A&P Exam 1

Which science began with the invention of the microscope?

Cytology

Lungs are to the respiratory system as the liver is to the ________ system.

Digestive

The salivary glands and the esophagus are organs of the ______ system.

Digestive

A cell or an organ that responds to commands of the control center in negative feedback is termed a(n) _________.

Effector

The study of the first two months of development is termed _________.

Embryology

____________ results from the activities of the nervous or endocrine system.

Extrinsic regulation

True/False: The nervous system directs long term responses to change.

False

Disease is an indicator of _________

Homeostatic failure

Which organ system provides support, protection of soft tissue, mineral storage, and blood formation?

Skeletal

Type of active transport in which sodium and potassium are pumped across a membrane using ATP

Solute pumping

Anatomy is to _________ as physiology is to ___________.

Structure; function

The study of the general form and superficial markings of an organism is called ______ anatomy.

Surface

A cell is isotonic to the surrounding 4% dextrose solution. If the cell is moved to a 6% dextrose solution, then predict what will happen to the cell.

The cell will shrink.

Organ physiology is to ________________ as gross anatomy is to _______________.

Cell physiology; microscopic anatomy

Passive processes that move substances across membranes ________.

do not require ATP

What is the basic difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion across a cell membrane?

facilitated diffusion, molecules only move with the aid of a protein in the membrane.

Which of the following substances must travel across a membrane via facilitated diffusion?

glucose

A solution that contains fewer solutes than the cell is ________ to the cell.

hypotonic

By what endocytosis process do some white blood cells engulf bacteria?

phagocytosis

A person who is standing facing forward with hands at the sides and palms facing forward is in the ________ position.

Anatomical

The branch of biological science that studies the external and internal structure of the body and the physical relationship among body parts.

Anatomy

Which organ system transports nutrients, metabolic wastes, gases, and defense cells?

Cardiovascular

Cardiac muscle tissue is part of the _____________.

Cardiovascular system

The analysis of the internal structure of individual cells is called ________.

Cytology

The study of the liver is to gross anatomy as the study of a liver cell is to __________.

Cytology

Insulin and other hormones that regulate energy use in the body are produced by the ______ system.

Endocrine

The pituitary gland and thyroid gland are organs of the _______ system.

Endocrine

Type of active process in which the cell engulfs extracellular substances by phagocytosis or pinocytosis

Endocytosis

Jared was working in a hot dish room all afternoon sweating. After his shift, he stepped out into a cold December night and got goosebumps. What time of homeostatic regulation best describes these physiological responses?

Extrinsic regulation

The study of tissues with a microscope is called __________.

Histology

The central principle of physiology is ________.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment in an organism is termed _________.

Homeostasis

The tendency for physiological systems to stabilize internal conditions is called ________.

Homeostasis

The integrating center for the negative feedback loop that regulates body temperature is the ___________.

Hypothalamus

Skin, hair, and nails are associated with the __________ system.

Integumentary

The spleen is located in the __________ quadrant.

Left upper

Which organ system includes the spleen and the tonsils?

Lymphatic

Anatomy uses a special language, called ________ terminology, which involves the use of word roots, prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms to construct terms related to the body in health and disease.

Medical

Which of the following is most likely to move through the cell membrane by facilitated diffusion?

Na+ Ions move easily through water, which is polar, but cannot pass directly through the lipid (nonpolar) part of the cell membrane.

Levels of organization in order from most complex to simplest

Organism, system, organ, tissue, cellular, molecular

Anatomical features that change during illness are studied in _______ anatomy.

Pathological

If a person is severely dehydrated, their extracellular fluids will become hypertonic to the intracellular fluid. What do you predict will happen to the person's cells?

cells will lose water and shrink. The hypertonic extracellular fluid will draw water out of the hypotonic intracellular fluid, so the cells will shrink. This is called crenulation.

Which of the following is not required for osmosis to occur?

cellular energy

What is required for diffusion to occur?

concentration gradient

The study of the changes in form that occur between conception and physical maturity is called ___________ anatomy.

developmental

Type of passive process in which molecules move across the plasma membrane down a concentration gradient

diffusion

A vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents to the extracellular fluid. This statement describes _____.

exocytosis

Some transport processes use transport proteins in the plasma membrane, but do not require ATP. This type of transport is known as _____.

facilitated diffusion

The majority of water molecules moving across plasma membranes by osmosis do so via a process that is most similar to ____.

facilitated diffusion

What process permits absorption of glucose into cells?

facilitated diffusion

Which of the following processes require the use of protein carrier molecules?

facilitated diffusion and solute pumping

Which of the following is not a major function of proteins in the cell membrane?

forming the entire glycocalyx

What type of membrane junction allows ions to pass directly from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of the adjacent cell?

gap junction

The phospholipid tails are ________, which make the plasma membrane impermeable to water.

hydrophobic

Which of the following solutions contains the most solute?

hypertonic "Hyper" means "high," so a hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration than the solution to which it is being compared.

In general, to maintain homeostasis the relationship between our intracellular and extracellular fluids should be which of the following?

isotonic to each other In order to prevent the cells from either swelling or shrinking, the body fluids should be isotonic, meaning that they are at equilibrium.

A primary active transport process is one in which __________.

molecules move through transport proteins that have been activated by ATP

Which of the following best explains diffusion?

movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

The passive process that involves the movement of water through aquaporins is ________.

osmosis

Type of passive process in which water is moved through aquaporins

osmosis

What process does water use to move across the plasma membrane?

osmosis

What are two types of endocytosis?

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

What part of a cell membrane is usually in contact with the interstitial fluid?

phosphate heads of phospholipids

What part of the plasma membrane is hydrophobic?

phospholipid tails

Which of the following is the main component of the cell membrane?

phospholipids

What separates the intracellular fluid from the extracellular fluid?

plasma membrane

What is required for filtration to occur?

pressure gradient

The sodium-potassium pump uses ATP to move sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This statement describes _____.

primary active transport

What is a characteristic of the endocrine system?

produces a slower response than the nervous system

A patient placed face down is in the _____ position.

prone

What assists the movement of substances by facilitated diffusion?

protein carrier or channel

Which of these components add specialized functions to the plasma membrane?

proteins

Which plane divides the body into right and left parts?

sagittal

Which of the following is a characteristic of the cell membrane?

semipermeable

Which of the following is least likely to increase the rate of diffusion?

small concentration gradient

An example of a receptor in a negative feedback loop controlling body temperature would be

temperature sensors on the skin that detect a stimulus.

The membrane connections that prevent the leaking of fluid between cells are called ________.

tight junctions

The plane that separates the abdominal and the pelvic cavities is ____________

transverse at the hips

If a response DECREASES a disturbance, the control system is classified as a _______ feedback system.

Negative

Maintenance of a constant body temperature is an example of ___________.

Negative feedback

When body temperature rises, a center in the brain initiates physiological changes to decrease the body temperature. This is an example of _____________.

Negative feedback

Terms of anatomical direction are used to describe

One body part in relation to another.

The study of kidney function is an example of __________.

Organ physiology

Which cell junctions prevent substances from passing between adjacent cells?

tight junctions

Cardiovascular function is an example of ___________.

Systemic physiology

The study of the function of specific organ systems is called ___________.

Systemic physiology

The kidneys and ureters are organs of the _________ system

Urinary

What happens when body cells are placed in a hypertonic solution?

Water leaves the cells and the cells shrink.

What transport process can create a concentration gradient for sodium across the plasma membrane?

active transport

What is required for osmosis to occur?

aquaporins

The branch of biological science that deals with the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions.

Physiology

This type of feedback exaggerates the effects of variations from normal

Positive

With regard to maintaining homeostasis, in a situation of negative feedback the ________ functions as a detector.

Receptor

Homeostatic regulation usually involves a(n) _________ that detects a particular stimulus, and a(n) _________ that responds to the stimulus by communicating with a(n) _________ whose activity has an effect on the same stimulus.

Receptor; control center; effector

The study of the superficial and internal features in a specific area of the body is called ___________ anatomy.

Regional

With regard to maintaining homeostasis, in a positive feedback situation the stimulus is ________.

Reinforced

The trachea belongs to the __________ organ system.

Respiratory

Which organ system removes carbon dioxide from the bloodstream?

Respiratory

The urinary bladder is found in these two quadrants

Right lower; left lower

During wind springs for hockey practice, Sarah noticed her face felt hot and looked red. What would be considered the receptors for the homeostatic response to Sarah's running?

Sarah's skeletal muscles and blood vessels