ABA midterm (quiz questions)

Which of the following are examples of the requirements for a consequence to be classified as a reinforcer?

"As soon as Jordan finishes writing his name on his paper, Mr. Alexis gives him a sticker on his paper" AND "Lindsey is sitting on her chair with her feet crossed underneath her body. When Mrs. Tyler sees Lindsey sitting on her chair with her feet out in front of her, she gives Lindsey a big smile and the "thumbs up" gesture."

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

"If you get the first 10 questions on the history worksheet correct, you do not have to do the last five questions."

From this statement: "Jacie will get out a piece of paper within 30 seconds of a direction to do so during 70% of the opportunities each week", which term or phrase would require a behavioral definition if I were going to observe a student performing it?

"will get out a piece of paper"

Stimulus control techniques can be used as teaching and behavior management strategies in which of the following situations?

Anytime you are TEACHING! Whenever you are teaching, you can use stimulus control techniques.

Mr. Jones has a student in his class who he thinks will respond to positive reinforcement. Of the possible methods for selecting potential reinforcers, which would be the best for helping him determine what might be a reinforcer for this student?

Asking student what would be reinforcing, making a list of things and trying them out to see if they work, and forcing a choice between several activities are all valid options

What measurement technique will you use for: You want to decrease the amount of time it takes your class to transition from recess to math.

Duration Recording

Indicate the stimulus control technique: Jarell is learning to identify the capitol of Ohio. To teach him this skill, Ms. Addison sets out three red pieces of paper, each with the word "Columbus" printed on it. She then says, "Jarell, point to the capitol of Ohio." Ms. Addison waits for Jarell to respond. When Jarell points to one of the pieces of paper, Ms. Addison says, "You're exactly right! Great job, Jarell! Columbus is the capitol of Ohio!"

Errorless Learning

What measurement technique will you use for: In Spanish class, you want to see if the number of color words Bailey can correctly say aloud increases with the use of social reinforcement.

Event Recording

You are very conscientious about keeping data on your students because you think it provides valuable information regarding how students progress throughout the year. Knowing that you would rather keep data that document the actual occurrence of target behaviors (either their number or time), rather than estimates of target behaviors, which of the following measurement techniques would you be most likely to choose?

Event recording or duration recording

Which two reinforcement schedules are dependent upon the number of responses?

Fixed ratio and variable ratio

Indicate the stimulus control technique: I begin teaching Amber the behavior of raising her hand and waiting to be called on by having her bend her right elbow to a 90 degree angle. this is the first step I have identified in my sequence for completing the task. Once she has mastered that step, the next step that I will teach Amber is to extend her elbow enough to raise her hand above the level of her head. This is the second step I have identified in my sequence for completing the task. Now she'll need to do both steps in order to get reinforced.

Forward Chaining

Jordan is reluctant to participate by talking during small group discussions during your English Literature class. This is a skill he needs to develop for use in your class, as well as other class. What should you do first in order to increase Jordan's behavior?

Get more information about Jordan's participation during small group discussions by interviewing Jordan, as well as by directly observing him in the classroom during small group discussions.

What measurement technique will you use for: After you give the direction to line up for lunch, you want to know if the time it takes Taylor to start to line up for lunch decreases when you institute a token economy.

Latency Recording

Indicate the stimulus control technique: Mrs. King wants to teach Armon to raise his hand in class before speaking. After she asks a question, Mrs. King says to Armon, "Please raise your hand". She waits 10 seconds for a response from him. When he does not respond, Mrs. King says, "Armon, take your right arm and extend it. Now raise it above your head." She waits another 10 seconds. When there is no response from him, Mrs. King models hand-raising.

Least to Most Prompting

What measurement technique will you use for: You want to decrease the number of high rate pencil taps that Vincent displays while you're lecturing to the class.

Momentary Time Sampling (or any interval recording)

I need to collect data on "on task" behavior for my entire class during my lectures on Ancient Egypt. Every 2 minutes, I am prompted by a vibrating cue from a device I have clipped to the waistband of my pants. At the prompt, I scan my class to determine whether they are on task at that time. If I see that the class is on task, I wander over to my desk and place a penny in the "Yes" cup sitting on my desk; if not, a penny goes in the "No" cup. The measurement technique I am using is called...

Momentary Time Sampling.

Indicate the stimulus control technique: Trevon is learning to write his name on his homework papers. Ms. Barnes is helping him by placing her hand over his as the letters of his name are written. After each letter is complete, she reinforces Trevon. After a few weeks, Ms. Barnes is only touching Trevon's elbow as they write his name. The next time I saw them working on this task, she was modeling how to write Trevon's name.

Most to Least Prompting

As Mrs. Linder began collecting data on Kellen's foot tapping behavior, she noticed a dramatic change from what she knew to be his typical behavior in her class. He began tipping back on his chair, yelling out when he needed help, and running around the room. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for what Mrs. Linder is seeing?

Mrs. Linder is observing reactivity.

Indicate the stimulus control technique: Chris was talking while his teacher was lecturing. He asked Chris to please be quiet. The teacher waited ten seconds. Because Chris had not stopped being disruptive, he moved him to a chair facing the wall.

No stimulus control technique used

Indicate the stimulus control technique: When Mia came up to me and asked me to help her tie her shoe, I sent her to another student in the class who knows how to tie shoes and had him show Mia how to do it.

No stimulus control technique used

From list below, which measurement technique is best to use with continuous behaviors?

Partial interval recording

Tyson, one of your students on an IEP, will be included in a general education class for Earth Science next grading period. Knowing that he will be expected to take notes from the lecture that the teacher presents, you begin working on his note-taking skills while he's with you in your class. You want to increase the number of main ideas that he writes in his notebook during lectures that you present to him in the special education resource classroom. What would be the most efficient and effective way to measure this target behavior?

Permanent product recording

Which of the following is the best example of a generalized reinforcer?

Receiving a poker chip after correctly completing a math paper; the poker chip can be saved for a "No Homework" pass that costs 10 chips

Which of the following is the best example of a primary reinforcer?

Receiving a raisin after correctly completing a math paper

Mr. Hall wants to increase Marissa's hand-raising behavior. When Marissa raises her hand before calling out, Mr. Hall says, "I like the way you have your hand up, Marissa" and then calls on her. As he calls on her, he walks over to Marissa and hands her a token that she can collect to exchange for free time or healthy snack. Based on the definition of a reinforcer, what type of reinforcer is illustrated in this example?

Social reinforcer! Not generalized reinforcer because order matters and he praised first.

Which of the following are examples of the requirements for a consequence to be classified as a reinforcer?

Stickers are presented contingently, immediately following in the desired behavior.

Movement cue example

Sylas is learning to identify patterns. To help him learn the next correct symbol in the pattern, I slide the correct one toward him.

Indicate the stimulus control technique: Amber is learning to raise her hand and wait to be called on before talking in class. Before I start teaching Amber this behavior, I have taken the time to write down all of the steps that are involved in this task. That way, when I start teaching Amber the behavior, I can go step by step instead of working on the whole task at once.

Task Analysis

Isaac wants to increase Kenny's work productivity. He knows that Kenny can complete 30 machines per 2 hour block of time because he has done so in the past, but lately his production rate has fallen. To increase Kenny's productivity, Isaac started giving him a 5-minute break after he completed 25 machines from the assembly line. When Isaac started this intervention, Kenny averaged around 21 machines per 2 hour block of time. Isaac has been using the intervention for two weeks. During that time, Kenny has averaged 17 machines per 2 hour block of time. Which of the following generalizations can you make from this information?

The 5-minute break is not a reinforcer for Kenny.

Which of the following does not represent data that are the result of the direct measurement of behavior?

The result of adding the number of items Arturo got correct on his History examination and converting that number to a percent.

What is missing from the following behavioral objective? "Jacie will get out a piece of paper within 30 seconds of a direction to do so during 70% of the opportunities each week"

There is nothing wrong with this behavioral objective. All of the required components are present.

Why is it important to use behavioral objectives?

They contain specific criteria that help evaluate progress toward the behavioral goal.

Position cue example

When Joaquin and I are working on identifying words that are spelled correctly, I always place the right answer in the center of a three card array.

Which of the following schedules of reinforcement is most likely to maintain behavior to the greatest extent?

any variable schedule

As we discussed in class, a teacher can use behavioral objectives in all of the following ways except:

as an agreement among the members of an IEP team about the academic goals for which parents are taking responsibility

Mrs. Clarkson wants to test her behavioral definition. To do this, she has her classroom paraprofessional use the same behavioral definition to collect data during the same 10 minutes of her first period class that she will look for the target behavior. They collect data in this way for five school days. If they agree about the behavior that they observed at least 80% of the time, we can say that the behavioral definition is valid and reliable. A valid, reliable behavioral definition has which of the following list of features?

concise, objective, repeatable, measurable

When fading a stimulus control strategy, you should...

element by element, as long as the student is successful.

Tommy used to yell in the classroom a lot of the time. He yelled when he got to do a preferred activity, when he got in trouble for misbehaving, and when he completed assignments. Tommy really yelled a lot. Now instead of yelling in the classroom, Tommy yells when he is on the playground playing soccer and scores a goal for his team. This is a good example of...

establishing stimulus control

It is more important to measure a student's behavior during:

five 10-minute observation sessions during one school week

Negative reinforcement ___________ the rate or probability that a behavior will occur again in the future.

increases

Which of the following is the best example of a behavior that has been defined in observable, measurable, and repeatable terms as it is presented below?

none of the above (not "being a good listener," "working hard," or "asking for help")

When a student is maintaining a behavior that has been previously taught and successfully demonstrated, the teacher should reinforce this behavior...

on some type of intermittent schedule

What information can you obtain from any one of the interval recording techniques?

only an estimate of occurrence, no actual numbers or rates

The general name given to consequences that have the effect of increasing behavior in the future is:

reinforcer

Which of the following factors influence the effectiveness of reinforcers?

schedule of reinforcement, consistency of reinforcement, and deprivation state

The process of changing from a continuous reinforcement schedule to a fixed reinforcement schedule is called:

thinning