A&P Ch. 19 Reproductive System
Menarche
A female's first menstrual cycle called, occurs after the ovaries & other organs of the reproductive control system have matured & respond to certain hormones
Female reproductive system
The organs of the _____ produce & maintain the female sex cells, or egg cells transport these cells to the site of fertilization; provide a favorable environment for a developing offspring move the offspring to the outside & produce female sex hormones
10 years
prior to ___ years of age the male body is reproductively immature
Birth control
Is voluntary regulation of the number of offspring produced & when they are conceived
13
Menstrual cycle usually begins around age ____
Estrogen & progesterone
2 major female sex hormone groups
Contraceptive implant
A ___ is a set of small progesterone-containing capsules or rods inserted surgically under the skin of a woman's arm or scapular region
Surgical method of contraception
A ___ sterilizes the male or female
Diaphragm
A cup-shaped device with a flexible ring forming the rim
Myometrium
A thick, middle muscular layer consists largely of bundles of smooth muscle fibers
Hymen
A thin membrane of connective tissue & stratified squamous epithelium called the ___ partially closes the vaginal orifice
Amenorrhea
Absence of menstrual flow, usually due to a disturbance in hormonal concentrations
Hemotometra
Accumulation of menstrual blood washing the uterine cavity
Late 40's or early 50's
After puberty, menstrual cycles at regular intervals into the ______, when they become increasingly irregular
Rhythm method
Also called time coitus or natural family planning, causes abstinence from sexual intercourse a few days before and after ovulation
Depo-provera
An intramuscular injection of ____, which is an injectable contraception, protects against pregnancy for 3 months by preventing maturation & release of a secondary oocyte
Silent infection
Another word for sexually transmitted diseases (STD)
Gonadotropins
Are secreted by the anterior pituitary
Oogenesis
As a follicle matures the primary oocyte undergoes ___ giving rise to a secondary oocyte & a first polar body
Puberty
At ____ the anterior pituitary gland secretes increased amounts of FSH, & the ovaries enlarge in response
Primary follicles
At the same time some of the primordial follicles mixture into ___
Primary oocytes
Beginning at puberty, some ___ are stimulated to continue meiosis
Vestibular bulb
Beneath the mucosa of the vestibule on either side is a mass of vascular erectile tissue called the ____
Oral contraceptives (birth control pills)
Contains synthetic estrogen-like & progesterone-like chemicals. Disrupts the normal pattern of gonadotropin secretion & prevents the LH surge that triggers ovulation
Estrogen
Develops & maintains the female secondary sex characteristics
Prenatal (before birth)
During ___ development, small groups of cells in the outer region of the ovarian cortex form several million primordial follicles
Primary oocyte; follicular cells
Each of these structures consists of a single cell called a ___, closely surrounded by epithelial cells called _____
Labia majora
Enclosed & protect the other external reproductive organs.
Oogenesis
Is the process of egg cell formation
Development of breast and ductile system of mammary glands; increased deposition of adipose tissue in the breasts, thighs, & buttocks; increased vascularization of the skin
Female secondary sex characteristics
20
How many known sexually transmitted diseases are there?
Parasympathetic impulses
If sexual stimulation is sufficiently intense, ___ stimulate the vestibular glands to secrete mucus into the vestibule. This moistens & lubricates the tissues surrounding the vestibule & the lower end of the vagina
Tubal ligation
In a female a physician performs a ___, which the uterine tubes are cut and ligated so that sperm cells cannot reach an egg cell
Vasectomy
In a male a physician does a ___ removing a small section of each vas deferens
Chemical barriers contraceptives
Include creams, foams, & jellies with spermicidal properties. They creat unfavorable environments for sperm cells. Are most effective when used with a diaphragm
Epididymitis
Inflammation of the epididymis
Mastitis
Inflammation of the mammary glands
Intrauterine devices, or IUD
Is a small, solid object that a physician places within the uterine cavity
Perimetrium
Is an outer serosal layer that covers the body of the uterus & part of the cervix
Testosterone
Is the most abundant androgen. It loosely attaches to plasma protein for secretion & is transported in the blood. It also increases the rate of cellular metabolism & red blood cell production, so that the average number of red blood cells mm3
Androgens
Male sex hormones are termed ____
Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-smoothing hormone (FSH)
Other names for gonadotropins
Inner medulla & outer cortex
Ovarian tissues are subdivided into 2 distinct regions:
Dysmenorrhea
Painful menstration
Menopause
Period in life when menstrual cycles cease altogether
Mechanical barriers
Prevent sperm cells from entering the female reproductive tract during sexual intercourse
13-15
Puberty in young men usually occurs around the age of ___
Cervix
The lower 1/3 of the uterus is called the ___, which extends into the upper portion of the vagina
Growth of body hair (face, legs, & chest), the larynx enlarges & voice deepens, skin thickens, muscles become bigger & shoulders broaden & waist narrows, and bones thicken & strengthen
Secondary sex characteristics of a male
Curettage
Surgical procedure in which the cervix is dilated & the endometrium of the uterus is scraped
Conization
Surgical removal of a cone of tissue from the cervix for examination
Oophorectomy
Surgical removal of an ovary
Hysterectomy
Surgical removal of the uterus
1)Burning during urination, 2)pain in lower abdomen, 3)fever or swollen glands in neck, 4)discharge from vagina or penis, 5)pain, itch, or inflammation in the genital or anal area 6)sores, blisters, bumps, or a rash anywhere on the body 7)itchy, runny eyes
Symptoms of STDs
Climacteric
Testosterone level decreases somewhat during & after the male ____, which is a decline in sexual function with aging
Ovaries
The 2 ___ are solid, ovoid structures, each about 3.5 cm long, 2 cm wide & 1 cm thick. They lie in shallow depressions in the lateral wall of the pelvic cavity
Male condom
The ___ consists of a thin latex or natural membrane sheath placed over the erect penis before intercourse to prevent semen from entering
Vagina
The ___ extends upward & back into the pelvic cavity
Vagina
The ___ is a fibromuscular tube, about 9 cm long, extending from the uterus to the outside. It conveys uterine secretions, receives the erect penis during intercourse, & provides an open channel for offspring during birth
Uterus
The ___ is a hallow, muscular organ shaped somewhat like an inverted pear
Clitoris
The ___ is a small projection at the anterior end of the vulva between the labia minora. It is usually about 2 cm long & 0.5 cm in diameter.
Labia minora
The ____ are flattened, longitudinal folds between the labia majora
Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, & ovaries
The ____, ____, & ____ secrete hormones that control development & maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics, maturation of female sex cells,& changes that occur during the monthly reproductive cycle
Mammary glands
The _____ are accessory organs of the female reproductive system that are specialized to secrete milk following pregnancy
Age 10
The female body is reproductively immature until about age ___
Menstrual cycle
The female reproductive cycle or ____ consists of regular, recurring changes in the uterine lining, which culminate in menstrual bleeding
Endometrium
The inner mucosal layer, is covered with columnar epithelium & contains abundant tubular glands
Vestibule
The labia minora enclosed a space called the ____
Puberty
The phase in development, when an individual becomes reproductively functional. Testosterone stimulates enlargement of the testes & accessory organs
Ovulation
The process called ___ releases these cells from the follicle
Corpus luteum
The space that the follicular fluid occupied fills with blood, which soon clots & under the influence of LH, follicular cells enlarge to form a temporary glandular structure called _____
Endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium
The uterine wall is thick & has 3 layers:
epididymis
These channels give rise to several ducts that join a tube called______. it coils on the outer surface of the testes & continues to become the vas deferens
Endometriosis
Tissue similar to the inner lining of the uterus occurring within the pelvic cavity
emission; semen
____ is the movement of sperm cells form the testes & secretion from the prostate gland & seminal vesicles into the urethra, where they mix to from _____
Reduced estrogen concentrations & lack of progesterone
_____ & _____ may change the female secondary sex characteristics
seminal vesicle
a ____ is convoluted, saclike structures about 5cm long that attaches to the vas deferens near the base of the urinary bladder
Gonads
a male's primary sex organs are _____ which sperm cells & male se hormones form. they are ovoid structures about 5cm in length & 3cm in diameter
0.06 mm
a mature sperm cell is tiny, tadpole-shaped structure about _____ long
acrosome
a small protrusion at its end, called the ____, contains enzymes that help the sperm cell penetrate an egg cell during fertilization
emission & ejaculation
accompany male orgasm
Male and Female Reproductive Systems
are a connected series of organs & glands that produce & nurture sex cells & transport them to sites of fertilization
puberty; meiosis
at ____ the primary spermatocytes divide by a special type of cell division called_____
erection
consequently, blood accumulates in erectile tissues, & the penis swell & elongates, producing an ____
sexual stimulation
during ____, para sympathetic nerve impulses from the sacral portion of the spinal cord release the vasodilator nitric oxide
vas deferens (ductus deferens)
each ____ is a muscular tube about 45cm long. it passes upward along he medial side of a testis & through a passage in the lower abdominal wall, enters the abdominal cavity, & ends behind the urinary bladder
epididymis
each _____ is a tightly, thread-like tube about 6 meters long. it connects to ducts within a testis
46 chromosomes
each spermatogonium contains _____ number of chromosomes in its nucleus, the usual number for human cells
male embryo; spermatogonia
in the ______, spermatogenic cells are undifferentiated & are called _______
ejaculatory duct
just outside the prostate gland, the vas deferens unites with duct of a seminal vesicle to form an ____, which passes through the prostate gland & empties into the urethra
sperm cells
males produce ____ continually throughout their reproductive lives. they collect in the lumen of each seminiferous tubules, then pass to the epididymis, where they accumulate& mature. it consist of a flattened head, a cylindrical mid-piece (body) & an elongated tail
interstitial cells
other specialized cells, called ____, lie in the spaces between the seminiferous tubules
tail
the ____ consists of several microtubules enclosed in an extension of the cell membrane
oval head
the ____ of the sperm cell is composed primarily of a nucleus & contain highly compacted chromatin consisting of 23 chromosomes
mitochondria
the ____ provide ATP for the tail's lashing movement that propels the sperm cell through fluid
hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, & testes
the ____, _____, & ______ secrete hormones that control male reproductive functions
mid-piece
the _____ of a sperm cell has a central, filamentous core & many mitochondria in a spinal
orgasm
the culmination of sexual stimulation is ____, a pleasurable feeling of physiological & psychological release
spermatogenesis
the process of producing sperm cell is called _____
ejaculation
this increases pressure within the erectile tissues & helps force semen through the urethra to the outside, a process called _____
