A&P final
All the circulating red blood cells originate in the A. red bone marrow. B. heart. C. lymph tissue. D. thymus. E. spleen.
A.
Blood flow to the skin ________. A. increases when environmental temperature rises B. is not an important source of nutrients and oxygen for skin cells C. increases when body temperature drops so that the skin does not freeze D. is controlled mainly by decreasing pH
A.
Chief cells ________. A. are found in the basal regions of the gastric glands B. produce mucin C. occur in the intestine D. produce HCl
A.
Formed elements make up about what percentage of blood? A. 45 percent B. 38 percent C. 20 percent D. 60 percent E. 55 percent
A.
If an incision has to be made in the small intestine to remove an obstruction, the first layer of tissue to be cut is the ________. A. serosa B. muscularis externa C. mucosa D. submucosa
A.
Isovolumetric contraction ________. A. refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers B. occurs while the AV valves are open C. occurs only in people with heart valve defects D. occurs immediately after the aortic and pulmonary valves close
A.
Many factors influence BMR. What is the most critical factor? A. the ratio of surface area to volume (weight) of the body B. the way skeletal muscles break down glycogen C. an individual's body weight D. the way an individual metabolizes fat
A.
Parietal cells of the stomach produce ________. A. hydrochloric acid B. pepsinogen C. rennin D. mucin
A.
Platelets ________. A. stick to the damaged area of a blood vessel and help seal the break B. have multiple nuclei C. have a life span of about 120 days D. are the precursors of leukocytes
A.
The hormones FSH and LH are secreted by the __________. A. Anterior pituitary gland B. Posterior pituitary gland C. Adrenal gland D. Thyroid gland E. Ovaries
A.
Which of the following descriptions is true of the hormone LH? A. It directly causes ovulation B. It increases the facilitated diffusion of glucose into the cell C. It decreases heart rate D. It causes hypoglycemia
A.
You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal? A. amylase B. gastrin C. cholecystokinin D. trypsin
A.
How are most nutrients absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal villa? A. active transport driven directly or indirectly by metabolic energy B. facilitated diffusion C. bulk flow D. simple diffusion
A. Active transport driven directly or indirectly by metabolic energy
Which statement best describes arteries? A. All carry blood away from the heart B. All carry oxygenated blood to the heart C. All contain valves to prevent the back flow of blood D. Only large arteries are lined with endothelium
A. All carry blood away from the heart
Which of the following is not found on the right love of the lung? A. Cardiac notch B. Horizontal fissure C. Oblique fissure D. Middle lobe
A. Cardiac notch
In the heart experiment, epinephrine was applied to the heart and heart rate _________. A. Increased B. Decreased C. Was not affected
A. Increased
In the heart experiment, epinephrine was applied to the heart and the heart's strength of contraction _________. A. Increased B. Decreased C. Was not affected
A. Increased
Select the correct statement about antigens. A. One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody. B. Only small antigens exhibit reactivity. C. "Self-antigens" is another name for incomplete antigens. D. The largest type of antigen is called a hapten.
A. One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody
Select the correct statement about antigens. A. One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody. B. Only small antigens exhibit reactivity. C. "Self-antigens" is another name for incomplete antigens. D. The largest type of antigen is called a hapten.
A. One antigen may have many different antigenic....
The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task? A. Plicae circulates and intestinal villi B. The rugae C. Brunner's glands D. The vast array of digestive enzymes
A. Plicae circulates and intestinal villi
Select the correct statement about the pharynx. A. The auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx. B. The laryngopharynx blends posteriorly into the nasopharynx. C. The pharyngeal tonsil is located in the laryngopharynx. D. The palatine tonsils are embedded in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx.
A. The auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx
Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls? A. hydrostatic and osmotic pressure B. plasma and formed element concentration C. blood volume and viscosity D. hydrostatic pressure only
A. hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________. A. hypophyseal portal system B. general circulatory system C. hepatic portal system D. feedback loop
A. hypophyseal portal system
Blood pressure is highest here. A. venule B. artery C. arteriole D. capillary E. vein
B.
Epinephrine (as a hormone) is secreted by the ___________. A. Heart B. Adrenal medulla C. Adrenal cortex D. Thyroid gland
B.
Large clusters of lymph nodes occur in all of the following locations except the ________. A. cervical region B. lower extremities C. axillary region D. inguinal region
B.
The velocity of blood flow is ________. A. slower in the arteries than in capillaries because arteries possess a relatively large diameter B. slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest C. slower in the veins than in the capillaries because veins have a large diameter D. in direct proportion to the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessels
B.
When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is ________. A. renin B. epinephrine C. angiotensinogen D. estrogen
B.
Which of the following is not characteristic of the adaptive immune system? A. It is antigen-specific. B. It is specific for a given organ. C. It has memory. D. It is systemic.
B.
several minutes in solution A produced __________ in the goldfish. A. Hyperinsulinism and hyperglycemia B. Hyperinsulinism and hypoglycemia C. Hypoinsulinism and hyperglycemia D. Hyponsulinism and hypoglycemia
B.
In the fish experiment, bowl A that the fish was first placed in contained? A. A glucose solution B. An insulin solution C. An epinephrine solution D. An acetylcholine solution
B. An insulin solution
In the heart experiment, acetylcholine was applied to the heart and the heart rate______. A. Increased B. Decreased C. Was not affected
B. Decreased
Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation? A. Tuberculosis B. Emphysema C. Coryza D. Pneumonia
B. Emphysema
The comatose fish was placed in a bowl of __________ to promote recovery. A. Insulin B. Glucose C. Epinephrine D. Acetylcholine
B. Glucose
peyers patches are found in the _____. A. Jejunum of the small intestine B. Ileum of small intestine C. Duodenum of the small intestine D. Large intestine
B. Ileum of small intestine
Cholesterol, though is not an energy molecule, has importance in the body because it _______. A. Enters the glycolysis pathway without being altered B. Is a stablizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones C. Helps mobilize fats during periods of starvation D. Helps provide essential nutrients to the brain and lungs
B. Is a stablizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones
In the context of the experiments on the videotape, the substance acetylcholine is considered to be a_____. A. Hormone B. Neurotransmitter C. Enzyme D. Nutrient
B. Neurotransmitter
Which of the choices below is the patent cell for all formed elements of blood? A. NK cell B. Pluripotent stem cell (hemocytoblast) C. Megakaryocyte D. Polymorphonuclear cell
B. Pluripotent stem cell (hemocytoblast)
Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax? A. Lumbar trunk B. Right lymphatic duct C. Cisterna chyli D. Thoracic duct
B. Right lymphatic duct
Fred's blood was determined to be AB positive. What does this mean? A. Antibodies to A and B are present in the red cells. B. There are no antibodies to A, to B, or to Rh antigens in the plasma. C. His blood lacks Rh factor. D. He can only receive blood from a donor who is AB positive.
B. There are no antibodies to A, to B, or to Rh antigens in the plasma.
Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure? A. peripheral resistance B. emotional state C. blood volume D. cardiac output
B. emotional state
Which of the following is a regulatory function of blood? A. prevention of blood loss B. maintenance of normal pH in body tissues C. transport of metabolic wastes from cells D. delivery of oxygen to body cells
B. maintenance of normal pH in body tissues
It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because ________. A. vitamins provide protection against the common cold B. most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients C. all vitamins are water soluble and pass out of the body too quickly to ensure utilization D. very few foods contain vitamins
B. most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients
Compared to arteries, veins A. have more smooth muscle in their tunica media. B. are more elastic. C. have thinner walls. D. have a pleated endothelium. E. hold their shape better when cut.
C.
Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach? A. chief cells B. serous cells C. parietal cells D. mucous neck cells
C.
Inspiratory capacity is ________. A. the total amount of exchangeable air B. functional residual capacity C. the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration D. air inspired after a tidal inhalation
C.
Respiratory control centers are located in the ________. A. pons and midbrain B. midbrain and medulla C. medulla and pons D. upper spinal cord and medulla
C.
The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________. A. concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is higher at higher altitudes B. temperature is lower at higher altitudes C. concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes D. basal metabolic rate is higher at high altitudes
C.
Which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized? A. proteins B. vitamins and minerals C. fats D. foods and beverages high in caffeine
C.
Which of the following is not part of the conduction system of the heart? A. bundle of His B. AV node C. AV valve D. SA node
C. AV valve
Select the correct statement about lymphocytes. A. The two main types are T cells and macrophages B. T cells are the only form of lymphocyte found in lymphoid tissue C. B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood D. T cells are the precursors of B cells
C. B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood
The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the following to occur? A. The acid secretions from the stomach would be sufficient to digest this food. B. This type of food would cause secretion of gastrin to cease, causing digestive upset. C. Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum. D. Severe indigestion would occur, caused by the lack of sufficient digestive enzymes.
C. Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the day in the duodenum
Platelets are A. tiny cells with a polynucleus. B. red cells that lack a nucleus. C. cytoplasmic fragments of large cells. D. blue cells that have a nucleus. E. large cells with a prominent, concave nucleus.
C. Cytoplasmic fragments of large cells
Which of the following food groups are considered good sources of complete proteins? A. corn, cottonseed oil, soy oil, and wheat germ B. lima beans, kidney beans, nuts, and cereals C. eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish D. egg yolk, fish roe, and grains
C. Eggs, milk, yogurt, meats, and fish
The primary immune response ________. A. Is another name for immunological memory. B. Occurs more rapidly and is stronger than the secondary response. C. Has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells. D. Occurs when memory cells are stimulated
C. Has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells.
Dietary fats are important because they _______. A. Help prevent the common cold B. Contribute significantly to the health of the skin C. Help the body absorb fat soluble vitamins D. Keep blood pressure normal
C. Help the body absorb fat soluble vitamins
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extra cellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called? A. Enzymes B. Antibodies C. Hormones D. Proteins
C. Hormones
While in solution A, the regular tissue cells (such as the muscle cells) of the fish __________ their uptake of glucose and the neurons __________ their uptake of glucose because of __________. A. increased, increased, hyperglycemia B. decreased, decreased, hypoglycemia C. increased, decreased, hypoglycemia D. increased, increased, hypoglycemia E. increased, decreased, hyperglycemia
C. Increased, decreased, hypoglycemia
Which of the following descriptions describe the function of the hormone FSH? A. It directly causes ovulation B. It increases the facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells C. It stimulates the development of the ovarian follicles D. It increases heart rate
C. It stimulates the development of the ovarian follicles
What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production? A. pancreas B. brain C. kidney D. liver
C. Kidney
Important peritoneal folds do not include the _________. A. Omenta B. Peritoneum C. Round ligament D. Mesentary
C. Round ligament
Which of the following factors does not influence heart rate? A. Body temp B. Gender C. Skin color D. Age
C. Skin color
The tricuspid valve is closed ________. A. while the atrium is contracting B. by the movement of blood from atrium to ventricle C. when the ventricle is in systole D. while the ventricle is in diastole
C. When the ventricle is in systole
Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity. A. A vaccination is an example of the introduction of passive immunity into the body. B. The antibodies utilized in active immunity are acquired from another organism C. Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies D. Immunological memory is established be passive immunization
C. active and passive humoral are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies
In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned? A. interferon B. antibody C. antigen D. complement
C. antigen
The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________. A. concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is higher at higher altitudes B. temperature is lower at higher altitudes C. concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes D. basal metabolic rate is higher at high altitudes
C. concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes
Anabolism includes reactions in which ________. A. ketone bodies are formed B. structural proteins are used as a potential energy source C. larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones D. carbohydrate utilization increases
C. larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones
Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation? A. Basement membrane B. Tunica intima C. Tunica media D. Tunica externa
C. tunica media
Steroid hormones exert their action by ________. A. stimulating the synthesis of a glycogen B. finding an appropriate cell receptor and initiating cAMP activity C. increasing blood pressure D. entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
D.
Which of the following is not a method by which antibodies work? A. neutralizing antigen B. agglutinating and precipitating antigen C. enhancing phagocytosis D. activating cytokines
D.
Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes ______. A. No change in blood pressure but a slower heart rate B. A rise in blood pressure due to change in cardiac output C. No change in blood pressure but a change in respiration D. A lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output
D. A lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output
A nose serves all the following functions except A. Cleansing the air B. Warming and humidifying the air C. As a passageway for air movement D. As the initiator of the cough reflex
D. As the initiator of the cough reflex
The second messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by_____. A. Not responding to a feedback mechanism B. Synthesizing more of the hormone than is actually needed C. Increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ D. Binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
D. Binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
The term metabolism is best defined as_________. A. The number of calories it takes to keep from shivering on a cold day B. The length of time it takes to digest and absorb fats C. A measure of carbohydrate utilization, typically involving measurement of calories D. Biochemical reactions involved in building cell molecules or breaking down molecules for energy
D. Biochemical reactions involved in building cell molecules or breaking down molecules for energy
Which of the following is Luke's during vigorous exercise? A. The skin will be cold and clammy B. Blood flow to the kidneys increases C. Blood will be diverted to the digestive organs D. Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood
D. Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood
The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called _____. A. Phagocytosis B. Margination C. Diapedesis D. Chemotaxis
D. Chemotaxis
The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is ________. A. fat B. cellulose C. acetyl CoA D. glucose
D. Glucose
Which of the following statements is false about a substance that is performing the job of a neurotransmitter? A. It is found at a synapse B. It has an immediate effect of the post synaptic cell C. It's effect is short lived D. It circulates in the blood to a target tissue
D. It circulates in the blood to a target tissue
All of the following can be expected with polycythemia except ________. A. high blood pressure B. high hematocrit C. increased blood volume D. low blood viscosity
D. Low blood viscosity
Select the correct statement about lymphoid tissue. A. Lymphoid macrophages secrete antibodies into the blood B. Once a lymphocyte enters the lymphoid tissue, it resides there permanently C. T lymphocytes act by investing foreign substances D. Lymphoid tissue is predominantly reticular connective tissue
D. Lymphoid tissue is predominantly reticular connective tissue
The larynx contains _______. A. An upper pair of avascular mucosal folds called vocal cords B. Lateral cartilage ridges called false vocal cords C. A cricoid cartilage also called the Adam's apple D. The thyroid cartilage
D. The thyroid cartilage
Factors that aid venous return include all except_______. A. Activity of skeletal muscles B. Venous valves C. Pressure changes in the thorax D. Urinary output
D. Urinary output
Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange? A. Respiratory bronchioles B. Alveolar ducts C. Alveolar sacs D. Alveoli
D. alveoli
How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood? A. Chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells B. Chemically combined with the heme portion of the hemoglobin C. As carbonic acid in the plasma D. As the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells
D. as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells
Gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin are hormones or paracrines that are released directly into the lamina propria. Which of the following cell types synthesize and secrete these products? A. parietal cells B. mucous neck cells C. zymogenic cells D. enteroendocrine cells
D. enteroendocrine cells
The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to ________. A. pump blood through a smaller valve B. expand the thoracic cage during diastole C. accommodate a greater volume of blood D. pump blood with greater pressure
D. pump blood with greater pressure
During a bacterial infection you would expect to see increased numbers of A. thrombocytes. B. basophils. C. eosinophils. D. reticulocytes. E. neutrophils.
E.
More than 95 percent of the protein in a red blood cell is A. immunoglobulin. B. fibrinogen. C. porphyrin. D. albumin. E. hemoglobin.
E.
Which of the following statements describes the results of the live frog experiment? A. Neither frog produced eggs. Neither the saline or the pituitary extract produced any effect on frog reproductive function. B. The control frog produced eggs and the experimental frog did not proving that the pituitary extract inhibited egg production and ovulation. C. The control frog produced eggs and the experimental frog did not proving that the saline solution promoted egg production and ovulation. D. Both frogs produced eggs proving that both injections promoted egg production and ovulation. E. The experimental frog produced eggs and the control frog did not proving that the hormones in the pituitary extract caused egg production and ovulation.
E. The experimental frog produced eggs and the control frog did not proving that the hormones in the pituitary extract caused egg production and ovulation
Which of the following affects blood flow through the body? A. Blood viscosity B. Turbulence C. Vascular resistance D. Vessel diameter E. all of the above
E. all of the above
The process of fibrinolysis A. Draws torn edges of damaged tissue closer together B. Forms emboli C. Activates fibrinogen D. Forms thrombi E. dissolves clots
E. dissolves clots
The most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the A. Eosinophils B. Monocytes C. Lymphocytes D. Basophils E. neutrophils
E. neutrophils
After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters the A. arteries. B. arterioles. C. veins. D. capillaries. E. venules
E. venules
