A&P Ch. 19 Reproductive System

Menarche

A female's first menstrual cycle called, occurs after the ovaries & other organs of the reproductive control system have matured & respond to certain hormones

Female reproductive system

The organs of the _____ produce & maintain the female sex cells, or egg cells transport these cells to the site of fertilization; provide a favorable environment for a developing offspring move the offspring to the outside & produce female sex hormones

10 years

prior to ___ years of age the male body is reproductively immature

Birth control

Is voluntary regulation of the number of offspring produced & when they are conceived

13

Menstrual cycle usually begins around age ____

Estrogen & progesterone

2 major female sex hormone groups

Contraceptive implant

A ___ is a set of small progesterone-containing capsules or rods inserted surgically under the skin of a woman's arm or scapular region

Surgical method of contraception

A ___ sterilizes the male or female

Diaphragm

A cup-shaped device with a flexible ring forming the rim

Myometrium

A thick, middle muscular layer consists largely of bundles of smooth muscle fibers

Hymen

A thin membrane of connective tissue & stratified squamous epithelium called the ___ partially closes the vaginal orifice

Amenorrhea

Absence of menstrual flow, usually due to a disturbance in hormonal concentrations

Hemotometra

Accumulation of menstrual blood washing the uterine cavity

Late 40's or early 50's

After puberty, menstrual cycles at regular intervals into the ______, when they become increasingly irregular

Rhythm method

Also called time coitus or natural family planning, causes abstinence from sexual intercourse a few days before and after ovulation

Depo-provera

An intramuscular injection of ____, which is an injectable contraception, protects against pregnancy for 3 months by preventing maturation & release of a secondary oocyte

Silent infection

Another word for sexually transmitted diseases (STD)

Gonadotropins

Are secreted by the anterior pituitary

Oogenesis

As a follicle matures the primary oocyte undergoes ___ giving rise to a secondary oocyte & a first polar body

Puberty

At ____ the anterior pituitary gland secretes increased amounts of FSH, & the ovaries enlarge in response

Primary follicles

At the same time some of the primordial follicles mixture into ___

Primary oocytes

Beginning at puberty, some ___ are stimulated to continue meiosis

Vestibular bulb

Beneath the mucosa of the vestibule on either side is a mass of vascular erectile tissue called the ____

Oral contraceptives (birth control pills)

Contains synthetic estrogen-like & progesterone-like chemicals. Disrupts the normal pattern of gonadotropin secretion & prevents the LH surge that triggers ovulation

Estrogen

Develops & maintains the female secondary sex characteristics

Prenatal (before birth)

During ___ development, small groups of cells in the outer region of the ovarian cortex form several million primordial follicles

Primary oocyte; follicular cells

Each of these structures consists of a single cell called a ___, closely surrounded by epithelial cells called _____

Labia majora

Enclosed & protect the other external reproductive organs.

Oogenesis

Is the process of egg cell formation

Development of breast and ductile system of mammary glands; increased deposition of adipose tissue in the breasts, thighs, & buttocks; increased vascularization of the skin

Female secondary sex characteristics

20

How many known sexually transmitted diseases are there?

Parasympathetic impulses

If sexual stimulation is sufficiently intense, ___ stimulate the vestibular glands to secrete mucus into the vestibule. This moistens & lubricates the tissues surrounding the vestibule & the lower end of the vagina

Tubal ligation

In a female a physician performs a ___, which the uterine tubes are cut and ligated so that sperm cells cannot reach an egg cell

Vasectomy

In a male a physician does a ___ removing a small section of each vas deferens

Chemical barriers contraceptives

Include creams, foams, & jellies with spermicidal properties. They creat unfavorable environments for sperm cells. Are most effective when used with a diaphragm

Epididymitis

Inflammation of the epididymis

Mastitis

Inflammation of the mammary glands

Intrauterine devices, or IUD

Is a small, solid object that a physician places within the uterine cavity

Perimetrium

Is an outer serosal layer that covers the body of the uterus & part of the cervix

Testosterone

Is the most abundant androgen. It loosely attaches to plasma protein for secretion & is transported in the blood. It also increases the rate of cellular metabolism & red blood cell production, so that the average number of red blood cells mm3

Androgens

Male sex hormones are termed ____

Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-smoothing hormone (FSH)

Other names for gonadotropins

Inner medulla & outer cortex

Ovarian tissues are subdivided into 2 distinct regions:

Dysmenorrhea

Painful menstration

Menopause

Period in life when menstrual cycles cease altogether

Mechanical barriers

Prevent sperm cells from entering the female reproductive tract during sexual intercourse

13-15

Puberty in young men usually occurs around the age of ___

Cervix

The lower 1/3 of the uterus is called the ___, which extends into the upper portion of the vagina

Growth of body hair (face, legs, & chest), the larynx enlarges & voice deepens, skin thickens, muscles become bigger & shoulders broaden & waist narrows, and bones thicken & strengthen

Secondary sex characteristics of a male

Curettage

Surgical procedure in which the cervix is dilated & the endometrium of the uterus is scraped

Conization

Surgical removal of a cone of tissue from the cervix for examination

Oophorectomy

Surgical removal of an ovary

Hysterectomy

Surgical removal of the uterus

1)Burning during urination, 2)pain in lower abdomen, 3)fever or swollen glands in neck, 4)discharge from vagina or penis, 5)pain, itch, or inflammation in the genital or anal area 6)sores, blisters, bumps, or a rash anywhere on the body 7)itchy, runny eyes

Symptoms of STDs

Climacteric

Testosterone level decreases somewhat during & after the male ____, which is a decline in sexual function with aging

Ovaries

The 2 ___ are solid, ovoid structures, each about 3.5 cm long, 2 cm wide & 1 cm thick. They lie in shallow depressions in the lateral wall of the pelvic cavity

Male condom

The ___ consists of a thin latex or natural membrane sheath placed over the erect penis before intercourse to prevent semen from entering

Vagina

The ___ extends upward & back into the pelvic cavity

Vagina

The ___ is a fibromuscular tube, about 9 cm long, extending from the uterus to the outside. It conveys uterine secretions, receives the erect penis during intercourse, & provides an open channel for offspring during birth

Uterus

The ___ is a hallow, muscular organ shaped somewhat like an inverted pear

Clitoris

The ___ is a small projection at the anterior end of the vulva between the labia minora. It is usually about 2 cm long & 0.5 cm in diameter.

Labia minora

The ____ are flattened, longitudinal folds between the labia majora

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, & ovaries

The ____, ____, & ____ secrete hormones that control development & maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics, maturation of female sex cells,& changes that occur during the monthly reproductive cycle

Mammary glands

The _____ are accessory organs of the female reproductive system that are specialized to secrete milk following pregnancy

Age 10

The female body is reproductively immature until about age ___

Menstrual cycle

The female reproductive cycle or ____ consists of regular, recurring changes in the uterine lining, which culminate in menstrual bleeding

Endometrium

The inner mucosal layer, is covered with columnar epithelium & contains abundant tubular glands

Vestibule

The labia minora enclosed a space called the ____

Puberty

The phase in development, when an individual becomes reproductively functional. Testosterone stimulates enlargement of the testes & accessory organs

Ovulation

The process called ___ releases these cells from the follicle

Corpus luteum

The space that the follicular fluid occupied fills with blood, which soon clots & under the influence of LH, follicular cells enlarge to form a temporary glandular structure called _____

Endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium

The uterine wall is thick & has 3 layers:

epididymis

These channels give rise to several ducts that join a tube called______. it coils on the outer surface of the testes & continues to become the vas deferens

Endometriosis

Tissue similar to the inner lining of the uterus occurring within the pelvic cavity

emission; semen

____ is the movement of sperm cells form the testes & secretion from the prostate gland & seminal vesicles into the urethra, where they mix to from _____

Reduced estrogen concentrations & lack of progesterone

_____ & _____ may change the female secondary sex characteristics

seminal vesicle

a ____ is convoluted, saclike structures about 5cm long that attaches to the vas deferens near the base of the urinary bladder

Gonads

a male's primary sex organs are _____ which sperm cells & male se hormones form. they are ovoid structures about 5cm in length & 3cm in diameter

0.06 mm

a mature sperm cell is tiny, tadpole-shaped structure about _____ long

acrosome

a small protrusion at its end, called the ____, contains enzymes that help the sperm cell penetrate an egg cell during fertilization

emission & ejaculation

accompany male orgasm

Male and Female Reproductive Systems

are a connected series of organs & glands that produce & nurture sex cells & transport them to sites of fertilization

puberty; meiosis

at ____ the primary spermatocytes divide by a special type of cell division called_____

erection

consequently, blood accumulates in erectile tissues, & the penis swell & elongates, producing an ____

sexual stimulation

during ____, para sympathetic nerve impulses from the sacral portion of the spinal cord release the vasodilator nitric oxide

vas deferens (ductus deferens)

each ____ is a muscular tube about 45cm long. it passes upward along he medial side of a testis & through a passage in the lower abdominal wall, enters the abdominal cavity, & ends behind the urinary bladder

epididymis

each _____ is a tightly, thread-like tube about 6 meters long. it connects to ducts within a testis

46 chromosomes

each spermatogonium contains _____ number of chromosomes in its nucleus, the usual number for human cells

male embryo; spermatogonia

in the ______, spermatogenic cells are undifferentiated & are called _______

ejaculatory duct

just outside the prostate gland, the vas deferens unites with duct of a seminal vesicle to form an ____, which passes through the prostate gland & empties into the urethra

sperm cells

males produce ____ continually throughout their reproductive lives. they collect in the lumen of each seminiferous tubules, then pass to the epididymis, where they accumulate& mature. it consist of a flattened head, a cylindrical mid-piece (body) & an elongated tail

interstitial cells

other specialized cells, called ____, lie in the spaces between the seminiferous tubules

tail

the ____ consists of several microtubules enclosed in an extension of the cell membrane

oval head

the ____ of the sperm cell is composed primarily of a nucleus & contain highly compacted chromatin consisting of 23 chromosomes

mitochondria

the ____ provide ATP for the tail's lashing movement that propels the sperm cell through fluid

hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, & testes

the ____, _____, & ______ secrete hormones that control male reproductive functions

mid-piece

the _____ of a sperm cell has a central, filamentous core & many mitochondria in a spinal

orgasm

the culmination of sexual stimulation is ____, a pleasurable feeling of physiological & psychological release

spermatogenesis

the process of producing sperm cell is called _____

ejaculation

this increases pressure within the erectile tissues & helps force semen through the urethra to the outside, a process called _____