A&P Lab Practical 2
Which of the following muscles fits this description: O-clavicle, acromion process, spine of scapula; I-deltoid tuberosity; A-flex arm @ shoulder, rotate and abduct arm, extend arm at shoulder?
deltoid
fossa
shallow depression
Canaliculi
minute canals connecting osteocytes of an osteon
bundle of muscle cells
fasicle
A motor neuron and all of the skeletal muscle cells it stimulates is called a ___.
motor unit
The ________ is a blind spot on the retina, while the ________ contains only cones and is the retinal area of greatest visual acuity.
optic disc, fovea centralis
Gastrocnemius
plantar flexes the foot at the knee
Triceps brachii
posterior arm
Precentral gyrus
primary motor area
process
projection or prominence
peripheral nervous system
ganglia and spinal and cranial nerves
The outer cortex of the brain contains the cell bodies of cerebral neurons and is known as__________.
gray matter
The glenoid cavity of the scapula receives the ________.
humerus
Matrix
inorganic salts deposited in organic ground substance
myelin sheath
insulates the nerve fibers
neuron serving as part of the conduction pathway between sensory and motor neurons
interneuron
This part of the coxal bone bears your weight when you sit.
ischial tuberosity
tuberosity
large rounded projection
Deltoid
large shoulder muscle
Trochanter
large, irregularly shaped projection
Vastus lateralis
lateral anterior thigh
Biceps femoris
lateral posterior thigh
During the knee-jerk reflex, which muscle contracted?
Quadriceps
The __________ is the largest and most superficial of the gluteal muscles.
The __________ is the largest and most superficial of the gluteal muscles.
The pelvis consists of ________.
both hip (coxal) bones and the sacrum and coccyx Submit
fasicle
bundle of muscle cells
Gluteus maximus
buttock
Gastrocnemius
calf muscle
meatus
canal-like structure
Masseter
cheek
Neurotransmitters
chemicals released by neurons that stimulate or inhibit other neurons or effectors
Which of the following is the correct place cerebrospinal fluid is made?
choroid plexuses in brain ventricles
Perimysium
connective tissue ensheathing a bundle of muscle cells
Pyramids
contain motor tracts from outer part of cerebrum; fibers cross over from one pyramid to another (decussation of the pyramids)
Substantia Nigra
control subconscious muscle contraction
Central sulcus
divides frontal from parietal
thin reticular connective tissue surrounding each muscle cell
endomysium
Name the large bone or bones of the thigh.
femur
The ____ is located at the center of the back of the eye and contains the highest number of cones and is the point of highest visual acuity.
fovea centralis
What are ridges on cerebrum?
gyri
axon
impulse generator and transmitter
Which of the following muscles fits this description: O-iliac crest, spinous process of L5-T7, and ribs 1-8; I-intertubercular groove; A-extend arm at shoulder, hyperextend arm, adduct arm, medial rotation of arm?
latissimus dorsi
concentric lamellae
layers of bony matrix around a central canal
The near point of accommodation for the left eye was _________.
less than 1/2 inch
The near point of accommodation for the right eye was _________.
less than 1/2 inch
When distraction was added, was the response more or less vigorous than the first response?
less vigorous
What fissure separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres?
longitudinal
central canal
longitudinal canal carrying blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
External oblique
lower anterior trunk
Muscles that act on the __________ cause movement at the hip, knee, and foot joints.
lower limb
Latissimus dorsi
lower to mid back
Which of the following muscles is responsible for closing the jaw?
masseter
neurofibril
may be involved in the transport of substances within the neuron
The inferior region of the brain stem, the __________ houses many vital autonomic centers involved in the control of heart rate, respiratory rhythm, and blood pressure.
medulla oblongata
brain stem consists of
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
insulates the nerve fibers
myelin sheath
Which of the following terms is best described as being a bundle of neuron process wrapped in connective tissue and extends from the CNS to structures of the body viscera or periphery?
nerve
What substance is found in the synaptic vesicles of the axon terminal?
neurotransmitter
a bundle of nerve processes inside the CNS
tract
The __________ girdle attaches the upper limb to the axial skeleton.
pectoral
Little bones of the fingers and toes are called the ________.
phalanges
Epithalamus
pineal gland that secretes melatonin (hormone for wake-sleep cycle)
Hypothalamus consists of
pituitary gland, the infundibulum, and the mammillary body
Postcentral gyri
primary somatosensory area
Only one component bone of the right coxal bone articulates with this same bone component on the other side of the body. Which of the following bone components fits this description?
pubis
Name the bone or bones of the forearm.
radius and ulna
The photoreceptors in the retina that detect light are ________.
rods and cones
Condyle
rounded, articular projection
contractile unit of muscle
sacromere
The acromial end of the clavicle articulates with the ________.
scapula
facet
smooth, nearly flat articular surface
Neuroglia
specialized supporting cells in the CNS
The __________, commonly referred to as the breastbone, is a flat bone formed by the fusion of three bones: the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process.
sternum
dura mater
strongest, outermost layer of meninges
head
structure supported on neck
What were the results when the subject was pricked on the finger?
subject flexed arm
junction or point of close contact between neurons
synapse
central nervous system
the brain and spinal cord collectively
How many bones are found in the arm? [Hint: What is the anatomical definition of arm?]
1
jobs of the hypothalamus
1. Autonomic control center 2. Center for emotional response 3. Regulates body temp., food intake, water balance and thirst, wake-sleep cycles 4. Control of endocrine system functioning
3 regions of the brain stem
1. midbrain 2. pons 3. medulla oblongata
How many bones are found in the leg? [Hint: What is the anatomical definition of leg?]
2
Inferior Colliculi
2 larger discs; for auditory
Corpora Quadrigemina
4 disc-like protrusions on dorsal side of midbrain
Myofilaments
Actin or myosin containing structure
pons
Between midbrain and medulla oblongata; Bulges out; Connect motor cortex and cerebellum; Involved in normal rhythm of breathing
How do you determine if you are you red-green color blind or not?
By looking at various pictures with different shades of reds and greens and see if I can see the number or object shown
Sarcomere
Contractile unit of muscle
brain stem
Deep gray matter surrounded by white matter; Some gray matter nuclei embedded deep within white matter, too; Programmed, automatic behaviors originate here (like breathing)
The biceps femoris is located in the anterior compartment of the thigh.
false
Gluteus maximus
extends and rotates thigh at the hip
The strongest, heaviest bone of the body is in the thigh. It is the __________.
femur
This bone articulates with the acetabulum.
femur
What bone articulates (joints) with the acetabulum of the coxal bone?
femur
a muscle cell
fiber
cerebral lobes
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insula
collection of nerve cell bodies found outside the CNS
ganglion
The arm consists of one long bone, the __________.
humerus
These fossae of the scapula contain muscles that stabilize the shoulder.
infraspinous fossa, subscapular fossa, and supraspinous fossa
insula
inside brain (inside lateral sulcus)
The innermost layer of the retina ________.
is a transparent neural layer
Thalamus
major afferent sensory nuclei pass through thalamus; has many specialized nuclei
interneuron
neuron, serving as part of the conduction pathway between sensory and motor neurons
site of the nucleus and most important metabolic area
neuronal cell body
chemicals released by neurons that stimulate or inhibit other neurons or effectors
neurotransmitters
This bone is commonly called the kneecap.
patella
Which of the following muscles fits this description: O-clavicle, sternum, costal cartilage of ribs 1-7; I-intertubercular groove; A-medial rotation of arm, adduct arm, extend arm at shoulder?
pectoralis major
Which of the following muscles fits this description: O-ribs 3-5; I-coracoid process of scapula; A-tilts scapula anteriorly and draws rib cage superiorly to aid in forced respiration?
pectoralis minor
connective tissue ensheathing a bundle of muscle cells
perimysium
ganglia and spinal and cranial nerves
peripheral nervous system
Sarcolemma
plasma membrane of a muscle fiber
Nuclei
receive input from cord and relay it to thalamus
axon terminal
secretes neurotransmitters
I have a blind spot.
true
Which of the following muscles fits this description: O-greater trochanter and linea aspera; I-patella and tibial tuberosity; A-extends leg at the knee?
vastus lateralis
Arbor Vitae
white matter; inner layer; leaf shape
Red Nucleus
within substantia nigra; coordinates muscle movement
Each foot has a total of __________ bones.
26
ramus
armlike projection
These bones form the pectoral girdle.
clavicle and scapula
Olives
connect to cerebellum; help maintain posture and equilibrium
Cerebellum
second largest part of the brain; controls balance and coordination; has role in cognition
Transverse cerebral fissure
separates cerebral hemispheres from cerebellum
Longitudinal fissure
separates the two cerebral hemispheres
Sulci
shallow grooves; divide the cerebral hemispheres into the lobes
Tubercle
small rounded projection
The actual gap between the axon terminal and the muscle cell is called a ___.
synaptic cleft
The leg bones articulate with this ankle bone and transfer weight to the foot.
talus
This structure, present in the cow eye but not in the human eye, is a special iridescent reflecting surface that helps animals to see in low light conditions.
tapetum lucidum
These are the ankle bones.
tarsals
PARTS OF THE DIENCEPHALON
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
The brain and spinal cord are covered and protected by three connective tissue layers called __________.
meninges
The hand consists of three groups of bones. The carpals make up the wrist. The __________ make up the palm, and the phalanges make up the fingers.
metacarpals
a long filamentous organelle with a banded appearance found within muscle cells
myofibril
crest
narrow ridge of bone
The junction between a motor neuron's axon and the muscle cekk membrane is called ___ junction.
neuromuscular/myoneural
The hip (coxal) bones articulate with each other at the ________.
pubic symphysis
Which of the following muscles fits this description: O-external occipital protuberance, spine of C7, spine of T1-T5, spine of T6-T12; I-clavicle, acromion process, spine of scapula; A-elevate, rotate, adduct, and depress scapula; rotate head and neck, extend neck?
trapezius
Muscles of facial expression differ from most skeletal muscles because they usually do NOT insert into a bone.
true
People with difficulty seeing objects at a distance are said to have myopia.
true
The fingers of the hand and the toes of the foot—with the exception of the great toe and the thumb—each have three phalanges.
true
When testing visual acuity with glasses, I checked each eye separately to determine if I had normal vision, which is 20/20?
true
When testing visual acuity without glasses, I checked each eye separately to determine if I had normal vision, which is 20/20?
true
The __________ musculature includes muscles that move the vertebral column and muscles that move the ribs.
trunk
Which limb contains more bones?
upper
What are grooves on cerebrum?
sulci
When the ___ reaches the end of the end of the axon, the neurotransmitter is released and diffuses to the muscle cell membrane to combine with receptors there.
action potential/nerve impulse
Biceps brachii
anterior arm
impulse generator and transmitter
axon
Region of the cell body from which the axon originates
axon hillock
secretes neurotransmitters
axon terminal
Hypothalamus
below thalamus; many jobs
This two-headed muscle bulges when the forearm is flexed. It is the most familiar muscle of the anterior humerus. It is the __________.
biceps brachii
medulla oblongata
blends into spinal cord; cardiovascular and respiratory centers
Which of the following is not a part of the appendicular skeleton?
bony thorax
The radius articulates with this condyle of the humerus.
capitulum
the brain and spinal cord collectively
central nervous system
tendon
cord of collagen fibers that attaches a muscle to a bone
Fissures
deep grooves; separate large sections of the brain
Which of the following is the tough outer fibrous covering of the brain?
dura mater
Nissl bodies
essentially rough endoplasmic reticulum, important metabolically
Vastus lateralis
extends leg at the knee
Which of the following muscles fits this description: O-ribs 5-12; I-linea alba, pubic crest, and iliac crest; A-support and compress abdomen, flex and rotate spine, raise intra-abdominal pressure and forced expiration?
external oblique
Deep grooves within the cerebral hemispheres are known as gyri.
false
dendrite
receptive region of a neuron
The __________ skeleton is made up of 126 bones of the limbs and girdles.
appendicular
The ____ is the fluid substance that is found in the front chamber of the eye and is for nutrients and to help maintain its shape.
aqueous humor
The anterior segment of the eye contains a fluid called ________.
aqueous humor
The __________ consists of the brain and spinal cord.
central nervous system
The most superior portion of the brain is the __________.
cerebral hemispheres
4 parts of the brain
cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, brain stem
The seven bones of the neck are called __________ vertebrae.
cervical
The ________ of the retina detect color and function only in ________ light.
cones, bright
Eight bones make up the __________ , which encloses and protects the brain.
cranium
The greater influx of sodium ions results in ___ of the membrane.
depolarization
Gyri
elevated ridges of the brain surface
Biceps femoris
flexes leg at knee; laterally rotates the knee; extends the thigh at the hip
spine
sharp, slender process
Lacunae
site of osteocytes
The first seven pairs of ribs are called floating ribs because they have only indirect cartilage attachments to the sternum.
False
Using the chart in the book, how would the lines appear if you HAVE an astigmatism?
Some of the lines appeared blurry or less dark than the others.
The rods of the retina ________.
are found in highest density at the periphery of the retina
lobes
areas of cerebral hemispheres; correspond to bones that cover these areas (except insula); have left and right
Directly under the occipital lobes of the cerebrum is a large cauliflower-like structure known as the __________.
cerebellum
Which of these bones aligns with the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms to form the four distal tarsals?
cuboid
pia mater
deepest layer of meninges; rich with blood vessels; touches brain; follows all contours
receptive region of a neuron
dendrite
On the ventral surface of the brain, you can observe the optic nerves and chiasma, the pituitary gland, and the mammillary bodies. These externally visible structures form the floor of the __________.
diencephalon
Plantar Reflex - What should be the response in a healthy ADULT?
downward flexion and adduction of toes (plantar flexed foot and toes stayed together)
What are the 3 meninges that protect & surround brain & spinal cord?
dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
neuron that conducts impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands
efferent neurons
cerebral hemispheres
make up about 83% of total brain mass
arachnoid mater
middle layer of the meninges; does not dip into sulci; separated from dura mater by thin film of fluid
When jogging, was the response more or less vigorous than the first response?
more vigorous
actin- or myosin-containing structure
myofilament
fissure
narrow opening
plasma membrane of the muscle fiber
sacromellea
The __________ , on the posterior thorax, are roughly triangular in shape. They have NO direct attachment to the axial skeleton but are held in place by trunk muscles.
scapulae
Parieto-occipital sulcus
separates parietal lobe from occipital lobe
Lateral sulcus
separates temporal lobe from parietal and frontal lobes
neuronal cell body
site of the nucleus and most important metabolic area
cord of collagen fibers that attaches a muscle to a bone
tendon
tract
a bundle of nerve processes inside the CNS
sinus
air-filled cavity
midbrain
Between diencephalon and pons
synapse
Junction or point of close contact between neurons.
Endomysium
thin reticular connective tissue surrounding each muscle cell
Folia
thin ridges (gyri) or gray matter; outer layer
The __________ vertebrae articulate with the corresponding ribs.
thoracic
The axial skeleton can be divided into the skull, the vertebral column, and the __________.
thoracic cage
The head of the fibula articulates with the ________.
tibia
This bone bears the medial malleolus.
tibia
Superior Colliculi
2 smaller discs; for visual
neuron that conducts impulses toward the CNS from the body periphery
afferent neuron
What produces CSF & where are they found?
Choroid plexuses in brain ventricle
ganglion
Collection of nerve cell bodies found outside the CNS.
efferent neurons
Neuron that conducts impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands.
afferent neuron
Neuron that conducts impulses toward the CNS from the body periphery.
essentially rough ER, important metabolically
Nissl bodies
Epicondyle
Raised area on or above a condyle
Foramen
Round or oval opening through a bone
A prime mover or __________ produces a particular type of movement.
agonist
Myofibril
a long filamentous organelle with a banded appearance found within muscle cells
fiber
a muscle cell
Within the axon terminalare many small vesicles containing a neurotransmitter substance called ___.
acetylcholine
may be involved in the transport of substances within the neuron
neurofibril
specialized supporting cells in the CNS
neuroglia
Extension (or straightening) of the elbow stops when the proximal end of the ulna encounters the ________.
olecranon fossa of the humerus
These abdominal muscles are responsible for giving me my "six-pack." They also stabilize my pelvis when walking. They are the ___________ muscles.
rectus abdominis
axon hillock
region of the cell body from which the axon originates
Cerebral Peduncles
two bulges on midbrain; main connective tracts between upper and lower parts of brain