Pseudocode for 14 Coding Patterns

Sliding Window - Maximum Sum Subarray of Size K

Given an array of integers nums and an integer k, find the maximum sum of any contiguous subarray of size k. Example: Input: nums = [2, 1, 5, 1, 3, 2], k = 3 Output: 9 (The subarray [5, 1, 3] has the maximum sum of 9)

Cycle Sort

1.)Start with an unsorted array of n elements. 2) Initialize a variable, cycleStart, to 0. 3) For each element in the array, compare it with every other element to its right. If there are any elements that are smaller than the current element, increment cycleStart. 4) If cycleStart is still 0 after comparing the first element with all other elements, move to the next element and repeat step 3. 5) Once a smaller element is found, swap the current element with the first element in its cycle. The cycle is then continued until the current element returns to its original position. Repeat steps 3-5 until all cycles have been completed. The array is now sorted.

Tree DFS - Binary Tree Maximum Path Sum

A path in a binary tree is a sequence of nodes where each pair of adjacent nodes in the sequence has an edge connecting them. A node can only appear in the sequence at most once. Note that the path does not need to pass through the root. The path sum of a path is the sum of the node's values in the path. Given the root of a binary tree, return the maximum path sum of any non-empty path. Example 1: Input: root = [1,2,3] Output: 6 Explanation: The optimal path is 2 -> 1 -> 3 with a path sum of 2 + 1 + 3 = 6. Example 2: Input: root = [-10,9,20,null,null,15,7] Output: 42 Explanation: The optimal path is 15 -> 20 -> 7 with a path sum of 15 + 20 + 7 = 42. Questions to Ask: - Can the tree have negative values? - Can the tree have duplicate values? - Can the tree be empty?

Sliding Window - Longest Substring Without Repeating Characters

Given a string s, find the length of the longest substring without repeating characters. Example: Input: s = "abcabcbb" Output: 3 Explanation: The longest substring without repeating characters is "abc"

Cyclic Sort - Find the Missing Number

Given an array nums containing n distinct numbers in the range [0, n], return the only number in the range that is missing from the array. Example 1: Input: nums = [3,0,1] Output: 2 Explanation: n = 3 since there are 3 numbers, so all numbers are in the range [0,3]. 2 is the missing number in the range since it does not appear in nums. Example 2: Input: nums = [0,1] Output: 2 Explanation: n = 2 since there are 2 numbers, so all numbers are in the range [0,2]. 2 is the missing number in the range since it does not appear in nums. Example 3: Input: nums = [9,6,4,2,3,5,7,0,1] Output: 8 Explanation: n = 9 since there are 9 numbers, so all numbers are in the range [0,9]. 8 is the missing number in the range since it does not appear in nums. Questions to Ask: - Can the input array have negative integers? - Can the input array have duplicate elements? - Will there always be exactly one missing number?

Two Pointers - Two Sum

Given an array of integers nums and an integer target, return indices of the two numbers such that they add up to target. You may assume that each input would have exactly one solution, and you may not use the same element twice. You can return the answer in any order. Example 1: Input: nums = [2,7,11,15], target = 9 Output: [0,1] Explanation: Because nums[0] + nums[1] == 9, we return [0, 1]. Example 2: Input: nums = [3,2,4], target = 6 Output: [1,2] Example 3: Input: nums = [3,3], target = 6 Output: [0,1] Questions to Ask: - Can the input array have duplicate elements? - Are there guaranteed to be exactly one solution for each input? - Can the input array be empty?

Merge Intervals - Merge Intervals

Given an array of intervals where intervals[i] = [starti, endi], merge all overlapping intervals, and return an array of the non-overlapping intervals that cover all the intervals in the input. Example 1: Input: intervals = [[1,3],[2,6],[8,10],[15,18]] Output: [[1,6],[8,10],[15,18]] Explanation: Since intervals [1,3] and [2,6] overlap, merge them into [1,6]. Example 2: Input: intervals = [[1,4],[4,5]] Output: [[1,5]] Explanation: Intervals [1,4] and [4,5] are considered overlapping. Questions to Ask: - Can the intervals have negative start and end times? - Can the intervals have overlapping ranges?

K-way Merge - Merge Intervals

Given an array of intervals where intervals[i] = [startᵢ, endᵢ], merge all overlapping intervals, and return an array of the non-overlapping intervals that cover all the intervals in the input. Example 1: Input: intervals = [[1,3],[2,6],[8,10],[15,18]] Output: [[1,6],[8,10],[15,18]] Explanation: Since intervals [1,3] and [2,6] overlap, merge them into [1,6]. Example 2: Input: intervals = [[1,4],[4,5]] Output: [[1,5]] Explanation: Intervals [1,4] and [4,5] are considered overlapping. Questions to ask: -Can the input intervals be empty? - Can the input intervals contain negative values? - Can the input intervals have duplicate intervals?

Top K Elements - Top K Frequent Elements

Given an integer array nums and an integer k, return the k most frequent elements. You may return the answer in any order. Example 1: Input: nums = [1,1,1,2,2,3], k = 2 Output: [1,2] Example 2: Input: nums = [1], k = 1 Output: [1]

Top K Elements - Kth Largest Element in an Array

Given an integer array nums and an integer k, return the kth largest element in the array. Note that it is the kth largest element in the sorted order, not the kth distinct element. Example 1: Input: nums = [3,2,1,5,6,4], k = 2 Output: 5 Example 2: Input: nums = [3,2,3,1,2,4,5,5,6], k = 4 Output: 4 Pseudocode shows the way to do it by sorting but there is a way to do it without sorting

Subsets - Subsets

Given an integer array nums of unique elements, return all possible subsets (the power set). The solution set must not contain duplicate subsets. Return the solution in any order. Example 1: Input: nums = [1,2,3] Output: [[],[1],[2],[1,2],[3],[1,3],[2,3],[1,2,3]] Example 2: Input: nums = [0] Output: [[],[0]] Questions to Ask: - Can the nums array have duplicate elements? - Can the nums array be empty?

Subsets - Subsets II

Given an integer array nums that may contain duplicates, return all possible subsets (the power set). The solution set must not contain duplicate subsets. Return the solution in any order. Example 1: Input: nums = [1,2,2] Output: [[],[1],[1,2],[1,2,2],[2],[2,2]] Example 2: Input: nums = [0] Output: [[],[0]] Questions to Ask: - Can the nums array have duplicate elements? - Can the nums array be empty?

Fast and Slow Pointers - Linked List Cycle

Given head, the head of a linked list, determine if the linked list has a cycle in it. There is a cycle in a linked list if there is some node in the list that can be reached again by continuously following the next pointer. Internally, pos is used to denote the index of the node that tail's next pointer is connected to. Note that pos is not passed as a parameter. Return true if there is a cycle in the linked list. Otherwise, return false. Questions to Ask: - Can the linked list have duplicate elements? - Can the linked list be empty? - Will the linked list always be singly linked?

In-Place Reversal of Linked List - Reverse Linked List II

Given the head of a singly linked list and two integers left and right where left <= right, reverse the nodes of the list from position left to position right, and return the reversed list. Example 1: Input: head = [1,2,3,4,5], left = 2, right = 4 Output: [1,4,3,2,5] Example 2: Input: head = [5], left = 1, right = 1 Output: [5] Questions to Ask: - Can the linked list be empty? - Will left and right always be valid indices within the linked list?

Fast and Slow Pointers - Middle of the Linked List

Given the head of a singly linked list, return the middle node of the linked list. If there are two middle nodes, return the second middle node. Example 1: Input: head = [1,2,3,4,5] Output: [3,4,5] Explanation: The middle node of the list is node 3. Example 2: Input: head = [1,2,3,4,5,6] Output: [4,5,6] Explanation: Since the list has two middle nodes with values 3 and 4, we return the second one. Questions to Ask: - Can the linked list have duplicate elements? - Can the linked list be empty? - Will the linked list always be singly linked?

In-Place Reversal of Linked List - Reverse Linked List

Given the head of a singly linked list, reverse the list, and return the reversed list. Example 1: Input: head = [1,2,3,4,5] Output: [5,4,3,2,1] Example 2: Input: head = [1,2] Output: [2,1] Example 3: Input: head = [] Output: [] Questions to Ask: - Can the linked list be empty? - Will the linked list always be singly linked?

Tree BFS - Binary Tree Right Side View

Given the root of a binary tree, imagine yourself standing on the right side of it, return the values of the nodes you can see ordered from top to bottom. Example 1: Input: root = [1,2,3,null,5,null,4] Output: [1,3,4] Explanation: 1 is the top, 3 is a right child of 1, 4 is a right child of 3 Example 2: Input: root = [1,null,3] Output: [1,3] Example 3: Input: root = [] Output: [] Questions to Ask: - Can the tree have duplicate values? - Can the tree be empty?

Tree DFS - Binary Tree Inorder Traversal

Given the root of a binary tree, return the inorder traversal of its nodes' values. Example 1: Input: root = [1,null,2,3] Output: [1,3,2] Explanation: 2 is a right child of 1, 3 is a left child of 2 Example 2: Input: root = [] Output: [] Example 3: Input: root = [1] Output: [1] Questions to Ask: - Can the tree have duplicate values? - Can the tree be empty?

Tree BFS - Binary Tree Level Order Traversal

Given the root of a binary tree, return the level order traversal of its nodes' values. (i.e., from left to right, level by level). Example 1: Input: root = [3,9,20,null,null,15,7] Output: [[3],[9,20],[15,7]] Explanation: 9 has no children, 20 has 15 and 7 Example 2: Input: root = [1] Output: [[1]] Example 3: Input: root = [] Output: [] Questions to Ask: - Can the tree have duplicate values? - Can the tree be empty?

Cyclic Sort - Find All Missing Numbers

Similar to just finding one missing number Questions to Ask: - Can the input array have negative integers? - Can the input array have duplicate elements? - Will there be more than one missing number?

Modified Binary Search - Find Minimum in Rotated Sorted Array

Suppose an array of length n sorted in ascending order is rotated between 1 and n times. For example, the array nums = [0,1,2,4,5,6,7] might become: - [4,5,6,7,0,1,2] if it was rotated 4 times. - [0,1,2,4,5,6,7] if it was rotated 7 times. Notice that rotating an array [a[0], a[1], a[2], ..., a[n-1]] 1 time results in the array [a[n-1], a[0], a[1], a[2], ..., a[n-2]]. Given the sorted rotated array nums of unique elements, return the minimum element of this array. You must write an algorithm that runs in O(log n) time. Example 1: Input: nums = [3,4,5,1,2] Output: 1 Explanation: The original array was [1,2,3,4,5] rotated 3 times. Example 2: Input: nums = [4,5,6,7,0,1,2] Output: 0 Explanation: The original array was [0,1,2,4,5,6,7] and it was rotated 4 times. Example 3: Input: nums = [11,13,15,17] Output: 11 Explanation: The original array was [11,13,15,17] and it was rotated 4 times.

Two Heaps - Find the Median of a Number Stream

The median is the middle value in an ordered integer list. If the size of the list is even, there is no middle value, and the median is the mean of the two middle values. - For example, for arr = [2,3,4], the median is 3. - For example, for arr = [2,3], the median is (2 + 3) / 2 = 2.5. Implement the MedianFinder class: - MedianFinder() initializes the MedianFinder object. - void addNum(int num) adds the integer num from the data stream to the data structure. - double findMedian() returns the median of all elements so far. Answers within 10-5 of the actual answer will be accepted. Example 1: Input ["MedianFinder", "addNum", "addNum", "findMedian", "addNum", "findMedian"] [[], [1], [2], [], [3], []] Output [null, null, null, 1.5, null, 2.0] Explanation MedianFinder medianFinder = new MedianFinder(); medianFinder.addNum(1); // arr = [1] medianFinder.addNum(2); // arr = [1, 2] medianFinder.findMedian(); // return 1.5 (i.e., (1 + 2) / 2) medianFinder.addNum(3); // arr[1, 2, 3] medianFinder.findMedian(); // return 2.0

Topological Sort - Course Schedule

There are a total of numCourses courses you have to take, labeled from 0 to numCourses - 1. You are given an array prerequisites where prerequisites[i] = [aᵢ, bᵢ] indicates that you must take course bᵢ first if you want to take course aᵢ. - For example, the pair [0, 1], indicates that to take course 0 you have to first take course 1. Return true if you can finish all courses. Otherwise, return false. Example 1: Input: numCourses = 2, prerequisites = [[1,0]] Output: true Explanation: There are a total of 2 courses to take. To take course 1 you should have finished course 0. So it is possible. Example 2: Input: numCourses = 2, prerequisites = [[1,0],[0,1]] Output: false Explanation: There are a total of 2 courses to take. To take course 1 you should have finished course 0, and to take course 0 you should also have finished course 1. So it is impossible.

Modified Binary Search - Search in Rotated Sorted Array

There is an integer array nums sorted in ascending order (with distinct values). Prior to being passed to your function, nums is possibly rotated at an unknown pivot index k (1 <= k < nums.length) such that the resulting array is [nums[k], nums[k+1], ..., nums[n-1], nums[0], nums[1], ..., nums[k-1]] (0-indexed). For example, [0,1,2,4,5,6,7] might be rotated at pivot index 3 and become [4,5,6,7,0,1,2]. Given the array nums after the possible rotation and an integer target, return the index of target if it is in nums, or -1 if it is not in nums. You must write an algorithm with O(log n) runtime complexity. Example 1: Input: nums = [4,5,6,7,0,1,2], target = 0 Output: 4 Example 2: Input: nums = [4,5,6,7,0,1,2], target = 3 Output: -1 Example 3: Input: nums = [1], target = 0 Output: -1

K-way Merge - Merge k Sorted Lists

You are given an array of k linked-lists lists, each linked-list is sorted in ascending order. Merge all the linked-lists into one sorted linked-list and return it. Example 1: Input: lists = [[1,4,5],[1,3,4],[2,6]] Output: [1,1,2,3,4,4,5,6] Explanation: The linked-lists are: [ 1->4->5, 1->3->4, 2->6 ] merging them into one sorted list: 1->1->2->3->4->4->5->6 Example 2: Input: lists = [] Output: [] Example 3: Input: lists = [[]] Output: []

Merge Intervals - Insert Interval

You are given an array of non-overlapping intervals intervals where intervals[i] = [starti, endi] represent the start and the end of the ith interval and intervals is sorted in ascending order by starti. You are also given an interval newInterval = [start, end] that represents the start and end of another interval. Insert newInterval into intervals such that intervals is still sorted in ascending order by starti and intervals still does not have any overlapping intervals (merge overlapping intervals if necessary). Return intervals after the insertion. Example 1: Input: intervals = [[1,3],[6,9]], newInterval = [2,5] Output: [[1,5],[6,9]] Example 2: Input: intervals = [[1,2],[3,5],[6,7],[8,10],[12,16]], newInterval = [4,8] Output: [[1,2],[3,10],[12,16]] Explanation: Because the new interval [4,8] overlaps with [3,5],[6,7],[8,10].

Two Pointers - Container With Most Water

You are given an integer array height of length n. There are n vertical lines drawn such that the two endpoints of the ith line are (i, 0) and (i, height[i]). Find two lines that together with the x-axis form a container, such that the container contains the most water. Return the maximum amount of water a container can store. Notice that you may not slant the container. Example 1: Input: height = [1,8,6,2,5,4,8,3,7] Output: 49 Explanation: The above vertical lines are represented by array [1,8,6,2,5,4,8,3,7]. In this case, the max area of water (blue section) the container can contain is 49. Example 2: Input: height = [1,1] Output: 1 Questions to Ask: - Can the input array have negative integers? - Can the input array have duplicate elements? - Can the input array be empty?