Aging Final

About ________ of workplace cases of sexual harassment that result in formal legal charges involve male victims.

16%

___________ levels of care in nursing homes are defined by U.S. federal regulations.

2

Health care costs can soar in the last year of a person's life. Less than 7% of people treated in hospitals die each year, but they account for nearly _________ of Medicare expenditures.

25%

Women's overall median income is approximately _____________ that of men's and varies based on ethnicity.

81%

balance

A key concept in Jung's theory of ego development is

_________ is designed to provide support, companionship, and certain services during the day. It is used most often when a primary caretaker is employed or has other daytime obligations.

Adult day care

The Pocket Smell Test gives clinicians another indicator for diagnosing suspected cases of

Alzheimer's disease

________ is a common and incapacitating respiratory disorder in older adults.

COPD

________________ in the United States has increased tenfold over the past three decades.

Cohabitation

___________________ tend(s) to help men have lower levels of dating anxiety and a higher capacity for intimacy.

Cross-sex friendships

Describe Erikson's last stage of development.

Erikson's last stage of development is old age. Erikson states that in old age one must fix the problems between ego integrity and despair. This stage starts when one starts realizing that the end is near.

In an experiment, which group receives the manipulation?

Experimental group

The passage of the _____ in 1993 entitled workers to take unpaid time off to care for dependents with the right to return to their jobs.

Family and Medical Leave Act

_____________ tend to have the most tenuous relationships with children because the bond can be broken at any time for any number of reasons having nothing to do with the quality of care being provided.

Foster parents

Divorce rates for women service members who are deployed are______than that of their male counterparts.

Highter

thought is similar to using the scientific method.

Hypothetico-deductive

Tertiary aging

Involves a rapid loss that occurs just before death.

_______________ tend to remain single longer in young adulthood and get married at later ages than ____________.

Men; women

________ are not typically observed in the human brain until very old age.

Neuritic plaques

________ happens when the fibers of the axon become twisted together.

Neurofibrillary tangles

__________ has/have created new opportunities for young adults to create possible selves.

Online social media

How does our use of primary and secondary control strategies change across the life span?

Primary control striving stays constantly high throughout ones life span, but the capacity to achieve primary control goes really high at midlife. Also with age secondary control increase close to primary control striving.

STAC stands for

Scaffolding Theory of Cognitive Aging

______________ is a theory that argues that social contact is motivated by a variety of goals, including information seeking, self-concept, and emotional regulation.

Socioemotional selectivity

Describe the various types of attributions people use to make inferences about the behaviors of others. Do attributions vary by age?

There are two types of attributions used to make inferences about behaviors. The first one is situational, which is used to describes someones behavior that is external to the actor. Dispositional attributions is used when ones behavior resides within the actor. Yes, attributions do vary by age.

________ declines steadily starting at the age of 20 and rapidly after the age of 60.

Visual acuity

Do personal goals change across the life span? Provide an example to support your argument.

Yes personal goals can change across life span. One can set a goal and decide that the goal wasn't as important as they once start.

Tertiary prevention

___________ involves efforts to avoid the development of secondary chronic conditions and manage the pain of primary chronic conditions.

Secondary

___________ is instituted after a condition has begun but before any serious impairments have occurred.

According to Kramer, Kahlbaugh, and Goldston (1992), reflective judgment progresses in the following order:

absolutist, relativistic, dialectical

The self-care tasks of eating, bathing, dressing, and walking are termed

activities of daily living.

A key premise of the life-span perspective is that

aging is a lifelong process that begins at conception and ends at death.

Terkel (1974) reported that workers were most likely to feel______when they performed routine, repetitive actions

alienated

A facility that provides assistance with personal care such as help with medication, housekeeping, laundry service, and meals but does not provide major medical care is called

an assisted-living facility.

Primary mental abilities

are independent abilities within psychometric intelligence based on different combinations of standardized intelligence tests.

Multidirectional

are the distinct patterns of change in abilities over the life span, where some abilities remain stable and others increase or decrease.

Factors

are the interrelations among performance on similar tests of psychometric intelligence.

Autosomal dominant inheritance patterns

are those that involve only one gene from the father or mother in order to cause a trait or condition to develop.

Most people retire

by choice

The condition of urinary incontinence in older adults

can often be treated through behavioral methods.

According to Piaget, what is responsible for cognitive development?

changes in cognitive structures

The most common heart disease in adults over age 65 that results in hospitalization is

congestive heart failure.

A person's concern over dying is referred to as

death anxiety

The most rapid increases in average longevity at birth occurred in the first half of the 20th century largely due to

declines in infant mortality rates.

Processing speed _________ as people age.

decreases

Cross-sectional

design, groups of participants who vary in age are studied at one point in time.

Blanchard-Fields and colleagues found that when participants were presented with different situations with positive or negative outcomes, older adults were more likely to make _____ about the main character.

dispositional attributions

Obj-2.5_Research on the long-term effects of cognitive training on fluid abilities shows that

effects can last as long as seven years

Making connections between new information and already known information is called

elaborative rehearsal.

According to the U.S. Department of Labor (2013), the job category that includes such occupations as ______________ has the lowest participation rates of women

electricians, plumber, and carpenters

Ecology of aging, or _______, seeks to understand the dynamic relations between older adults and the environments they inhabit.

environmental psychology

If 47-year-old Matt can remember the poem he memorized in Mrs. Smith's 2nd grade class, Matt is using what type of memory for this task?

episodic memory

Most adult children feel a responsibility, a(n) ___________ to care for their parents if necessary.

filial obligation

An individual's innate abilities independent of acquired knowledge and experience constitute

fluid intelligence.

SPECT and PET are examples of

functional neuroimaging techniques

Playing the role of mentor fulfills which aspect of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

generativity

A term for the level in a corporation that women may rise to but not go beyond is

glass ceiling.

Memory for implicit material reveals that, in general, age differences are

greater for explicit memory relative to implicit memory.

Employed mothers have significantly less stress than both employed nonmothers and nonemployed mothers when they

have average or high control over their jobs.

Describe the factors that increase a couple's likelihood of getting a divorce.

having high levels of negative feeling such as contempt, criticism, defensiveness and stonewalling.

Having a _____ provides a strong source of self-identity.

home

Spaced retrieval

involves teaching persons with Alzheimer's disease to remember new information by gradually increasing the time between retrieval attempts.

Culture

is extremely important in gerontology because it shapes how people define core concepts such as age, old age, and normative life course.

Research on wisdom shows that it is most associated with

life experience

in this type of sequential design, cohort and time-of-measurement effects are examined.

longitudinal-sequential

The oldest age to which any individual of a species lives is called

maximum longevity

Research on emotion and thought processes has concluded that

middle-aged adults tended to think at higher developmental levels when confronted with emotionally charged problems.

Estimates are that nearly 80% of nursing home residents have

mobility problems

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines healthy weight as having a BMI

of less than 25

In a cross-cultural study comparing Chinese and American adults, which group showed the greatest correspondence bias?

older Americans

Claiming that one had performed an activity that one had actually only observed is more common among

older adults.

In a Harris Poll released in 2011, 70% of all adult respondents agreed that

people who are terminally ill, are in great pain, and/or have no chance for recovery should have the right end their lives.

Research on practical problem solving shows that

performance increases from early adulthood to middle age

Identify the six characteristics of mentally healthy people proposed by Birren and Renner.

positive attitude towards the self accurate perception of reality mastery of the environment autonomy personality balance self-actualization

Everyday competence is a person's

potential ability to perform a wide range of tasks.

The most common form of cancer in men is________and in women is________.

prostate; breast

cross-sequential

research design combines two or more cross-sectional designs.

Which of the following is primarily designed to allow caregivers to get away?

respite care

The process by which people remove themselves from full-time employment is called

retirement

Loss of memory due to Alzheimer's disease is an example of

secondary aging.

Thirty years of research has shown that ___________ is/are predictive of future health outcomes.

self-ratings of health

Evidence suggests there are no age-related deficits in memory processes such as language comprehension, the structure of language, and the activation of general knowledge. This is because _______ is relatively spared in normal aging.

semantic memory

A main barrier to women making it to the top of their career is

sex discrimination.

Mary is a construction worker with a larger firm. She really enjoys the hands-on work and the good pay. However, her friends and family do not view her career favorably. This is likely because

she holds a nontraditional job

Viewing stress as the interaction between a person and an event is known as the

stress and coping paradigm

Deciding on the best option for an elderly person entails assessing the ability of family members or friends to provide _____ or care.

support

Structural brain changes have been linked to executive function. For example, age-related declines in ________may affect white matter structures, which underlie all the areas important to executive functioning.

the functioning of blood vessels

Metamemory refers to what one knows about

the memory system and how it works.

A relatively recent term that points to the complexities of understanding the concept of age is "emerging adulthood." Emerging adulthood can best be understood as

the period of time from late adolescence until one's early to mid 20s.

Testing problem-solving and verbal abilities by using measures specifically designed to assess these components is characteristic of which approach?

the psychometric approach

The problem of vertigo is associated with

the vestibular system.

Dixon and colleagues found that when older adults worked together to recall a story

their performance was better than as individuals working alone

Life-span

theorists are interested in individual differences and plasticity in intelligence.

Flashbulb memories feel very real, and people think they can remember them down to the smallest detail. Research on the accuracy of flashbulb memories indicates that

this is false. When comparing people's memories with independent records of actual events, people's memories are often wrong

Neuroscience research finds that the parts of the brain that respond to ___________ operate differently depending upon whether one is alone or with a friend.

threat

Behavioral perspective research has suggested that basic cognitive processes affected by aging can be improved through _______ and ________ to multiple levels of functioning as long as the basic functions are shared across tasks.

training; transfer

Reduced brain activation or ________ of the prefrontal cortex occurs in the elderly during intentional cognitive processing.

under-recruitment

People who are ______for at least a year perceive their mental health more negatively than those who are employed or have stopped looking for work.

unemployed

Psychotherapy

usually involves talking to a clinician or participating in a group.

O'Leary suggests that there is a continuum of aggressive behaviors that progresses as follows:

verbal, physical, severe physical, murder

Women who choose nontraditional occupations and are successful in them are ____________ when compared with similarly successful men.

viewed more more negatively

Reductions in the ________of the hippocampus are related to memory decline.

volume