Aging and Its Effects on the CP System

Elastic recoil

Ability of lungs to return to their original shape after inhalation

Kidney function

Ability of the kidneys to perform their functions

Liver function

Ability of the liver to perform its functions

Murmurs

Abnormal heart sounds caused by turbulent blood flow

Heart murmurs

Abnormal sounds heard during the heartbeat

Falls

Accidental loss of balance resulting in a person coming to rest on the ground or another lower level

Daily living habits

Activities and behaviors that impact aging

AC membrane

Alveolar-capillary membrane where gas exchange occurs

FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second)

Amount of air exhaled during the first second of a forced expiration

RV (Residual Volume)

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation

FRC (Functional Residual Capacity)

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation

Hemoglobin concentration

Amount of hemoglobin in the blood

Dosages

Amounts of medication to be taken

AP diameter

Anteroposterior diameter of the chest

Unusual presentation

Atypical manifestation of a condition or illness

FEF25-75 (Forced Expiratory Flow 25-75%)

Average speed of air exhaled during the middle half of a forced expiration

ADL (Activities of Daily Living)

Basic self-care tasks, such as bathing and dressing

HCO3

Bicarbonate ion, important in maintaining acid-base balance

GI bleed

Bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract

Pulmonary blood flow

Blood flow through the blood vessels in the lungs

Peripheral vessels

Blood vessels outside the heart and lungs

Immune system

Body's defense system against infections and diseases

Lung cancer

Cancerous growth in the lungs

CV system

Cardiovascular system, including the heart and blood vessels

LV (Left Ventricle)

Chamber of the heart responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the body

Cataracts

Clouding of the lens of the eye

Ischemic heart disease

Condition caused by reduced blood flow to the heart

Anemia

Condition characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin

CHF (Congestive Heart Failure)

Condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs

Hearing loss

Decreased ability to hear

Vision loss

Decreased ability to see

Macular degeneration

Degeneration of the central part of the retina

Appetite

Desire to eat

P(A-a)O2

Difference in oxygen partial pressure between the alveoli and arterial blood

SOB (Shortness of Breath)

Difficulty breathing

Heart disease

Disease affecting the heart

Pulmonary disease

Disease affecting the lungs

Lung compliance

Ease with which lungs can expand and contract

Chest compliance

Ease with which the chest can expand and contract

Pulmonary gas exchange

Exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) in the lungs

Cough

Expulsion of air from the lungs to clear the airways

S3 (Third Heart Sound)

Extra heart sound heard during diastole

S4 (Fourth Heart Sound)

Extra heart sound heard during late diastole

Fatigue

Extreme tiredness

Glaucoma

Eye condition characterized by increased pressure in the eye

Dizziness

Feeling lightheaded or unsteady

Cartilage

Flexible connective tissue found between ribs

Fibrosis

Formation of excess fibrous connective tissue

HTN (Hypertension)

High blood pressure

Alveolar thickening

Increase in the thickness of the alveolar walls

Lung infection

Infection affecting the lungs

Pneumonia

Inflammation of the lungs caused by infection

Genetics

Inherited traits that influence aging

Infection

Invasion of the body by harmful microorganisms

Weakness

Lack of physical strength

Emphysema

Lung condition characterized by the enlargement of alveoli

FVC (Forced Vital Capacity)

Maximum amount of air forcefully exhaled after a maximum inhalation

MVV (Maximal Voluntary Ventilation)

Maximum amount of air that can be breathed in and out in one minute

VC (Vital Capacity)

Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation

IC (Inspiratory Capacity)

Maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation

TLC (Total Lung Capacity)

Maximum amount of air the lungs can hold

Max HR (Maximum Heart Rate)

Maximum number of times the heart can beat in one minute

PEFR (Peak Expiratory Flow Rate)

Maximum speed of air exhaled during a forced expiration

pH

Measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution

DLCO (Diffusing Capacity of Carbon Monoxide)

Measure of the ability of the lungs to transfer gases

ABG (Arterial Blood Gas)

Measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in arterial blood

Lung volumes

Measurements of the amount of air in the lungs

Iron

Mineral necessary for the production of hemoglobin

VQ mismatch

Mismatch between ventilation and perfusion in the lungs

Flow

Movement of air in the respiratory system

Ciliary activity

Movement of tiny hair-like structures in the respiratory tract

Neurons

Nerve cells responsible for transmitting information

HR (Heart Rate)

Number of times the heart beats per minute

Elderly patients

Older individuals receiving medical care

PCO2

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood

PaCO2

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood

PaO2

Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood

Exercise

Physical activity

SBP (Systolic Blood Pressure)

Pressure in the arteries when the heart beats

Written materials

Printed or written documents

Interviewing

Process of gathering information through conversation

Aging

Process of getting older and experiencing changes

COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)

Progressive lung disease that obstructs airflow

FEV1/FVC ratio

Proportion of FEV1 to FVC, used to assess lung function

Tachycardia

Rapid heart rate

Control of ventilation

Regulation of breathing

Lungs

Respiratory organs responsible for breathing

Chemoreceptors

Sensors that detect changes in chemical composition

Heart sounds

Sounds produced by the heart during the cardiac cycle

Confusion

State of being disoriented or unable to think clearly

Symptoms

Subjective indications of a disease or condition

Medications

Substances used to treat or prevent diseases

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs

Red bone marrow

Tissue responsible for producing blood cells

Mitral valve

Valve between the left atrium and left ventricle

Aortic valve

Valve between the left ventricle and the aorta

Tricuspid valve

Valve between the right atrium and right ventricle

Pulmonic valve

Valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

Deadspace ventilation

Ventilation of air that does not participate in gas exchange

B12 vitamin

Vitamin necessary for the production of red blood cells

CO (Cardiac Output)

Volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute

Cardiac output

Volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute

SV (Stroke Volume)

Volume of blood pumped by the heart with each beat