A&P Exam 2

which of the following is not true of saliva? a; moistens food and aids in compacting the bolus b; contains enzymes that beginthe digestion of proteins

Contains enzymes that begin the digestion of proteins

viral infections can usually be treated with antibiotics

False

the release of insulin in response to the presence of glucose is mediated by this chemical produced by the small intestine. identify the chemical: CCK GIP VIP NO

GIP

which of the following antibodies would most likely be involved with the immune response against a microorganism entering the digestive or reproductive tract?

IgA

antibodies are classified by size, location, and function. which one of the following represent immunoglobulin

IgG

in the synthesis of HCL in the stomach, this ion is exchanged for H+ on the apical surface of the secreting cell:

K+

which cell does NOT have a direct role in phagocytosis?

NK cells

Substances capable of triggering the adaptive immune system and provoking an immune response are called antigens.

True

in the alveoli, the partial pressure of oxygen is--

about 104 mm Hg

Inability of the cardiac sphincter to relax upon the arrival of the bolus can lead to

achalasia

ventilation is the process by which

air moves into and out of the lungs

which of the following determines lung compliance?

alveolar surface tension

the main site of gas exchange is the

alveoli

a "nonself" substance that can provoke an immune response is called a(n)..

antigen

vaccines contain

antigens of the pathogen

cytotoxic T cells ..

are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells

why are bone marrow and the thymus considered to be the primary tissue and organ of the lymphatic system?

because these two areas are where white blood cells are made and mature

in order for pancreatic lipase to break down fat to fatty acids and glycerol, which of the following must occur

bile must be present

this component of bile is recycled between the liver and small intestine:

bile salts

B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________.

bone marrow

the relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by boyles law daltons law henrys law charles law

boyles law

which of the following is associated with the specific defenses of the body?

cell-mediated immunity

When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ________.

chemical digestion

the process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called...

chemotaxis

The thymus is most active during _____. A) fetal development B) childhood C) middle age D) old age

childhood

which of the following signs is NOT a characteristic of inflammation? pain redness cold swelling

cold

most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood is

converted to bicarbonate ions and transported in plasma

which one of the following enables T helper to stimulate and activate other cells of the immune response?

cytokines

the statement, "in a mixture of gasses, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture" paraphrase's daltons law charles law henrys law boyles law

daltons law

air in the airways that does not participate in gas exchange is known as

dead space volume

Lymph capillaries are absent in all but which of the following? bone marrow bones and teeth CNS digestive organs

digestive organs

lymph leaves a lymph node via--

efferent lymphatic vessels

trypsinogen is initially converted to trypsin by this enzyme?

enterokinase

Tidal volume is air ________.

exchanged during normal breathing

Like blood, lymph flows both to and from the heart.

false

The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in the form of carbonic anhydrase.

false

The pleura that surrounds the lungs consists of two layers, including visceral and mediastinum pleurae

false

There are chemoreceptors in the aortic and carotid bodies which are very sensitive to fluctuations in the levels of blood oxygen.

false

Virus infected cells secrete complement to "warn" other cells of the presence of virus.

false

during the act of swallowing, the epiglottis moves upward and the glottis appears as a triangular slit

false

in the spleen, red pulp is involved in the immune functions and white pulp is involved in disposing the worn-out RBC's

false

oxygen moves from the lungs into the blood during internal respiration

false

peyer's patches are clusters of lymphoid tissue found primarily in the large intestine

false

surfactant is released by type I alveolar cells to reduce surface tension

false

the average of a healthy individual has 500 ml of residual volume in both lungs

false

the best way to reduce bacterial pathogens in the blood stream is to reduce a fever as quickly as possible

false

there are more efferent lymphatic vessels leaving a lymph node than there are different afferent vessels entering a lymph node

false

functions of the spleen include all of the following except storage of blood platelets removal of old or defective blood cells from the blood forming crypts that trap bacteria

forming crypts that trap bacteria

which of the following is not a function of the conducting zone? cleansing and warming of air transport of air gas exchange mucous secretion

gas exchange

identify which of these is not an enterogastrone secretin gastrin cck GIP

gastrin

which of these will be the end product of sucrose digestion?

glucose and fructose

which of the following cells is the most critical cell in immunity

helper T cell

which of the following movements is caused by the irritation of the diaphragm? crying laughing hiccups coughing

hiccups

where does lymph originally come from? lymph nodes thoracic duct spleen interstitial spaces

interstitial spaces

passive immunity differs from active immunity in that passive immunity..

involves the administration of preformed antibodies

which of the following statements concerning the migrating myoelectric complex is not true?

it moves food from the small intestine into the large intestine

which statement below is characteristic of a secondary humoral response?

it occurs much more rapidly than a primary response

which of the following statements concerning the small intestine is not true? a; its surface area is greatly increased by the presence of plicae circulares b; it receives secretions from the gallbladder c; it produce all the enzymes that it requires to digest nutrients

it produce all the enzymes that it requires to digest nutrients

which of the following statements about glucose absorption is false?

it usually occurs in the terminal ileum

digestion of which of the following would be most affected if the liver were severely damaged?

lipids

Small organs associated with lymphatic vessels are termed ________.

lymph nodes

which of the following is phagocytic? macrophage plasma cell NK cell B cell

macrophage

which of the following is not important in the antiviral innate immune response?

macrophages

which of the following cells predominate at the site of chronic infections?

marcophages

what makes the lymph fluid move through the body?

muscle contractions and pressure changes caused by breathing

Interferons can be used to treat all of the following except - cancer. - muscular dystrophy. - Hepatitis C. - viral infections.

muscular dystrophy

The elimination of self-reactive thymocytes is called _______________. a. positive selection b. negative selection c. tolerance d. clonal selection

negative selection

which of the following does not influence hemoglobin saturation? nitric oxide carbon dioxide BPG temperature

nitric oxide

Body defenses that respond to generalized tissue damage and many common pathogens are referred to as

nonspecific mechanisms

Enhanced phagocytosis of a cell by the binding of a specific protein is called ________.

opsonization

which of the following is associated with passive immunity

passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus

jackie has undergo the surgical procedure called gastrectomy. which of the following condition is she most likely to suffer from?

pernicious anemia

which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms?

phagocytes

the large intestine jacks

plica circulars

intrapulmonary pressure is the

pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

the stimulus for acid secretion in the stomach is:

protein and peptide fragments

which of the following statements concerning absorption is false:

proteins are absorbed as amino acids only

which of the following structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax?

right lymphatic duct

the walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells. type I and type II. the function of type II is to

secrete surfactant

stomach secretion is increased by all of the following except gastrin distension protein secretin

secretin

which of these is not a gastric mucosal barrier? a; the presence of mucus on the gastric mucosa b; the secretion of HCL by the parietal cells c; the impermeability of gastric glands to HCL d; presence of tight junctions in the mucosal cells e; none of the above

secretion of HCL by parietal cells

Which of the following statements is false? HCL converts pepsinogen to pepsin the blood draining the stomach is alkaline than that which enters the stomach stimulation of the sympathetic division of the ANS relaxes the pyloric sphincter

stimulation of the sympathetic division of the ANS relaxes the pyloric sphincter

one advantage of the bacterial floral of the large intestine is

synthesis of vitamin B and K

scientist isolate the lymph fluid form thee right thoracic duct of a fasted (~24 hour) experimental animal 20 minutes after a meal. after a chemical analysis, they find a high concentration of fatty acids (~2% of total volume) and no detectable amounts of free carbohydrates: what does such data indicate about the composition of the meal?

the meal contained fats, but no conclusion about carbohydrate content of the meal from this data.

which of these statements about the brush border enzyme is not true? a; they are associated with the brush border b; they participate in the digestion of nucleic acids c; they participate in the digestion of proteins d; they participate in the digestion of carbohydrates e; they participate in the digestion of lipids

they participate in the digestion of lipids

which organ receives immature T cells, then raises them to maturity, then releases them? spleen heart liver thymus

thymus

lymphoid tissue that appears as swelling of the mucosa in the oral cavity is called a(n)..

tonsil

which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system? draining excess interstitial fluid transporting respiratory gases transporting dietary fats

transporting respiratory gases

If even a small part of the spleen is left in a ten-year-old child, it will most likely regenerate itself.

true

digested fats are absorbed from the intestine by the lymph capillaries

true

lymphatic capillaries are permeable to proteins

true

lymphatic trunks are formed from the union of the largest collecting vessels

true

the lymphatic capillaries function to absorb the excess protein containing interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream

true

the parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall

true

the surface tensions associated with the lungs can either cause the lungs to expand or collapse

true

when the diaphragm contracts the pressure within the thoracic cavity decreases

true

injury to which of the following nerves would lead to a decrease in digestive tract motility and secretion

vagus nerve

the lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the

vital capacity

Total gastric and ileal resection or removal will result in:

vitamin B12 deficiency

splenic ---- pulp is primarily concerned with immune functions of the spleen red white gray yellow

white