis and exocytosis are passive transport mechanisms.)

During exocytosis, substances from inside the cell are moved outside.

(True or False?) Prophase has a series of checkpoints that determine whether a cell will undergo all stages of mitosis

False

How do endocrine and exocrine glands differ?

Endocrine glands do not use ducts.

Which of the following is a property of epithelial tissue?

Epithelial tissue is innervated.

(True or False?) All muscle cells contain striations.

False

(True or False?) Because of its many direct articulations with the axial skeleton, the pectoral girdle is very stable.

False

(True or False?) Channel-mediated diffusion is a form of active transport.

False

(True or False?) New portions of a nail are produced at the cuticle.

False

(True or False?) Phospholipids provide the cell-specific functions of the plasma membrane.

False

(True or False?) Pseudostratified epithelia are well adapted to the digestive system because the cilia increase the surface area for absorption.

False

(True or False?) Sweating and shivering are two ways in which the skin contributes to regulation of body temperature.

False

(True or False?) The biggest risk factor for the development of skin cancer is excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation from sunlight. Exposure to the type of UV light emitted from a tanning bed is far less dangerous.

False

(True or False?) The main role of the axial skeleton is to help us manipulate our environment.

False

(True or False?) Vitamin D precursors are produced in the skin in the presence of sunlight. These chemicals are important for the transport of sodium in our intestines.

False

Each of the 12 ribs articulates with one vertebra. (true or false?)

False

A patient is hyperventilating. The "blowing off" of excessive carbon dioxide causes a decrease in blood H+ concentration. How can the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system function to correct this imbalance?CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3-

H2CO3 dissociates to form more H+ and lower pH

Drinking alcohol can cause dehydration, which makes the blood hypertonic. Which option best describes the consequences of this hypertonic blood?

Hypertonic blood draws water out of the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypotonic. This, in turn, makes the interstitial fluid lose water to the cells

Which of the following is a difference between primary and secondary active transport?

In primary active transport, the transport protein gets phosphorylated; in secondary active transport, the transport protein is not phosphorylated.

Which statement regarding the classification of bones is FALSE? (The sternum is an example of a flat bone., Sesamoid bones form within certain tendons., Long bones include all limb bones except the patella., Irregular bones include the vertebrae and hip bones.)

Long bones include all limb bones except the patella.

Which of the following imaging devices would best localize a tumor in a person's brain?

MRI

__________ are water-soluble, complex glycoproteins that are secreted by goblet cells.

Mucin

Assume that Na+ is being transported across a membrane via facilitated diffusion. Which of the following conditions would allow for the most transport of Na+ across that membrane?

Na+ diffusing toward the side of the membrane with Cl− and 50% less Na+

Which description of bone cells is INCORRECT? (Osteogenic cells can differentiate into osteoclasts., Osteoclasts secrete digestive enzymes and hydrogen ions., Osteoblasts secrete collagen and calcium-binding proteins., Bone lining cells are flat cells found on bone surfaces where bone remodeling is not going on.)

Osteogenic cells can differentiate into osteoclasts.

Which statement regarding osteons is FALSE? (Osteons consist of concentric lamellae surrounding a central canal., Osteons are found in all bone tissues, The inorganic matrix of an osteon gives it the ability to resist compression., Collagen gives osteons the ability to resist twisting forces.)

Osteons are found in all bone tissues

Which of the following pairings is correct? (rickets; deficiency of vitamin A, osteoporosis; increased bone density, osteomalacia; excessive mineralization of the bone, Paget's disease; excessive and haphazard bone deposition and resorption)

Paget's disease; excessive and haphazard bone deposition and resorption

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? (Dendritic cells ingest foreign substances and activate the immune system., Melanin protects the nuclei of keratinocytes against ultraviolet (UV) radiation., Tactile cells anchor the skin to the underlying structures of the body., Keratinocytes produce a fibrous protein that gives the epidermis its protective properties.)

Tactile cells anchor the skin to the underlying structures of the body.

Which of the following statements regarding the skeleton is INCORRECT? (The axial skeleton supports and protects internal organs., The appendicular skeleton allows us to move around., The appendicular skeleton includes the shoulder girdles., The axial skeleton includes the bones of the limbs.)

The axial skeleton includes the bones of the limbs.

What can we infer if we see a large number of mitochondria in a cell?

The cell has a great metabolic demand

Under a microscope you view a cell with an extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum present. What could this indicate?

The cell is involved in detoxifying drugs.

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? (The cutaneous membrane is made of a simple columnar epithelium, Serous membranes line body cavities and organs., The cutaneous membrane is a dry membrane exposed to air., Mucous membranes line exits and entrances to the body.)

The cutaneous membrane is made of a simple columnar epithelium

Which of the following explains why eyebrows do NOT grow as long as the hair on the head? (The hair follicles of the eyebrows are active for only a few months before becoming inactive; the hair follicles in the scalp are active for years before becoming inactive., The hairs on the head have a cuticle, whereas the hairs of the eyebrows do not., The hair follicles in the scalp are responsive to androgens, however the hair follicles of the eyebrows are not., The hair follicles of the eyebrows exhibit a resting phase, but the hair follicles in the scalp do not., The hair follicles in the scalp have a hair matrix, but the hair follicles of the eyebrows do not.)

The hair follicles of the eyebrows are active for only a few months before becoming inactive; the hair follicles in the scalp are active for years before becoming inactive.

What is the role of the hair matrix?

The hair matrix produces hair.

Which of the following statements is true? (The ilium is the most proximal bone in the lower appendicular skeleton., The tibia and fibula articulate with the calcaneus at the ankle., The fibula is the weight-bearing bone in the lower leg., The tibia is the lateral bone in the lower leg.)

The ilium is the most proximal bone in the lower appendicular skeleton

Which of the following would be a sign of a melanoma?

asymmetry

Old age affects many parts of the skeleton. Which of the following is NOT associated with old age? (The vertebrae become more porous and likely to fracture., The thoracic cage becomes more rigid as costal cartilages ossify., The intervertebral discs become thinner and less elastic., The mandible continues to grow and thicken.)

The mandible continues to grow and thicken.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? (The female pelvis is thinner than that of a male., The pubic arch is broader in the pelvis of a female than in the pelvis of a male., The female pelvis is tilted further forward than the male pelvis., The pelvic outlet is narrower in a female than in a male.)

The pelvic outlet is narrower in a female than in a male.

Which of the following statements is true? (The phalanges in the thumb are the most medial bones in the hand., The humerus is the most proximal bone in the upper appendicular skeleton., The scapula marks the origin of the appendicular skeleton., The radius is the lateral bone in the forearm.)

The radius is the lateral bone in the forearm.

Which of the following represents a difference between eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands?

The secretions of apocrine sweat glands contain more fat and protein than do the secretions of eccrine sweat glands.

Which of the following describes a holocrine gland? (The secretory cells release their products by exocytosis., The apex of the secretory cells pinches off to release their products., Holocrine glands secrete their products through a hollow, tubular duct., The secretory cells release their products by rupturing.)

The secretory cells release their products by rupturing.

What does the formula C6H12O6 mean?

There are, 6 carbon, 12 hydrogen, and 6 oxygen atoms.

Which of the following is characteristic of cilia?

They are whiplike, motile cellular extensions that occur in large numbers on the exposed surfaces of certain cells.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the parietal bones? (The four largest sutures occur where the parietal bones join to other bones., They form the bulk of the cranial vault., They are paired., They form the base of the skull.)

They form the base of the skull.

(True or False?) All epithelia have two surfaces, an apical surface and a basal surface, that differ in both structure and function. This property is called polarity.

True

(True or False?) Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) imaging is most useful in discovering obstructed blood supplies in organs and tissues.

True

(True or False?) Flat bones consist of a thin plate of spongy bone, called diploë, sandwiched between two layers of compact bone.

True

(True or False?) Hydrogen bonds are too weak to bind atoms together to form molecules, but they do hold different parts of a single large molecule in a specific three-dimensional shape.

True

(True or False?) In their resting state, all body cells exhibit a resting membrane potential; therefore, all cells are polarized.

True

(True or False?) Lysosomes perform digestive functions within a cell.

True

(True or False?) Omega-3 fatty acids appear to decrease the risk of heart disease.

True

(True or False?) Positive feedback mechanisms tend to enhance the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated.

True

(True or False?) The collagen fibers of the osteoid make the overall bone matrix stronger by allowing it to resist bending and twisting forces.

True

Which of the following does NOT describe a multicellular exocrine gland? (simple glands, a tubular gland, a gland that secretes hormones, a gland that secretes sweat)

a gland that secretes hormones

In connective tissue, the role of elastic fibers is to __________.

allow the tissue to stretch and recoil

You are asked to draw blood from the median cubital vein. You will search for this vein in the ________.

anterior side of the elbow

Which of the following is NOT an immediate threat to the body as a result of a severe burn? (electrolyte imbalance, bacterial infection, renal failure, dehydration)

bacterial infection

Which tissue is correctly paired with its primary immature cell type? (bone; osteoblast, cartilage; fibroblast, bone; fibrocyte, connective tissue proper; chondrocyte)

bone; osteoblast

Earwax is made by __________.

ceruminous glands

Ions are transported across plasma membranes using __________, which requires __________.

channel-mediated facilitated diffusion; kinetic energy

Tendons are strong, rope-like structures that connect skeletal muscle to bone. Which of the following proteins would provide strength to a tendon?

collagen

The single most abundant protein in the body is ________.

collagen

Which of the following are correctly matched? (nondisplaced fracture; the fractured bone ends are misaligned, linear fracture; the break is perpendicular to the bone's long axis, compound fracture; the fractured bone ends penetrate the skin, incomplete fracture; the bone is broken through)

compound fracture; the fractured bone ends penetrate the skin

You observe a uniform tissue under a microscope. There is no lumen. The material looks densely packed, but you do not observe many nuclei. It appears that there are strands of fibers running in parallel directions. What type of tissue are you looking at?

connective tissue

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of nervous tissue? (capable of transmitting electricity, provides support and insulation, highly branched cells, creates linings)

creates linings

Which of the following names the three main parts of a human cell?

cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and nucleus

Which of the following is a bone marking of the humerus? (radial notch, styloid process, radial tuberosity, deltoid tuberosity)

deltoid tuberosity

The body cavities that protect the nervous system are located in the ________ cavity.

dorsal

You are asked to classify an exocrine gland found in the skin based solely on the chemical analysis of its product, which turns out to be a hypotonic fluid consisting of about 99% water with a pH of 5. It contains NaCl, traces of urea and ammonia, and a peptide called dermcidin, but lacks fats and proteins. How would you classify this gland?

eccrine gland

A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be ________.

enhancement of labor contractions

Expiration (breathing out) is how the body removes excessive carbon dioxide from the blood. This is an example of ________.

excretion of metabolic waste

Which of the following is UNLIKELY to affect bone remodeling? (glucagon, mechanical stress, parathyroid hormone, low blood Ca2+ concentration)

glucagon

Which of the following would NOT diffuse through the plasma membrane by means of simple diffusion? a( lipid-soluble vitamin, glucose, a steroid hormone, oxygen)

glucose

Which of the following is a layer of the epidermis found in thin skin? (clear layer, granular layer, papillary layer, reticular layer)

granular layer

The study of large body structures, visible to the naked eye, such as the heart is called ________ anatomy.

gross

During infancy and childhood, the most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate activity is __________.

growth hormone

The correct order (from start to finish) of fracture repair is __________.

hematoma formation, soft callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling

Respiratory failure can lead to a change in the color of the skin, which is more evident in light-skinned individuals. Which pigmentation factor is affecting this change?

hemoglobin

You are told to take an axillary temperature on a small child. You will place the thermometer ________.

in the armpit

The correct order of events in tissue repair, from first to last, is __________.

inflammation, organization, and regeneration

When chondrocytes in lacunae divide and form new matrix, it leads to an expansion of the cartilage tissue from within. This process is called __________.

interstitial growth

What type of chemical bond can form between an atom with 11 protons and an atom with 17 protons?

ionic

The nucleolus __________.

is the site of ribosome assembly in a cell

Smooth muscle __________.

is under involuntary control

Anatomical position is important because ________.

it allows a common point of reference for body position to help communicate anatomical relationships

Which of the following describes tight junctions?

junctions among epithelial cells lining the digestive tract

Which of the following pairs is correctly matched? (thoracic vertebrae; triangular vertebral foramen, lumbar vertebrae; short, flat spinous processes, cervical vertebrae; rib facets, thoracic vertebrae; transverse foramen, lumbar vertebrae; bifid spinous processes)

lumbar vertebrae; short, flat spinous processes

Most facial bones articulate with the __________.

maxillary bones

The arch that runs front to back on the inside of the foot is the __________.

medial longitudinal arch

The most dangerous type of skin cancer is __________.

melanoma

An exocrine gland that has an unbranched duct would be classified as a __________.

multicellular simple gland

Which of the following are INCORRECTLY paired? (nervous tissue; ectoderm, connective tissue; mesoderm, epithelium; endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm, muscle; endoderm)

muscle; endoderm

The vomer and ethmoid bones form part of the __________.

nasal septum

Which one of the following systems responds fastest to environmental stimuli? (lymphatic, nervous, muscular, immune)

nervous

Which of the following are survival needs of the body?

nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen

A structure that is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions for the body is a(n) ________.

organ

Which of the following cells are NOT matched with their appropriate function? (bone lining cells; maintain bone matrix, osteoclasts; bone resorption, osteoblasts; create new bone matrix, osteocytes; produce new bone cells.)

osteocytes; produce new bone cells.

Which of the following is a component of the plasma membrane that creates a physical barrier between the inside and the outside of the cell?

phospholipids

It is wise to study anatomy alongside with physiology because ________.

physiology is only explainable in terms of the underlying anatomy

Which of the following is LEAST like the other three? (interstitial fluid, cytosol, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid)

plasma

In which body cavities are the lungs located?

pleural, ventral, and thoracic

Which of the following is NOT a function of sebum? (protection from UV radiation, prevention of water loss, protection from bacteria, lubrication of the skin)

protection from UV radiation

Which of the following processes allows cells to concentrate specific material that is present only in very small amounts in the extracellular fluid?

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Which of the following structures is common only to only one region of the spinal column? (superior articulating surfaces, pedicles, transverse processes, rib facets, spinous processes)

rib facets

Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing proteins?

ribosomes

Which of the following is correctly matched? (kyphosis; accentuated lumbar curvature, herniated disc; dorsally exaggerated thoracic curvature,, lordosis; rupture of the anulus fibrosus, scoliosis; abnormal lateral curvature)

scoliosis; abnormal lateral curvature

Osteoblasts __________.

secrete osteoid

You observe a tissue under a microscope. There appears to be a lumen on one side of the tissue. Lining this lumen is a single layer of epithelial cells that seem to have long, fingerlike projections. Beneath the projections, the cells seem to have the shape of shoeboxes and are packed tightly together. What type of tissue are you looking at?

simple columnar epithelium

Which of the following epithelial tissue types is NOT correctly matched to its function? (simple columnar epithelium with microvilli; absorption, simple squamous epithelium; filtration, simple cuboidal epithelium; secretion, stratified squamous epithelium; absorption)

stratified squamous epithelium; absorption

Pigment can be found in several layers of the epidermis. In which layer would you expect to find the cells that produce melanin?

stratum basale

What function do transitional epithelia have?

stretching

Amino acids joining together to make a peptide is a good example of a(n) ________ reaction.

synthesis

__________ is a molecule that brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation.

t-RNA

Which of the following is a bony articulation for the scapula? (the coracoid process, subscapular fossa, the acromion, the suprascapular notch)

the acromion

Which of the following bones does NOT fit with the other listed bones? (the sternum, the true ribs, the clavicle, the vertebrae)

the clavicle

A chemical reaction in which bonds are created is usually associated with ________.

the consumption of energy

What is the weakest part of a developing, adolescent long bone?

the epiphyseal plate

Which of the following bones does NOT fit with the other listed bones? (the occipital bone, the maxilla, the frontal bone, the sphenoid)

the maxilla

A fracture of which structure is commonly referred to as "breaking your hip"?

the neck of the femur

Which dermal layer is responsible for the dermal properties of skin that are evident as cleavage lines? (the basal layer, the granular layer, the papillary layer, the reticular layer)

the reticular layer

Which of the following is NOT a facial bone? (the zygomatic bone, the sphenoid bone, the maxilla, the nasal bone, the vomer bone)

the sphenoid bone

Which of the following does NOT protect the skin from bacteria? (cathelicidins, dermcidin, the temperature of the skin, the low pH of the skin, defensins)

the temperature of the skin

Which of the following bones is NOT part of the orbit? (the maxilla, the frontal bone, the zygomatic bone, the temporal bone)

the temporal bone

Which of the following bones do NOT contain a paired paranasal sinus? (the ethmoid bones, the frontal bones, the sphenoid bones, the zygomatic bones)

the zygomatic bones

Generally, what is the result of the negative feedback process?

to maintain homeostasis

Which of the following is a site for a muscle or ligament attachment? (groove, trochanter, foramen, sinus)

trochanter

Bones do NOT have a role in __________.

waste removal