A&P 2: Final

With regard to fluid balance, water gains occur primarily in the

digestive tract.

Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the

efferent arteriole.

The term "hypercapnia" refers to

elevated PCO2.

Bile salts break lipids apart in a process called

emulsification.

The energy content of foods is commonly given in units of

kilocalories (also, kcal or Cal).

The production of milk is called

lactation.

Of these — carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins — which releases the greatest amount of energy per gram during catabolism? (Module 23.15C)

lipids

Name the four layers of the digestive tract beginning from the lumen of the digestive tract.

mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa

Starting at the mouth, identify the major organs of the digestive tract

oral cavity (mouth), pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Chief cells secrete

pepsinogen.

This passageway, commonly called the throat, is part of the respiratory system and the digestive system

pharynx.

What is the function of the structure labeled "6"?

regulates release of chyme into the duodenum

Sperm production occurs in the

seminiferous tubules.

In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is ________, yielding a different amino acid.

transferred to another molecule

The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces

urea.

During exercise, hemoglobin releases more oxygen to active skeletal muscles than it does when those muscles are at rest. Why?

Increased temperature and decreased pH generated by active skeletal muscles cause hemoglobin to release more oxygen during exercise than when the muscles are at rest.

Identify routes of fluid loss from the body. (Module 25.2A)

Water can be lost during urination, evaporation at skin and lungs, and in feces.

A glomerulus is

a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

bicarbonate ions.

Are chemoreceptors more sensitive to blood CO2 levels or blood O2 levels?

blood CO2 levels

What intermediate compound formed from water and carbon dioxide directly affects the pH of the ECF? (Module 25.7B)

carbonic acid

Identify the body's three major buffer systems. (Module 25.8A)

phosphate buffer system, protein buffer system, and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

What roles do the ovaries perform? (Module 26.9B)

produce oocytes, secrete female sex hormones, secrete inhibin

After ovulation, the ovary secretes

progesterone.

Chemical breakdown of materials, especially proteins, by acid and enzymes takes place in the

stomach

What is the function of the gallbladder? (Module 22.20D)

store and concentrate bile

The organ that provides mechanical protection and nutritional support for the developing embryo is the

uterus.

Distinguish between chemical digestion and absorption.

Chemical digestion involves the breakdown of food, whereas absorption involves the movement of nutrients across the digestive epithelium into the interstitial fluid.

Define oocyte. (Module 26.10A)

Oocyte is an immature female gamete.

When the blood pH falls below 7.35, ________ results.

acidemia

List the structures of a sperm. (Module 26.3C)

acrosome, head, neck, middle piece, and tail

Each of the following organs is part of the urinary system except the

adrenal glands.

The process of filtration occurs at the

glomerulus.

The portion of the small intestine that attaches to the cecum is the

ileum.

Where does most nutrient absorption occur? (Module 23.8B)

in the small intestine, primarily in the jejunum

Secretion of potassium into the urine is

increased by aldosterone.

Intracellular fluid is found only within

the cells of the body.

The movement of chloride ions into the RBCs in exchange for bicarbonate ions is known as

the chloride shift.

Haustra are

expansible pouches of the colon.

Describe the three layers of the uterine wall. (Module 26.11B)

The endometrium is the inner, glandular layer; the myometrium is the middle, muscular layer; the perimetrium is the outer, incomplete serosal layer.

The erectile tissue that surrounds the urethra is the

corpus spongiosum.

Name the heat conservation mechanism that conducts heat form deep arteries to adjacent deep veins in the limbs.

countercurrent exchange

The thick surface layer of the crown of a tooth is made up of

enamel.

Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine except

proteins.

The region of the stomach that empties into the duodenum is the

pylorus.

Which of the following systems is responsible for gas exchange?

respiratory

During a choking episode, most foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.

right primary

If you have to urinate, but have to "hold it" until you can find a bathroom, what structure are you "holding it" with?

the external urethral sphincter

During the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle,

the functional zone of the endometrium is restored.

With regard to mineral balance, the primary site of ion loss in the body is

the kidneys.