A&P Chapter #17: Quiz 12

Which of the following is true regarding endocrine glands? A. They secrete substances that do not alter the metabolism of their target cells, but have extracellular effects. B. They secrete their products by way of ducts. C. They have an unusually low density of blood capillaries. D. They release their secretions into the blood. E. Their secretions may be released onto the body surface.

B. They secrete into the blood

Which of these hormones does not stimulate the release of another hormone by its target cells? A. TSH B. GRH C. ACTH D. PRL E. TRH

PRL

Growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion causes gigantism when it begins in childhood, but it is more likely to cause __________ when it begins in adulthood. A. myxedema B. Graves disease C. Cushing syndrome D. goiter E. acromegaly

acromegaly

Aspirin and ibuprofen block the... . A. release of arachidonic acid from the plasma membrane B. action of phospholipase A1 C. action of phospholipase A2 D. action of lipoxygenase E. action of cyclooxygenase

action of cyclooxygenase

____ secretes aldosterone and cortisol

adrenal cortex

The______secrete(s)_________, which promotes Na+ and water retention. A. adrenal medulla; epinephrine B. pancreas; cortisol C. kidneys; corticosterone D. adrenal cortex; aldosterone E. thyroid; calcitonin

adrenal cortex; aldosterone

The initial response to stress is called the ________ and is mediated mainly by . A. resistance stage; cortisol B. resistance stage; aldosterone and cortisol C. alarm reaction; norepinephrine and epinephrine D. alarm reaction; cortisol E. exhaustion stage; norepinephrine and epinephrine

alarm reaction; norepinephrine and epinephrine

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone targets the __________. A. thyroid gland B. thyroid hormone C. hypothalamus D. posterior pituitary E. anterior pituitary

ant. pit

Glucagon increases blood glucose concentration and insulin decreases it. This is an example of __________.

antagonistic effect

The _________ secretes growth hormone, which is also known as somatotropin. A. posterior pituitary B. anterior pituitary C. hypothalamus D. thyroid E. thymus

anterior pit.

______ secretes growth hormone and FSH

anterior pituitary

What makes a cell responsive to a particular hormone? A. The chemical properties of the hormone B. The presence of a receptor for that particular hormone C. The location of the gland that secretes the hormone D. The location of the target cells in the body E. The site where the hormone is secreted

The presence of a receptor for that particular hormone

Which of the following is an increase in the number of receptors making a target cell more sensitive to a hormone? A. Negative feedback inhibition B. The antagonistic effect C. Up-regulation D. Enzyme amplification E. Down-regulation

Up- regulation

The hypophyseal portal system connects the......with the...... A. anterior pituitary; hypothalamus B. posterior pituitary; hypothalamus C. anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary D. hypothalamus; thyroid E. pituitary glands; thyroid

anterior pituitary; hypothalamus

Diabetes insipidus is caused by__? A. epinephrine hypersecretion B. cortisol hypersecretion C. aldosterone hypersecretion D. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hyposecretion E. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hypersecretion

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hyposecretion

Which of the following effects on a gland can be caused by a tumor? A. Hypersecretion only B. Hyposecretion only C. Hyposecretion and hypersecretion

both

The suprarenal ___a__ surrounds the adrenal gland.

capsule

The suprarenal ___b___ produces aldosterone and cortisol.

cortex

The resistance stage in the general adaptation syndrome (stress response) is dominated by . A. cortisol B. epinephrine C. norepinephrine D. angiotensin E. aldosterone

cortisol

The zona fasciculata in the adrenal gland secretes ___________. A. glucagon B. epinephrine C. estradiol D. aldosterone E. cortisol

cortisol

During the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome (stress response), stress overwhelms homeostasis. One characteristic of this stage is that.... . A. glycogen supplies are depleted B. energy demands are met primarily by fat metabolism C. fermentation is not enough to provide the necessary ATP D. energy demands are met primarily by protein metabolism E. energy demands are met primarily by carbohydrate metabolism

energy demands are met primarily by protein metabolism

Which of the following makes it possible for even a small quantity of hormone to have a strong effect on its target cell? A. Negative feedback inhibition B. The antagonistic effect C. Up-regulation D. Enzyme amplification E. Down-regulation

enzyme amplification

Which of the following enters a target cell's nucleus and acts directly on the genes. A. Insulin B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) C. Estrogen D. Glucagon E. Oxytocin (OT)

estrogen

Hormones are normally secreted via ducts into the bloodstream.

false

Hormones serve as intracellular messengers.

false

Many effects of growth hormone are mediated by insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) secreted by the pancreas.

false

Peptide hormones are synthesized by cytoplasmic ribosomes as active enzymes.

false

Testosterone is a gonadotropin.

false

The exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome (stress response) sets in only if protein reserves are depleted.

false

Which of the following is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum? A. Aldosterone B. Cortisol C. Testosterone D. Calcitriol E. Glucagon

glucagon

Many hours after a meal, alpha (α) cells in the pancreatic islets secrete______, which______ blood glucose. A. glucagon; lowers B. glucagon; raises C. insulin; lowers D. insulin; raises E. glucocorticoids; raises

glucagon; raises

Which of the following is not a cause of Cushing syndrome? A. ACTH hypersecretion by the pituitary B. ACTH-secreting tumors C. Hyperactivity of the adrenal cortex D. Hyperactivity of the adrenal medulla E. Excess cortisol secretion

hyperactivity of the adrenal medulla

Which of the following is not a characteristic of diabetes mellitus? A. Hypoglycemia B. Polyuria C. Polyphagia D. Polydipsia E. Glycosuria

hypoglycemia

The absence of iodine in the diet leads to . A. hypoparathyroidism B. hypothyroidism C. hypocalcemia D. hypoglycemia E. hypoxemia

hypothyroidism

The __________ is not an endocrine gland, but it has a role in endocrine function. A. kidney B. pancreas C. thyroid gland D. parathyroid gland E. adrenal gland

kidney

ADH targets the ... A. kidneys B. adrenal gland C. anterior pituitary D. hypothalamus E. pancreas

kidneys

The anterior pituitary is ... than the posterior pituitary and has connection to the.... hypothalamus. A. smaller; no nervous B. larger; a nervous C. larger; no nervous D. smaller; a nervous

larger, no nervous

Circulating hormones are mostly taken up and degraded by the and the.... A. adrenal glands; intestines B. liver; kidneys C. blood; kidneys D. liver; spleen E. spleen; kidneys

liver; kidneys

The suprarenal ___c____ produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.

medulla

The hormone called _________ plays an important role in synchronizing physiological function with the cycle of daylight and darkness.

melatonin

T4 and T3 are __________ hormones that are mainly transported __________ in the blood. A. monoamine; bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) B. monoamine; unbound (free) C. steroid; bound to transcortin-binding protein (TBP) D. steroid; unbound (free) E. catecholamine; bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)

monoamine; bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)

31. Target organs most often regulate the pituitary gland via _________. A. negative feedback inhibition B. positive feedback inhibition C. up-regulation D. down-regulation E. antagonistic regulation

negative feedback inhibition

Which of the following organs has both endocrine and exocrine functions?

ovary

______ secretes insulin and glucagon

pancreas

.... are secreted by one cell into the tissue fluid, diffuse to nearby cells in the same tissue, and stimulate their physiology. A. Neurotransmitters B. Neuromodulators C. Hormones D. Parahormones E. Paracrines

paracrines

____ secretes PTH

parathyroid

The ... can be found as part of the epithalamus, near the superior colliculi of the midbrain. A. hypothalamus B. pituitary gland C. pineal gland D. hypophysis E. adrenal gland

pineal gland

oxytocin and ADH

posterior pituitary

Any situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one's physical or emotional well-being is called . A. stress B. pathology C. disease D. hyperthyroidism E. hirsuitism

stress

Neither follicle stimulating (FSH) hormone nor testosterone alone can stimulate significant sperm production, whereas when they act together, the testes produce some 300,000 sperm per minute. This is an example of which principle regarding hormones? A. Hormone clearance B. The cascade effect C. The synergistic effect D. The permissive effect E. The antagonistic effect

synergistic

The __________ secretes several hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and regulates development and activity of T cells (white blood cells). A. thyroid B. thymus C. adrenal gland D. spleen E. parathyroid

thymus

_____ secretes thyroxine and calcitonin

thyroid

The __________ secretes a hormone that increases the body's metabolic rate, promotes alertness, quickens reflexes, and stimulates the fetal nervous system. A. thyroid gland B. pancreas C. adrenal gland D. parathyroid gland E. thymus

thyroid gland

Negative feedback inhibition occurs when... A. thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) targets the anterior pituitary B. thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) causes the anterior pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) C. thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) targets the thyroid gland D. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) targets the thyroid gland E. thyroid hormone (TH) targets the anterior pituitary

thyroid hormone (TH) targets the anterior pituitary

Which of the following is not a role of prostaglandins? A. To induce labor contractions B. To stop fever and pain C. To constrict or dilate arterioles D. To act as vasodilators or vasoconstrictors E. To inhibit gastric secretion

to stop fever and pain

Both the thymus and the pineal gland shrink after childhood.

true

Cholesterol is essential for the synthesis of steroid hormones.

true

Epinephrine is said to have a glucose-sparing effect.

true

Hormones that bind to proteins while transported in the blood generally have a longer half-life.

true

Myxedema is characterized by low metabolic rate, sluggishness, and sleepiness.

true

Prostaglandins are considered paracrines.

true

Regardless of the cause of stress, the body reacts in a fairly consistent way to different stressors.

true

Thyroid hormone has a calorigenic effect.

true

Which hormone stimulates glucocorticoid secretion? A. GHRH B. GHIH C. ACTH D. CRH E. TSH

ACTH

Which of the following statements about diabetes mellitus is false? A. The body produces autoantibodies that destroy the pancreatic beta cells in type I DM. B. Target cells are unresponsive to insulin in type II DM. C. Both type I and type II DM are characterized by lack of, or low levels of, insulin. D. Diabetic neuropathy is a common long term effect of DM. E. Type II DM is more common than type I DM.

Both type I and type II DM are characterized by lack of, or low levels of, insulin.

Adrenal Gland histology

Capsule zona glomerulosa zona fasciculata zona reticularis medulla medullary vein

The nervous system reacts to stimuli_______ compared to the endocrine system, adapts_____ compared to the endocrine system, and has___________ effects compared to the endocrine system. A. slowly; slowly; widespread B. quickly; slowly; specific C. quickly; quickly; widespread D. quickly; quickly; specific E. slowly; quickly; specific

D. quickly; quickly; specific

The infundibulum is a ___________. A. mass of endocrine and neural cells B. portal system between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland C. bulky nucleus composed of the paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus D. depression of the sphenoid bone that protects the pituitary gland E. projection of the hypothalamus from which the pituitary gland hangs

E. projection of the hypothalamus from which the pituitary gland hangs

Which of the following is the last step in the sequence of events happening when cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger? A. G protein activates adenylate cyclase B. cAMP activates protein kinases C. Adenylate cyclase produces cAMP D. G protein is activated by the binding of a hormone to the receptor E. Enzymes are activated or deactivated by the action of protein kinases

Enzymes are activated or deactivated

Eicosanoids are derived from steroids.

False. Arachidonic Acids

Addison disease is a consequence of a tumor of the adrenal medulla.

False: hyposecretion of cortisol and aldosterone

Of the following hormones, which has more target cells in the body than the others? A. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) B. Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) C. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) D. Growth hormone (GH) E. Oxytocin (OT)

GH

Which of the following is not secreted by the pancreas? A. Glucagon B. Insulin C. Gastrin D. Somatostatin (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone) E. Somatotropin (growth hormone)

GH

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events leading to the polyuria and dehydration associated with diabetes mellitus? A. Hyperglycemia → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → glucose transport maximum exceeded → glucose enters renal tubules → osmotic diuresis B. Hyperglycemia → glucose enters renal tubules → glucose transport maximum exceeded → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → osmotic diuresis C. Hyperglycemia → glucose enters renal tubules → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → osmotic diuresis → glucose transport maximum exceeded D. Hyperglycemia → glucose transport maximum exceeded → glucose enters renal tubules → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → osmotic diuresis E. Osmotic diuresis → glucose enters renal tubules → glucose transport maximum exceeded → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia → glucose enters renal tubules → glucose transport maximum exceeded → glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid → osmotic diuresis

Which of the following is true regarding cortisol? A. It inhibits fat digestion. B. It stimulates protein synthesis. C. It promotes glycogen synthesis. D. It stimulates glucose intake by most organs. E. It promotes breakdown of fat and protein.

It promotes breakdown of fat and protein.

Which of the following is not a hypothalamic hormone? A. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) B. Luteinizing hormone (LH) C. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) D. Somatostatin E. Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

LH

.... secretion is controlled by neuroendocrine reflexes, whereas secretion is.... controlled by negative feedback mechanisms. A. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH); luteinizing hormone (LH) B. Oxytocin (OT); antidiuretic hormone (ADH) C. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); oxytocin (OT) D. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) E. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); luteinizing hormone (LH)

OT, ADH