ALL MCAT flash cards!!

Esters

"-oate" ending H bond recipients NOT donors

Krebs cycle; Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle; citric acid cycle Know where the CO2 are made & released NADH ATP etc

"A CIK Sounds So Fuc*** MO"Each cycle makes 1 ATP 3 NADH 1 FADH₂

humoral immunity

"B cell immunity" "antibody-mediated immunity"; invovles B cells

dendritic cells

"antigen presenting cells". eat pathogens & present antigens. WBC, NOT lymphocytes. Can become monocytes.

Type 1 Error

"false positive" is when diagnosticians identify a healthy person as a sick person null hypothesis is true & reject it ex: Null hypothesis (H0): two medications are equally effective. Alternative hypo: two medications are not equally effective. TYpe 1 occurs when researcher rejects null hypothesis and says the 2 medications are different when, in fact, they are not Ex: alarm without a fire

helper T-cells

"help" other immune cells to secrete chemicals, like B-cells & cytotoxic T-cells, to perform their function.

Liver function

"metabolic brain," 1) Produces bile, 2) filters blood, 3) produces blood plasma proteins (albumin, prothrombin, fibrinogen), 4) regualtes a.a. levels, produces cholesterol, lipoproteins and pacakges them for transport (LDL, HDL, etc), 6) glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis

procedural memory

"motor skills" its knowing how to do things like riding a bike, athletes;;;; A type of long-term memory of how to perform different actions and skills. Essentially, it is the memory of how to do certain things. Subset of explicit memory ABSENT REPETITION: long-term (riding a bike)

Ex of inductive reasoning

"people believe dogs are smarter than cats. My dog can play soccer, but my cat can't. So dogs are smarter cats"

heuristics

"rule of thumb" can cause functional fixedness or lack of flexibility ex: eliminate answers that say always

somatosensation

"touch" - touch, texture,pain, pressure, stretching, temperature, and vibration

self-efficacy

"what am i capable of doing?" MY ABILITY

ideal self

"who I wish I could be"

(H-NMR) spin spin splitting

# of peaks - 1 gives you the number of Neighboring H Ex: 3 peaks - 1 = 2n so theres 2 H next to this molecule

Number of rounds of B-Oxidation

# rounds = (# Carbons in FA/2) - 1

Endergonic = ΔG is _______ = non spontaneous Exergonic = ΔG is ________ = spontaneous ATP→ADP→AMP is an example of what? AMP → cAMP is ex of what?

(+) (-) ATP, (-) ∆G°' exergonic AMP, endergonic

Cathode of the Galvanic cell is ____ Anode of a Galvanic cell is _____

(+) - cathode - reduction occurs ALWAYS (-) - anode - oxidation occurs ALWAYS E°cell or cell potential is ALWAYS ++++++positive electrons flow from anode to cathode. (low to high reduction potential) current flows from cathode to anode.

Arginine, Arg, R

(+) charged basic helps in wound healing. constipation

Lysine, Lys, K

(+) charged basic muscle tissue calcium absorption Fights herpes virus

Histidine, His, H

(+) charged basic myelin sheath. helps babys grow

(Coordinate covalent bonds) Metals/Lewis acids are always ___ ions, therefore donor must have a ___________

(+), lone pair

Cathode of the Electrolytic cell is ____ Anode of Electrolytic cell is ____

(-) (+)

Aspartic acid, Asp, D

(-) charged acidic asparagus . promotes enzyme activity

Glutamic acid, Glu, E IMPORTANT Its a Excitatory on NT

(-) charged acidic transports glutamate in blood

All gestalt principles explain some way in which our minds automatically: 1)_____________, 2)______________, and 3)______________.

(1) Group individual parts, (2) organize individual parts, and (3) fill in missing parts

Bioenergetics

(1) The overall flow and transformation of energy in an organism. (2) The study of how energy flows through organisms.

anal stage

(1-3 years) Anus is associated with pleasure. Toilet training can lead to fixation if not handled correctly. Has two outcomes-anal retentive (obsessions with cleanliness, perfection and control) and anal expulsive (messy, disorganized and dirty)

latency stage

(Freud) fourth stage of psychosexual development where sexuality is repressed in the unconscious and children focus on identifying with their same sex parent and interact with same sex peers

oral stage

(Frued) The first sexual and social stage of an infant's development (from about age 0 to 1). erogenous is "get pleasure from" centered around the mouth.

Gibbs free energy

(G) A measure of the spontaneity of a process (-G = spontaneous; +G = nonspontaneous; 0 = equilibrium) ∆G=∆H-T∆S

Destinations of Pyruvate

(PDH complex) → Acetyl-CoA (Lactate Dehydrogenase) → Lactate (Pyruvate Carboxylase) → Oxaloacetate

Net yield of B-oxidation

(Per cycle) FADH₂ NADH₂ Acyl-CoA → Acyl-CoA (minus 2 C) + Acetyl-CoA

Net yield of Glycolysis Who: all life on earth performs glyclolysis Where: the cytoplasm

(Per molec of Glu) 2 ATP (4 ATP produced, 2 ATP required) 2 NADH 2 H⁺ 2 pyruvate Glucose → 2 Pyruvate Per Glu = ~32 ATP

Net yield of Kreb Cycle

(Per molec of Glu) 8 NADH+H⁺ (24 ATP) 2 CO₂ 2 GTP 2 FADH₂ (3 ATP) Acetyl-CoA → Citrate → Oxaloacetate → Citrate → ... Per Glu = ~32 ATP

Net yield of ETC

(Per molec of Glu) NADH → 3 ATP FADH₂ → 2 ATP 3 H⁺ → 1 ATP

(Equation) Power

(THINK IN THIS ORDER. Units=watts or J/s) P=∆E/t P=W/t P=Fdcosθ/t Pi=Fvcosθ USE ONLY for "instantaneous power"

mnemonic

(adj.) relating to or designed to assist the memory; (n.) a device to aid the memory

Weber's Law (Psych/Neuro)

(aka Weber-Fechner law); the minimum JND for a stimulus is directly proportional to the magnitude of the original stimulus - ratio of JND to the magnitude of the original stimulus is a constant for a give stimulus type

Semantic Networks

(aka frame network) A network which represents semantic relations between concepts. This is often used as a form of knowledge representation. Adding context and meaning to what would otherwise be a rote fact. Theory for explaining how our LTM stores concepts and the relationships among them. - LTM is a network of concepts - Each concept is a node - relationship between concepts = line - length of line is inversely proportional to the strength of the association between concepts.

transduction

(genetics) the process of transfering genetic material from one cell to another by a plasmid or bacteriophage

linkage

(genetics) traits that tend to be inherited together as a consequence of an association between their genes

behavior learning

(i.e. conditioning) encoding, storing, and retrieving an implicit (unconscious) procedural memory.

ligase

(join 2 molecules) DNA ligase an enzyme that connects 2 fragments of DNA to make 1 piece; used during DNA replication and recombinant DNA research.

maslow's hierarchy of needs - need based

(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization

hypertonic

(of a solution) having a higher osmotic pressure than a comparison solution

Hypotonic

(of a solution) having a lower osmotic pressure than a comparison solution

mole

(physics and chemistry) the simplest structural unit of an element or compound

energy

(physics) the capacity of a physical system to do work

phallic stage

(psychoanalysis) the third stage in a child's development when awareness of and manipulation of the genitals is supposed to be a primary source of pleasure

Enthalpy

(thermodynamics) a thermodynamic quantity equal to the internal energy of a system plus the product of its volume and pressure

Isotonic

(used of solutions) having the same or equal osmotic pressure

What is Solubility? precipitate? What are the units of solubility?

*Solubility* - how much solute will dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature.measured in either g/mL, g/100mL, or mol/L. *precipitate* - solid stuff formed after a chemical reaction form when: ion product > Ksp (solubility product const.)

What is solvation? Hydration? hydration number? hydrate? anhydrous? aqueous

*Solvation* - solvent molecules surround dissolved ion or solute like a shell . *Hydration* - kind of solvation where water surrounds *Hydration number* - # of water particles can ion can bind to via solvation and help carry solute function. *Hydrate* - inorganic compound where water is permanently attached making crystal structure. *anhydrous* - a compound containing no water. Aqueous - any solution for which water is the solvent.

Phase diagram

*triple point*- 3 states exist in equillibrium, all present . inc. temp here, all become gas *critical point* - anything above this is unknown, becoming supercritical fluid. heat of vaporization = 0 *supercritical fluid* - cannot reverse to become gas or liquid.

To be an electrophile, a molecule must have what charge on it?

+ + ++ + + + + + + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

effects of sleep deprivation

+ correlated with - decreased cognitive functioning, -depression, -multiple chronic diseases (heart disease, high MAP, obesity, diabetes)

IQ correlations

+ correlated with: -high level of parental expectation, -higher SES, (socioeconomic status) -Early educational intervention, -adequate nutrition,

To be a base or nucleophile a molecule must have what charge on it?

- Negative!!! - - - - - - -- - - - - - -

Nervous tissue

- brain and spinal cord - neurons (transmit electric signals), neuroglia (maintenance) - ALL have axon - Sensory input, integration, control of muscles and glads, homeostasis, mental activity

Epithelial tissue

- lines cavities/surfaces of structures - secretion, selective absorption, protection, transcellular transport, detection - NO blood vessels

Mirror neurons

- neurons fire when animals acts or sees the same action performed by another. EMPATHY so you see a sad person you feel sad see someone jump you jump.

Microfilament specifics

-- double helix -- 7 nm -- actin 1* -- flexible and strong, compression and fracture resistant -- cilia and flagella -- mitosis -- organelle transport

Microtubule specifics

-- helical lattice -- 20-25 nm -- Tubulin (αβγ) -- stiff, resist bending -- mitosis, cell transport (kinesin, dyenin), cell structure

∆G°' of ATP hydrolysis = ?

-31 kJ/mol

Approx. Pka for stuff

-COOH group - 2 -R Group, ACIDIC - 4 -R group, His - 6 -NH3+ Group - 9 -R Group, BASIC - 11-12

-∆G vs +∆G in products & reactants?

-G will produce more product +G will proudce more REACTANTS

Ether properties?

-NON-reactive - weak polar, w/ short R groups can be a little soluble in water, -Non-polar suckas are soluble in ether -Low BP (No H-bond) EXCELLENT SOLVENTS why? won't react w/ products or reactants, easily seperated

Hydroxide

-OH

Theories that try to explain dreaming

-Psychoanalytic theory (freud) -Cognitive theory (hall) -Information processing theory -Problem-solving theory -Activation theory

Galton's theory of intelligence

-argued that genetics contributed to intelligence like any gene contributes to physical trait. -Introduced "genetic intelligence" -nature... NOT nurture 1st to: -conducted twin studies -use questionnaire/survey -introduecd "correlation" and calculating stats correlations

crystallized intelligence vs fluid intelligence.

. Crystallized intelligence refers to the knowledge and skills acquired over the lifetime. Measures like verbal and general world knowledge would be most related to crystallized intelligence, fluid intelligence is highly correlated with working memory and processing speed. A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created.

Cytokinesis

..., The final stage of the cell cycle, in which the cell's cytoplasm divides, distributing the organelles into each of the two new cells.

The term "enol" indicates that what is present in molecule?

..both a C=C bond and an -OH group are present..

What are the two rules for action-reaction pairs: hint physics

.1) they must be the same type of force (gravitational, contact, electrical, etc.) and 2) they must act on DIFFERENT objects..

Decimal equivalent: 1/8

.13

Sin 0*

0

cos 90

0

(C¹³-NMR) C-C absorbance

0-50

cos 0

1

estimating square roots: √1

1

sin 90

1

sin²x + cos²x = ?

1

1 Pascal (Pa) =

1 kg/(m·s²) 0.0075 mmHg 0.0075 torr 9.86 x 10^-6 atm

1 torr

1 mmHg 133 Pa 0.0013 atm

meso compound

1 molecule that contains an internal plane of symmetry which cancels out optical activity. Rotates PPL within itself, but has no net rotation of PPL.

1 mmHg

1 torr 133 pascals 0.0013 atm

When to manipulate equations

1) "If X doubles, what happens to Y?" 2) Two trials 3) Data charts 4) Half in the passage, half in the question 5) Ratio between A and B?

Timing (CP, BB, & PsS)

1) 8 minutes per passage 2) 1 minute per question, whether passage based or stand-alone 3) Spend 3 minutes reading and analyzing each passage 4) Always maintain a timing chart 5) Do NOT go over assigned time limit on any question

What do you do when you are asked to predict species that will require the most oxygen to combust?

1) Add 1 for each carbon and subtract .5 for each oxygen (ranking system) he compound with the highest point value requires the greatest number of oxygens

Timing (CAR)

1) Amount of time on each CAR section is determined by the number of questions - 5 questions = 9 minutes - 6 questions = 10 minutes - 7 questions = 11 minutes 2) Spend 1 minute on every CAR questions 3) Spend 4 minutes reading and analyzing every CAR passage 4) Maintain a timing chart

How do you find the limiting reagent?

1) BALANCE EQUATION 2) Convert everything to moles 3) Compare and see which one will run out first, this is your limiting reagent.

Examples of drug types

1) DEPRESSANTS = Alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines 2) STIMULANTS = Amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy. 3) HALUCINAGENS = LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) peyote, mushrooms 4) PAIN KILLERS = Opiates, opioids 5) MARIJUANA = Listed separately because it can be categorized as a stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen based on its various effects

Six CAR skills

1) Main idea 2) Tone 3) Argument 4) The author 5) Contrasting Theories 6) Inference and Logic

Four lens/mirror rules (single lens systems only)

1) Object distances (do) are ALWAYS (+) 2) Image distances (di) OR focal point distances (f) are (+) if they are on the same side as the observer and (-) if they are on theopposite side 3) The observer and object are on the same side for a mirror and on opposite sides for a lens 4) PRI, NVU!!

3 cardinal wave rules

1) Wave speed/velocity is determined by the medium 2) Frequency CANNOT changes when a wave moves from medium to medium 3) Wavelength CAN change when a wave moves from medium to medium

infant brains vs. adult brains

1) approximately the same number of neurons 2) more synapses 3) fewer glial cells

3 ways of increasing genetic variability

1) conjugation 2) transformation 3) transduction

How taxonomists classify

1) embryology 2) Phylogeny 3) Anatomy 4) DNA sequencing 5) Fossils

What are the 3 types of joints?

1) fibrous (skull bones) 2) cartilaginous (ribs to sternum) 3) synovial - knee, elbow

Strength of a contraction depends on the:

1) number of motor units used, 2) size of motor units used, 3) frequency of Act. pot.

Types or repair of DNA?

1) proofreading 2) mismatch repair system 3) base excision via DNA glycocylase 4) Nucleotide excision

3 mechanisms of gener regulation

1) rate of transcription 2) activators and repressors 3) permanent/semi-permanent suppression

Causes of DNA damage

1) spontaneous hydrolysis 2) damage by external chemicals/radiation 3) Mismatched base pairs

THINK Magnetism: same as electricity , with few changes

1. (+) charge → North pole 2. (-) charge → South pole 3. Lines go from N to S

natural selection needs 2 things for it to occur?

1. 1 dude MUST havea polymorphism that provides an evolutionary fitness advantage 2. This advantage MUST reproduce

ALWAYSSS . when you come across a positive or negative reinforcement/punishment you should ask yourself what questions?

1. Are we encouraging(reinforcing) or discouraging(punishing) behavior? 2. Are we adding a stimulus (something object or action) (+) or removing stimulus (-)?

Steps in balancing an equation

1. Balance CHO, C 1st then H, then O 2. balance the number of any remaining elemtns DOUBLE CHECK EVERYTHING

thermoregulation (skin)

1. Blood vessels close to skin surface DILATE → release heat, CONSTRICT → retain heat Ex: Blushing is dilate 2. Contract arrector pili muslces → goose bumps, produce small heat 3. has fat which provides insulation 4. sweating

predicting reactions and products

1. Carbocations - mechanism will go with most stable carbocation. tertiary > secondary > primary 2. Steric hindrance - least one is favored 3. Count your carbons - make sure product has correct # of C.

with negative reinforcement there are 2 reactions what are they

1. Escape learning - person adopts a behavior to reduce or end an unpleasant stimulus Ex: so a slave works hard to not be whipped 2. avoidance learning - subject adopts a behavior to AVOID unpleasant stimulus in future Ex: high school soccer player doesn't show up to practice so has to do sprints all day . next time he will come so he wont do it in the future

8 symptoms of groupthink

1. Illusion of invulnerability, 2.Illusion of morality (unquestioned beliefs), 3.Rationalization 4. Stereotyping 5. Self-Censorship 6. Illusion of Unanimity 7. Pressure to conform 8. Mindguards

What are the 4 types of cell lining in stomach?

1. Mucous Neck Cells 2. Chief cells 3. Parietal cells 4. G- cells 1,2,3 release secretion into gastric pits/stomach lumen 4 release into BLOOD.

What are the 3 cell types found in bone?

1. Osteocytes - become once osteoblast fully enclose by matrix 2. Osteoclasts - Bone breaking, resorb bone matrix, release (Ca++ & P) to blood 3. Osteoblasts - form new bone, secrete collagen, minerals forming bone matrix.

What are 3 destinies that a Pyruvate molecule can have?

1. PDH Complex→ Acetyl-CoA 2. Lactate Dehydrogenase → Lactate (fermetation) 3. Pyruvate decarboxylase → oxaloacetate (1st step of gluconeogenesis)

(Equation) Gravitational Potential energy=?

1. PEgrav=mgh 2. PEgrav=(−)Gmm/r G - gravitation constant, M - mass of the attracting body r- distance between their centers. 2. useful for the calculation of escape velocity, energy to remove from orbit,

2 things explain deviation from ideal gas law behavior, what are they?

1. PV/nRT >1 = Molecular volume assumption 2. PV/nRT <1 = intermolecualr forces assumption

Piaget's stages of child development

1. Sensorimotor 2. Preoperational 3. Concrete operational 4. Formal operational

UV spectroscopy questions: 1. Molecules with what type of bond show low or NO uv absorbance? 2. What type of bonds absorb UV strongly? 3. What type of bond absorbs UV stronger than isolated double or triple bonds? 4. What is the X & Y axis for this spectra?

1. Single bonds ONLY 2. Double < triple, BOTH do 3. Conjugated system (Benzene) > double/triple 4. absorbance vs wavelength

Aldol Condensation, KNOW THIS WIth your heart!

1. base abstracts an alpha H , leaves carbanion which attacks any carbonyl C in solution then oxygen is protonated to form an alcohol

Factors that affect attitude change

1. changing behavior = change atttidue 2. characteristics model: 2a. target: if person receiving message is smarthigh/low self-esteem 2b. source: person delivering message is hot, smart, trustworthy will probably persuade 2c. message: actual message;presentation 2d. cognitive routes: how you approch persuasion like main route=present data or peripheral route = ignore data rely on credibility , 2e. social factors: if attitude change requires rejecting norms = hard to persuaced

three components of attitude toward something

1. cognitive = how you think, 2.affective (emotional) - Feel 3. behavioral - behave toward something

What is needed to make a bad ass real experiment?

1. control vs experiment groups 2. randomly assign subject to either group 3. manipulate variables

4 theories of attitude change

1. learning 2. dissonance 3. Elaboration-Likelyhood 4. Social Cognitive theory

Electron donating or withdrawing?

1. look at atom and check its electronegativity, - = more electro + = less electro 2. atoms w/ + charge WITHDRAW, atoms w/ - charge DONATE 3. H are neither, just forget about them 4. Alkenes are weak e- withdrawing

naming amines

1. name alkane where N is attached ; propane 2. replace e w/ "amine" Ex: propanamine 3. if 2⁰ see pic 4. if 3⁰ or 4⁰ , Add substitution in front of name in alphabetical order W/ N ; N-ethyl-N-methylpropanamine

Whats the smell pathway?

1. olfactory sensory neurons found in upper nasal cavity 2. ol. nerve (cranial nerve I). 3. olf. bulb (forerain 4. higher order brain centers like amygdala, hippocampus etc

What determines vibration frequency in IR spectroscopy? How is it related to a spring ?

1. strength of bond 2. MW of bonded atoms In IR: small atom - high Vibration freq. Large - low vib grequency.

identification

1. you admire someone and try to be like him/her 2. speakers wants connection with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences.

estimating square roots: √2

1.4

mass of neutron

1.67x10^-27 kg

mass of proton

1.67x10^-27 kg

estimating square roots: √3

1.7

(Equation) W=?

1.W=∆Energy 2. W = fdcosθ 3. ∆E = W + Q Think of work in this order

When you see the following, if energy changed THINK WORK 1. 1.W=∆Energy

1.∆velocity 2. ∆height 3. ∆gravity=∆position of object in space 4.∆position of a charge, 5.∆spring compression, 6.∆friction, 7.∆air resistance

Sin 30

1/2

cos 60

1/2

(Equation) (mirror and lens) focal point

1/f=1/di +1/do di - image to mirror or lens distance do - object

Acceleration of gravity=?

10 m/s²

(C¹³-NMR) C=C absorbance

100-150

1 atm

101 325 Pa 760 mmHg 760 torr

bent (sp3)

109.5

tetrahedral bond angle

109.5

trigonal pyramidal

109.5

deci-

10^-1

pico

10^-12

femto

10^-15

centi-

10^-2

milli

10^-3

micro

10^-6

nano

10^-9

deca

10^1

tera

10^12

hecto

10^2

kilo

10^3

mega

10^6

giga

10^9

How many ATP does acetyl-coa make? WHY?

12, Each krebs cycle makes 3 NADH = 9 ATP, 1 FADH2 = 3 ATP, 1 ATP so in total its about 12-13 ATP

bent (sp2)

120

trigonal planar

120

(C¹³-NMR) C=O absorbance

150-200

Embryology: What is morula?

16 cell zygote

linear bond angle

180

3. ∆E = W + Q

1st law of thermodynamics -Work & heat are 2 ways of energy transfer Work - e.t. via force Heat - e.t. via energy flow​ from hot to cold

Stomach

1st site of PROTEIN digestion. stores food, mixes

alarm stage -

1st stage of GAS,increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system

____ and ____ amides can hydrogen bond ____ bond cannot H bond

1°, 2°; water soluble Tertiary Ex: α helix protein structure. amine H bond w/ carbonl every 4th residue

estimating square roots: √4

2

Net yield of PPP

2 NADPH, 4 Glutathione

telophase 1

2 daughter cells are formed, each daughter cell contains only one chromosome of the homologous pair.

phospholipid (amphipathic)

2 f.a. 1 Phosphate group hydrophilic head hydrophobic tails

How many cycle of TCA are made from 1 glucose molecule?

2 why? well 1 gluclose goes thru glycolysis & makes 2 pyruvate → 2 acetyl coa → 2 cycles

estimating square roots: √5

2.2

estimating square roots: √6

2.4

estimating square roots: √7

2.6

estimating square roots: √8

2.8

resistance stage

2nd stage of GAS, body fights back to deal with stress

estimating square roots: √9

3

self-determination theory -need based

3 basic needs 1. Autonomy "i control my life" 2. Competence "i can do this" 3. related ness "everyone accepts me at parties"

Connective tissue

3 parts: 1) fibers, 2) ground substance, 3) cells - found everywhere: structure, support, connection, fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells, leucytes (All have these but blood and lymph)

estimating square roots: √10

3.15

estimating square roots: √11

3.3

estimating square roots: √12

3.45

estimating square roots: √13

3.6

estimating square roots: √14

3.75

estimating square roots: √15

3.87

Visible light

390-700 nm ROY G BIV

exhaustion stage

3rd stage of GAS, you fail to deal w/ stressor so you get tired

estimating square roots: √16

4

alpha helices

4 residues apart involves H bonding... R groups directed away from center of alpha-helix cylinder

steroid (hydrophobic)

4 rings w/ functional groups sometiems attached

4 processes that aid in encoding memories (order them too)***

4) mnemonics 3) chunking 2) peg-word system 1) method of loci

Ph of lysozyme? ph of stomach? ph of Mouth? ph of duodenum?

5, 2 - HCl 7 - buffer 6 - bicarbonate

(C¹³-NMR) C-O absorbance

50-100

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

8 kinds of intelligence: 1.visuo-spatial - Designer, engineer 2. bodily kinesthetic - actors, athletes 3. musical - Singer 4.interpersonal - Leaders- organize events 5.intrapersonal-philosopher "understand self pretty good" 6. naturalistic- Biologist, wildlifest 7. linguistic- poets/writers 8. logical-mathematical - Albert Einstein, accountant (IQ only tests linguistic, logical-mathematical)

mass of electron

9.1x10^-31 kg

Wave

::wavelength (unit m) - dist. between crests or troughs. ::period (unit sec) - time for 1 full wavelength to pass a fixed point ::frequency(units = 1/s or Hertz [Hz]) - # waveleng. that pass a point each second. Period and frequency are always inverses of each other. same period =same frequency ::Velocity is m/s. v = fλ. ::Phase - 2 waves same x point but diff amplitudes

Alkene properties?

= bond, nucleophiles, weak e- with drawing. Alkyl (R) groups inc. stability. Alkyl groups same properties

G protein

A GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G protein-coupled receptor, to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell.

missense mutation

A base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.

self-fulfilling prophecy

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment

episodic memory

A category of long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations and experiences. Subset of explicit memory ABSENT REPETITION: depends on level of processing

genetic drift

A change in the gene pool of a population due to chance

recency effect

A characteristic of memory in which recall is particularly good for the last few items in a list.

Covalent

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule Primarily between nonmetals/metals and nonmetals

Molecular formula

A chemical formula that shows the number and kinds of atoms in a molecule, but not the arrangement of the atoms.

Exons

A coding region of a eukaryotic gene. Exons, which are expressed, are separated from each other by introns.

Korsakoff's Syndrome

A cognitive disorder associated with damage to the hippocampus secondary to severe thiamin (Vitamin B1) deficiency, most often due to chronic alcoholism.

social group

A collection of people who interact with one another and have a certain feeling of unity.

anomie

A condition in which social control becomes ineffective as a result of the loss of shared values and of a sense of purpose in society.

Coordinate covalent bonds

A covalent bond formed from electrons that have been contributed by only one of the two bonded atoms. NEEDS lone pair of electrons!

Meiosis

A form of cell division that halves the number of chromosomes when forming specialized reproductive cells, such as gametes or spores

organization

A group of people who work together to achieve some specific purpose

social norms

A group's expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for its members' attitudes and behaviors.

microtubules

A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella.

Southern blot

A hybridization technique that enables researchers to determine the presence of certain nucleotide sequences in a sample of DNA.

fungi

A kingdom made up of nongreen, eukaryotic organisms that have no means of movement, reproduce by using spores, and get food by breaking down substances in their surroundings and absorbing the nutrients

stigma

A label used to devalue members of certain social groups based on perceived deviance from social norms. (i.e. mental illness)

secondary group

A large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity.

secondary group

A large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity. (i.e. large lecture class)

Membrane receptors

A large, diverse group of integral proteins and glycoproteins that serve as binding sites for signaling molecules.

Cholesterol

A large, ring shaped lipid found in cell membranes. Cholesterol is the precursor for steroid hormones, and is used to manufacture bile salts. - used to increase fluidity of the membrane

triacylglycerol (hydrophobic)

A lipid of 3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; a.k.a fat or triglyceride.

When does liquid boiling occur?

A liquid boils when the vapor pressure of that liquid is equal to atmospheric pressure.

fatty acid (lipid)

A long carbon of 16-18 carbons, at the end has a carboxyl group attached to a hydrocarbon

Flagella

A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules, ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane.

Conductor

A material that allows heat and electricity to pass through it. EX: METAL ; allows flow of electrons through it

Temperature

A measure of how hot or cold something is.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A method of producing thousands of copies of DNA segment using the enzyme DNA polymerase

Cytoskeleton

A microscopic network of actin filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells that gives the cell shape and coherence.

method of loci

A mnemonic technique that involves associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations

Phospholipids

A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.

nonsense mutation

A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.

neutral mutation

A mutation that has no effect on the organism

discrimination

A negative action toward a social group or its members on account of group membership

semantic memory

A network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world. Subset of explicit memory, associative ABSENT REPETITION: depends on level of processing

acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction

interference effects

A new memory that is very similar to an existing one can cause interference

working memory

A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory. ABSENT REPETITION: 10 to 15 seconds, or sometimes up to a minute EX: Go grocery & try to rememebr items

Introns

A non-coding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene

G0

A nondividing state in which a cell has left the cell cycle.

telophase 2

A nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes in each of the 4 new cells.

α decay

A nuclear reaction in which an atom emits an alpha particle consisting of two protons and two neutrons. This decreases the atomic number by 2 and the mass number by 4. Loss of a He nucleus

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

amnesia

A partial or total loss of memory

Incomplete dominance

A pattern of inheritance in which two alleles, inherited from the parents, are neither dominant nor recessive. The resulting offspring have a phenotype that is a blending of the parental traits.

melatonin is the hormone that helps one fall asleep and stay asleep,

A person who is an expert in their field or expresses their particular belief frequently is less likely to experience cognitive dissonance.

Whats retroactive interference?

A person is getting new memories but this obstructs the old ones

resonance

A phenomenon that occurs when two objects naturally vibrate at the same frequency → louder

virus

A piece of code that is capable of copying itself and typically has a detrimental effect, such as corrupting the system or destroying data

conditioned stimulus

A previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response

extinction

A procedure in which the reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior is discontinued. Also may be used to describe the "process" by which a previously learned behavior disappears as a result of non-reinforcement.

generalization

A process in which the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition

Mitosis

A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by equally allocating replicated chromosomes to each of the daughter nuclei.

Electron capture

A proton is changed into a neutron via capture of an electron

telomeres

A region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at each end of a chromatid, which protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with neighboring chromosomes.

commensalism

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

parasitism

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed

mutualism

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit

recognition

A retrieval method in which one must identify present stimuli as HAVING BEEN previously presented

Recall

A retrieval method in which one must reproduce ALL previously presented information

prejudice

A rigid attitude that is based on group membership and predisposes an individual to feel, think or act in a negative way toward another person or group.

Social-Cognitive theory

A school of psychology in the BEHAVIORIST tradition that includes cognitive factors in the explanation and prediction of behavior . Formerly termed social-LEARNING theory.

Plasma membrane

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

stereotype threat

A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.

self-concept

A sense of one's identity and personal worth; self-concept=self-schemas+esteem+image+identity+past, present, and future self; MY TOTAL CONCEPTION OF SELF

role

A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

networks

A set of informal and formal social ties that links people to each other.

Primer

A short stretch of RNA with a free 3' end, bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand, that is elongated with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication.

intracellular receptor

A single receptor that binds a ligand inside a cell, such as the receptor for NO, steroid hormones, vitamin D, and thyroid hormones

zero-sum game

A situation in which one person's gain is another's loss

primary group

A small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships

primary group

A small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships (i.e. family)

plasmid

A small, circular section of extra DNA that confers one or more traits to a bacterium and can be reproduced separately from the main bacterial genetic code.

Lysosome

A small, round cell structure containing chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller ones.

triad

A social group with three members; disputes often mediated by third member

ascribed status

A social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics.

achieved status

A social position that a person attains largely through his or her own efforts

Buffer

A solution that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution. WA + WB

Nucleolus

A specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes

recognition sequence

A specific sequence of nucleotides at which a restriction enzyme cleaves a DNA molecule

Neutral stimulus

A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response.

unconditioned stimulus

A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

conditioned reinforcement

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as secondary reinforcer EX: token effect.

neurofibrillary tangles

A structural change in the cerebral cortex associated with Alzheimer's disease in which bundles of twisted threads appear that are the product of collapsed neural structures.

proton

A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom

neutron

A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom

autonomic nervous system

A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. Controls involuntary activity of visceral muscles and internal organs and glands.

Arrhenius base

A substance that increases the concentration of hydroxide ions in aqueous solution.

maintenance rehearsal

A system for remembering involving repeating information to oneself without attempting to find meaning in it

Northern blot

A technique in which RNA fragments, previously separated by gel electrophoresis, are transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane and detected by autoradiography or chemical luminescence.

Western blot

A technique in which proteins, previously separated by gel electrophoresis, are transferred to paper. A specific labeled antibody in generally used to mark the location of a particular protein.

conjugation

A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer.

confirmation bias

A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions

mRNA

A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein.

Apoptosis

A type of cell death in which the cell uses specialized cellular machinery to kill itself

Pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.

operant conditioning

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. REINFORCEMENT OF VOLUNTARY BEHAVIOR

Observational learning

A type of learning that occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.

Myosin

A type of motor protein that associates into filaments that interact with actin filaments to cause cell contraction. (NOT ACTIN)

Natural killer cell

A type of white blood cell that can kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells; an important component of innate immunity.

Phagosome

A vacuole inside a phagocyte which is created by an infolding of the plasma (cell surface) membrane to engulf a foreign particle. The foreign particle is held inside this.

acrosome

A vesicle at the tip of a sperm cell that helps the sperm penetrate the egg w/ hydrolytic enzymes

dramaturgical approach

A view of social interaction in which people are seen as theatrical performers.

ΔG values are used to predict the direction in which a reaction will proceed. Reactions proceeed in a manner that minimizes: A. free energy B. entropy C. reaction rate D. unfavorable mechanisms

A!!!Reaction directionality can be predicted from the free energy content of the products and the free e nergy contents of the reactants: ΔG' = ΔG' products- ΔG' reactants. When ΔG' is negative, the products contain less free energy than the reactants and the reaction will proceed spontaneously under standard conditions. Whe n ΔG' is positive, the products contain more free energy than the reactants and the reaction will tend to go in the reverse direction under standard conditions. This implies that reaction directionality is accomplished via minimizing free energy (i.e., free energy is negative). Answer B is false because minimizing entropy is NOT energetically favorable; entropy increases are favorable. Answer C is false because it is a kinetic property and is independent of free energy, a thermodynamic property (i.e., very slow reactions can be either spontaneous or non-spontaneous, as can very fast reactons). Answer D is false because maximizing unfavorable mechanism would increase ove ra ll fre e e ne rgy, m a k ing ΔG po sitive .

What can protect a carbonyl from reduction & alchol from oxidation respecvely?

A. HOCH2CH2OH and tosyl chloride

46. If the freezing point depression constant, Kf of a CaCl2 solution is known, what additional information must be provided to calculate the freezing point of the solution? A. The Ksp of CaCl2 (if the solution is saturated), or its molal concentration and the normal freezing point B. Molality of calcium chloride C. The number of ions formed in solution and the normal freezing point D. Molality of calcium chloride and the number of ions formed in solution

A. The Ksp of CaCl2 (if the solution is saturated), or its molal concentration and the normal freezing point

Which of the following best explains why sound waves travel faster under water than through the air?

A. Water is less compressible than air. B. Water is more dense than air. C. Sound waves have a shorter wavelength in water than they do in air. D. Sound waves have a longer wavelength in air than they do in water. Answer: A C and D are false because sound waves have a longer wavelength in water and a SHORTER wavelength in air.

Reduction synthesis of amides→1⁰ amine A. LiAlH4 B. NaBH3CN C. H2 D. catalyst

A. via LiAlH4 only!!

QB name?: "According to the passage, the powers of Li are desireable because they:"

ACCORDING to the passage/author 10

killer (cytotoxic) t-cells "james bond"

ADAPTIVE system, target infected and cancerous versions of the body's own cells and destroy them

42.Which of the following statements is/are true of single lens systems? I. All object distances are positive. II. All images and focal points on the same side of the lens or mirror as the observer are positive. III. All images and focal points on the opposite side of the lens or mirror as the observer are negative. IV. Negative, virtual images are always upright.

ALL ARE TRUE

QB name?: "Which of the following is a logical alternative explanation for freshman weight gain?"

ALTERNATIVE explanation 2

Diverging a.k.a CONCAVE (-)

ALWAYS makes (-)VIRGUAL, UPRIGHT IMAGE

Linkage VERY IMPORTANT

ANYTHING that is difference from the expected ratios or random assortment suggest linkage! EX: dihybrid you should get a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio , monohybrid 3:1. if its not this ITS LINKAGE

Why are acid chlorides so important?

ARe the most reactive of the carboxylic acid derivatives. Why? 1. good withdraw power of Cl 2. Cl is a super good leaving group

QB name?: "Which of the following assumptions is implicit in the author's claim that 'Classical poets were more concerned with quality literature than personal gain?'"

ASSUMPTIONS 4

Examples of inorganic esters (high to low energy)

ATP, GTP, UTP → inorganic triphosphate esters FADH₂, NADH → diphosphate esters FMN, DNA, RNA → monophosphate esters

What is the primary energy currency in body? why?

ATP, phosphoanhydride bonds that connect the P groups are what make ATP an effective energy store for the cell. This type of bond is highly energetic.

Start codon

AUG

(Equation) AW (Apparent weight)

AW=Wactual-FB

Neural plasticity

Ability of the brain to change their experience, both structurally and chemically

parasomnia

Abnormal movements, emotions, during sleep ex: sommambulism & nigh terror

norms

Acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group's members.

Neuromuscular junction

Acetycholine AcH is the ONLYYYY NT used at neuromuscular junctions.

Is Ach used at ganglia or at effector in Sympnersys?

Acetylcholine is used at the ganglionic synapses in the sympathetic nervous system.

short-term memory

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten. ABSENT REPETITION: 10 to 15 seconds, or sometimes up to a minute Ex: get a girls # and forget 2 mint later

Phosphorylation using ATP

Activation/Deactivation of many molecules, enzymes, etc. via phosphorylation or dephosphorylation of molecule Protein Kinase & ATP - phosphorylate Phosphatase - dephosphorylates making Pi

Real image

Actual light at the image EX: image formed in retina

IMPORTANT Efferent (motor) v.s. sensory (afferent) neurons What are interneurons?

Afferent (sensory) - receive sensory signals from sensory cells •Motor (efferent) - carry signals to a muscle or gland to the stimulus •Interneurons - connect affe and eff neurons . 90 % of neurons

Which group makes stronger H bonds, alcohol or amine?

Alcohols because there is a greater difference in electronegativity between O-H , than N-H creates stronger electrostatic attraction

Aldehydes and ketones ______ as H-bond recipients ________ as donors

Aldehydes and ketones CAN ACT as H-bond recipients BUT NOT as donors

Aldehyde & ketone: Physical properties? General characteristics

Alkanes are non-polar so insoluble in water. Aldehydes and ketones can act as H-bond acceptors when dissolved in water, but NOT as H-bond donors MAJOR FUNCTION - ELECTROPHILES Function as lewis acids

AC current

Alternating current; Found in your HOUSE

Stability of COOH derivatives. The better the leaving group the more unstable the acid derivative

Amide > Ester > COOH > Anhydride > Acid Chloride Opposite for leaving groups (best to worst ) -Cl > -NH₂

What is amplitude?

Amplitude is the distance the wave rises above OR below the middle o f the waveform.

Components of Limbic system

Amygdala (emotions, implicit emotional memory) - Thalamus ; relay sensory info to cerebral cortex -Hypothalamus ; regulate temp, sleep, eating, & endocrine - Hippocampus ; explicit emotional memory (aquires memory) - Corpus callosum ; relay info between the 2 parts of brain - Fornix ; connect hypothalamus to cerebellum - Septai Nuclei ; Pleasure, reproduction Cingulate gyrus ; helps regulate emotions and pain, predict & avoid bad consequences

QB name?: "The fallacy of immediacy discussed in paragraph 3 is most likely to be of concern to modern politicians in which of the following circumstances?"

An EXAMPLE of 8

tRNA

An RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA

labeling theory (deviance)

An approach to deviance that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants while others engaged in the same behavior are not

game theory

An approach to evaluating alternative strategies in situations where the outcome of a particular strategy depends on the strategies used by other individuals.

Shallow processing

An approach to memorization that involves focusing on the superficial characteristics of the stimulus, such as the sound of a word or the typeface in which it's printed.

Isotope

An atom with the same number of protons and a different number of neutrons from other atoms of the same element.

Pauli exclusion principle

An atomic orbital may describe at most two electrons, each with opposite spin direction

Gravity

An attractive field that exists between two objects with mass

Resistor

An electrical device that resists the flow of electrical current (electrons) ; impedes flow of electrons through it

β decay

An electron (or positron) emitted during the radioactive decay process. This results after a neutron becomes a proton and an electron (neutron -> e- + proton)

Ligase

An enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single fragment; also called DNA ligase. This enzyme is usedd during DNA replication and is also used in recombinant DNA research.

Primase

An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer.

helicase

An enzyme that unwinds the double helix of DNA and separates the DNA strands in preparation for DNA replication.

hawk-dove game

An evolutionary game where members of the same species or population can breed to follow one of two strategies, Hawk and Dove, and depending on the payoffs, the game between a pair of randomly chosen members can be either a prisoner's dilemma or chicken

adaptive radiation

An evolutionary pattern in which many species evolve from a single ancestral species

(Influence of social factors on identity formation) looking glass self

An image of yourself based on what you believe others think of you JOSE DOES THIS ALL THE TIME

anterograde amnesia

An inability to form new memories. EX: 50 first dates

retrograde amnesia

An inability to retrieve information from one's past.

Long-term potentiation

An increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. - increase in pre-synaptic neurotransmitter bundles - increase in post-synaptic ion channel receptors - increase in gene expression correlated with LTP

Sensitization (learning)

An increased response to a stimulus after the stimulus has been presented multiple times - conceptual opposite of habituation -usually applied to the increasing strength of the response in a biological positive feedback system

Field

An invisible influence capable of exerting a force on a mass or charge

Newton's First Law

An object at rest will stay at rest, an object that is moving will stay moving unless disturbed by an unbalanced force.

Mitochondria

An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.

Golgi apparatus

An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum.

QB name?: "Which of the following scenarios is most analogous to the problems faced by Christian Reformers, as they were discussed in the passage?"

Analogous 3

Desmosomes

Anchoring junctions that prevents cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart; button like thickenings of adjacent plasma membranes connected by fine protein filaments

aggression

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy. males > females (Test) Hypothalamus and Amygdala

response bias

Anything in a survey design that influences responses.

QB name?: "If the 'Rule of Reciprocity,' as discussed in the passage, is applied to international economic markets, low-income developing nations would most likely react by:"

Apply passage rule 4

elaborative rehearsal

Association of new information with already stored knowledge and analysis of the new information to make it memorable

leaving group

Atoms that can dissociate to form a stable species after accepting electron pairs. Weak bases tend to be good leaving groups.

learning theory of attitude change

Attitudes can be changed by learning (i.e classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational conditioning)

source amnesia

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined.

stereotypes

Attributions that cover up individual differences and ascribe certain characteristics to an entire group of people

QB name?: "The author would probably advise new home buyers to:"

Author's ADVICE 2

Autism disoder? Steric hindrance favrs ___ over ____

Autism kids are stupid, minimal language skills and is completely withdrawn from others. BOYS are more risk than girlsbasicity over nucleophilicity

taboos

Avoiding or banning customs that must not be broken

avoidance attachment

Avoids mom, doesn't look or care about attention from mom/stranger Adult: doesn't invest in relationsship, has sex w/ diff people

Beta keto acid Which of the following structures will be the first intermediate formed during the base-catalyzed decarboxylation of a beta-keto acid? A. a carbanion; formed by the abstraction of an acidic alpha hydrogen B. a resonance-stabilized carbanion C. an enolate ion; formed via removal of the -R group from the ester D. a carbon dioxide substituted ketone

B

base and conjugate acid

B --> BH+

Which of the following events will create an absorbance peak on an H-NMR spectrum? A. The excitation of an electron to a higher energy level B. A nuclear energy transition C. Intramolecular vibrations D. Variations in the external magnetic field

B It is the transition of a nucleus from "with" the fie ld to "against it" that resonates with the radio energy creating an absorbance

_______________ mature in the bone marrow while _______________migrate to the thymus to mature

B lymphocytes, T- lymphocytes

What percentage of Beta-oxidation of fatty acids involves a REDOX reaction?

B. 50%

krebs cycle question: The conversion of succinate to fumarate during the TCA is NOT accurately described as: A. oxidation B. reduction C. catalysis D. dehydrogenation

B; The conversion of succinate to fumarate is an oxidation reaction catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase. It involves enzyme catalysis and the process of substrate dehydrogenation but not reduction

Peptide bond have double bond character. How does this affect rotation?

BOTH C=O and C-N in peptide bond have DOUBLE bond character so this --> RIGID pep bond so it can't rotate

Father of Social-Learning Theory

Bandura (Bobo doll)

Halogenation of an Aldehyde or Ketone

Base abstracts an α H, leaves carbanion which is attacks a diatomic halogen

Energy levels and photon emission

Because energy levels are quantized, you cannot cause an electron to move up one energy level unless you add the amount of energy equal to the difference between the current energy level and the next energy leve

Anaphase

Begins as the centromeres duplicate themselves allowing each one of the chromatids to separate from it's double. These separated chromatids(new chromosomes) move apart and migrate to the opposite poles of the cell

needs based theory

Behavior is motivated by the drive to satisfy ones urgent needs

cognitive theory

Behavior is motivated by thinking; including plans, goals, expectations, perceptions, and attributions intrinsic - personal, internal, unseen extrinsic - rewards or stimuli

deviance

Behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society

Behavior influences attitude

Behaviors of others impacts our attitude about them

altruism (dictionary)

Behaviors that benefit other people and for which there is no discernable extrinsic reward, recognition, or appreciation.

ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group

cellulose

Beta linked, energy storage in plants, can't be digested in humans

Exampels of proteins:

Binding - hmg, troponing, histones, TF, Immune - antigen, antibodies actin, tubulin, keratin, elastin Myosin, kinesin/dyneins

What can cause a TLC smear?

Blue in pic; too much product used Too big or too small polaritie differences

What re some tissue of immune system? hint B. S. T. LN

Bone Marrow spleen thymus lymph nodes

Catalyst & Enzyme

Both increase rate of reaction by lowering act. energy Both can be reused enzyme - specific (huge impact) catalyst - universal (don't impact so much)

Top-down vs bottom up processing?

Bottom up is when you get individual pieces together and make a complete thing out of it like a whole of it. Ex: image with a bunch of black dots top down - uses cognitive factors that influence the way things are processed Ex: when you see the dog in the black dots. SCHEMAS have to do with this.

central nervous system

Brain and spinal cord

Glycogen & Starch

Branched, alpha linked, both energy storage glycogen - animals starch: plant

Hydrolysis

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

hybridization

Breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms

Carnitine shuttle

Brings fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane and into the matrix

(Valence) bonds an atom normally makes - C, N, O, F

C = tetravalent N = trivalent O = divalent F = monovalent

C vs H NMR

C NMR: all peaks are singles, no integration (area under) Same as H NMR except 0 to 220 pPm 220 is downfiled = deshielded 0 = upfield - shielded

Which interaction does NOT contribute to the tertiary level of protein folding? A. Proline turns B. Covalent bonds C. Alpha helices D. Intermolecular repulsions

C, alpha helices, is responsible for secondary structure

Which of the following pairs gives the most reactive and least reactive of the acyl derivatives, respectively? A. amides and acyl chlorides B. amides and anhydrides C. acyl chlorides and amides D. anhydrides and amides

C. acyl chlorides and amides NH2- is the worst leaving group, therefore amides are the most stable and least reactive. Chloride ion is the best of the leaving groups so acyl chlorides are the most reactive

(IR) Carbonyl

C=O 1700 cm⁻¹

(Equation) Capacitance

C=Q/V

(IR) saturated Alkane

CH 2800 cm⁻¹ sharp, deep alkane is fully reduced, alkane is neither an electrophile or a nucleophile.

Cyanide

CN⁻

Cardiac output=?

CO=stroke volume * heart rate

QB name?: "Based on passage information about intelligence, it is reasonable to conclude that:"

CONCLUSIONS 8

Systematic judgments

CONSCIOUS determination of the source based on intentional logical evaluation of the details remembered

(IR) Carboxylic Acid

COOH 3000 cm⁻¹ broad, overlaps CH

When adding or subtracting carbons, always _____________

COUNT THE CARBONS,

Carbonate

CO₃ ²⁻

1.5 moles of NaCl vs 1.25 moles of CaCl2 which will have lower freezing point.?

Cacl2 cuz 1.25 x 3 = 3.75 nacl cuz 1.5 x 2 - 3

How do parathyroid & calcitonin homone play a role in bone & minerals?

Calcitonin "calcium in"- stimulate osteoblast (use up ca++ from blood) so ↓ blood Ca++. Parathyroid - stimulates osteoclast, break bone, release Ca++ into blood so ↑ blood CA++.

hydrophilicity

Can bond with water through H bonds, loves water

carcinogens

Cancer causing agents

oncogenes

Cancer causing genes

IMPORTANT!!! ALl compounds w/ this will make it INSOLUBLE!

Carbonate (CO₃ ²⁻) , Phosphate (PO₄ ³⁻), Silver (Ag), Mercury (Hg), & lead (Pb)

Formic acid

Carbox. acids have VERY high Boiling p. w/o long alkyl cihan, their soluble in water can be soluble in non-polar solvents like chloroform due to no net dipole

disorganized attachment

Caregiver is abusive. child is confused Adult: bad relations, jus tthe worst

What is the diff between an enzyme and catalyst? are all catalyst enzyme? are all enzymes catalyst?

Catalyst basically change rate of reaction by lowering activation energy THEY DO NOOOOOT chagne Keq, enthalpy, entropy, gibbs free energy, and other thermodynamic crap Enzymes is a biological catalyst NOOOO all catalyst are enzymes is wrong YESS enzymes are catalyst

Telophase

Cell finishes dividing, chromosomes lengthen and become thinner, nuclear membrane reappears, cytoplasm gets divided up evenly

What is pluripotent?

Cells can become any type of cell in body EXCEPT extraembryonic. Ex: undifferentiated embryonic stem cells

Endocytosis

Cellular uptake of biological molecules and particulate matter via formation of new vesicles from the plasma membrane.

Center of gravity=?

Center of mass

Center of buoyancy=?

Center of mass of the fluid displaced by the submerged object (NOT at the center of mass of the submerged object itself)

interneuron

Central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

Canon-Bard theory proposes that physiological arousal and emotion occur at the same time

Central route uses facts & stats, Peripheral route of attitude change uses credibility sources ex: professional

anaphase 2

Centromere divides; sister chromatids separate; happens in two cells at once

metaphase 2

Centromeres of chromosomes line up randomly at the equator of each cell.

Metaphase

Centromeres of duplicated chromosomes are aligned at plate. Fully formed spindle attach to the sister chromatids from opposite poles

sphingolipids (amphipathic)

Ceramides, or lipid material, that are natural part of the intercellular cement. Glycosphingolipids and phospholipids are also natural lipids found in the barrier layer

What part of brain deals w/ automated processing or automated motor learning?

Cerebellum ex: MESSI and soccer . he mastered it

reliance on central traits

Characteristics same as you and what you like (attractiveness, height, weight...)

Paracrine

Chemical messengers that are used locally

ambivalent attachment

Child: mom is not always responding, CANNOT be comforted by stranger or when mom returns ADULT: Devastated by break up and always worried

anaphase 1

Chromatids remain attached at their centromere's as the spindle fibers move the homologous chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell; the homologous chromosomes are separated.

prophase 2

Chromatin shortens to chromosomes, spindle appears, nuclear membane disappears; happens in two cells at once

metaphase 1

Chromosome centromeres attach to spindle fibers. Homologous chromosomes line up at the equator.

Prophase

Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms, centrioles move to opposite sides of cell

prophase 1

Chromosomes become visible; nuclear envelope breaks down; crossing-over occurs.

Hypochlorite

ClO-

Perchlorate

ClO4-

Chlorite

ClO₂⁻

Chlorate

ClO₃⁻

Field lines

Closer lines = stronger field lines further apart = weaker field Current flows from + to - e- flow from - to + or less e-s

Ranking of acid derivative leaving groups (best to worst)

Cl⁻ > ⁻OCOR > ⁻OH > ⁻OR > ⁻NH₂

(Equation) Cmass (Center of mass)

Cmass=(r1m1+r2m2+...+rnmn)/mtotal

gene pool

Combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population

chunking

Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short-term memory.

oxidation of primary alcohol can give you what as products?

Common oxidizing agents include: O3, Cr2O7, CrO4, KMnO4, Jones, Collins, PCC, PDC, etc

role strain

Condition in which the roles of a single status are inconsistent or conflicting.

mosaicism

Condition of an individual who has at least two cell lines with differing karyotypes

Classical conditioning

Conditioning process in which an originally neutral stimulus, by repeated pairing with a stimulus that normally elicits a response, comes to elicit a similar or even identical response; aka Pavlovian conditioning INSTINCTUAL RESPONSES

Mean +/- error margin = ?

Confidence interval

role conflict

Conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses

QB name?: "The author argues that capital impact punishment is immoral for society because it repeats the same evil perpetuated by the assailant. In his other writings, the author states that "For every crime there must be a just and equal punishment." Taken together, these two statements suggest that:"

Considered TOGETHER 3

Indicators

Contain a dye that changes colour depending on the pH

Peroxisome

Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals

What 2 hormones does the corpus luteum secrete? What are their function

Corpus luteum secretes estrogen & progesterone → prepares 4 implantation NO FERTILIZATION, Corpus L. degrades. YES FERTILIZATION, Corpus L. continues to secrete est. & prog. to maintain pregnancy

Good electrolytes

Covalent compounds that dissociate 100% in water, such as strong acids and strong base EX: IOnic compounds that are soluble in water

2 electrolytic cells. 1 w/ CuSO₄ 1 w/ FeSO₄ salt solutions both at cathode. .62V is required to force reaction at cathode in CuSO₄ v.s. .95V in FeSO₄ Which of the 2 will have higher reduction potential?

Cu²+ has higher reduction potential than Fe+ Why? Because the iron solution requires MORE voltage to force reduction, iron cations must have the lower reduction potential

aromatic

Cyclocompounds with alternating double bonds (4n+2)

(IR) Nitrile, what number does it pop out in?

C≡N 2200 cm⁻¹ sharp, deep

Reduction synthesis of imines→1⁰ amine Reduction synthesis of nitrile group→1⁰ amine Reduction synthesis of nitro group→1⁰ amine what reagents are needed? A. LiAlH4 B. BaBH4 C. H2/Catalyst w/ pressure D. all of the above

D. all of the above, LiAlH4, NaBH4, H2/catalyst w/ presure With Nitro you can also use metal in HCl M + HCl M = Fe, Zn, Sn

Which factor has the greatest effect on boiling point? A. branching B. intramolecular forces C. molecular weight D. intermolecular forces

D. intermolecular forces, most powerful influence in determining boiling point is hydrogen bonding, which is an intermolecular force

Fractional distillation is similar to traditional distillation, but involves a column packed with small beads, glass shards, or other materials. The most likely purpose of adding these materials to the column is: A. to lower the boiling point of the least volatile liquid in the mixture B. to raise the boiling point of the least volatile liquid in the mixture C. to increase the surface area available for reaction D. to cause condensation of the component with the higher boiling point

D; Answer A & Bis false because beads don't change BP. The beads only provide extra surface area for condensation to occur and do not react. The component of the mixture with the lower boiling point will be well above its boiling point and thus will not condense. The vapor, however, will still contain a few of molecules of the component with the lower boiling point . These will easily condense on the beads and fall back into the flask; this is exact ly what answer D says.

(Equation, constants) D (Density)

D=m/V Dh2o=1000 kg/m³ or 1 g/cm³

What vitamins in body are fat soluble?

DAKE (harder to get rid of), the rest are water soluble

stage four sleep

DEEP sleep, "delta sleep" EEG has very slow Delta waves

DNA replication

DNA unzips into two parts and splits with the cell. In it's new home each side of the DNA strand attack to matching nucleotides to create 2 exact copies. It is important in puberty and other times of growth as it is the reproducing of your cells.

(Add. of amines to Carbonyls) 3° amines yield ____________ why?

DO NOT REACT Tertiary amines are not good nucleophiles because they are too sterically hindered

spaced repetiton (Do's and don't's)

DO use intelligent timing, continual review DONT cram, one and done

1st overtone ____ 1st harmonic

DOES NOT EQUAL

menstruation ________ ovulation

DOES NOT EQUAL

QB name?: "As used in the passage, the term ad hominum most likely means:"

Define a term or phrase 2

Delicate vs Gross movements in motor units?

Delicate is very small motro units Gross - large motro units

Immune system cells

Dentric cell can become a monocyte

bidirectional

Describes a mechanism of DNA replication in which two replication forks move in opposite directions away from the same origin of replication.

Cross-sectional study

Descriptive (not longitudinal nor experimental); Analyzes participants at a specific point in time. Used to describe absolute and relative risks from prevalences. (i.e. census surveys) A survey of the U.S. population to determine the current prevalence of a disease; A study examines blood pressure among those with incomes above $100K/year and those below $100K.

epimers

Diastereomers that differ at only 1 chiral center Ex: glucose and galactose

DC current

Direct Current; literally direct. Found in cars or anything with BATTERY

Speed

Distance travelled per unit time

Two amines, aniline and ethylamine, are best separated by which of the following techniques? A. thin layer chromatography B. extraction C. mass spectroscopy D. distillation

Distillation

somatic nervous system

Division of the PNS that controls the body's skeletal muscles.

ex of deductive reasoning

Dr. visits all horses in city, theyre brown therefore all horses in U.S.A. are brown

Halo effect

Drawing a general impression of an individual on the basis of a single characteristic.

Instinctive drift

During operant learning, the tendency for an organism to revert to instinctive behavior. - LIMIT on the applicability of associate learning

The large intestine also absorbs some vitamins produced by beneficial symbiotic ___________ What type of inter-species relationship does it represent?

E. Coli Mutualism ; both participants benefit. bacteria consume food in our intestines and produces vitamins we absorb

(Equation) Energy of a photon

E=hf h-plankcs constant ALWAYS GIVEN c- speed of light

basicity

EDG increase basicity, while EWG decrease basicity.

Alderfers...ERG (Existence, Relatedness and Growth) theory - need based

ERG theory puts Maslow's needs into 3 categories: 1. existence needs, 2. relatedness needs, 3. growth needs. Maslows happens in order while ERG doesn't

functional fixedness

EX of mental set. you use an objective only for its purpose and don't think of it in other uses ex: -using magazines as a table for lamp, -using newspaper as umbrella -knife as screwdriver

schemas examples

EX: how to be a successful student at school. Take notes, ask ?s, review notes. EX in kids: 4 leg animal and is harry is a "dog" Can be bad if sees a goat cuz they think its a dog.

epimer

EX: of diastereomers

Pancreas

EXOCRINE role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. ENDOCRINE role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.

Law of Independent assortment

Each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently of the members of other pairs so the results are random

Bonding/Antibonding

Eanti>Ebond Bonding -> e- in phase, attractive Antibonding -> e- out of phase, repulsive

Lewis acid

Electron pair acceptor

lewis base

Electron pair donor

electrophiles

Electron-loving (positive charge, functional group that can easily be displaced or released)

the bigger the differ in ____ of 2 atoms in bond, the more ___ the bond will be

Electronegativity, polar. So C=O > reactive than C=N because O is more electronegative

Noble Gases

Elements in group 18 of the periodic table. Have no charge and are gases under normal conditions (inert). Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, Radon

Halogens

Elements of group 17. Have a charge of -1. Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine. Form compounds with sodium in the form NaX.

When you see LIMBIC SYSTEM THINK: Limbic System =

Emotion and Motivation

social support

Emotional, material, or informational assistance provided by other people

collectivist culture

Emphasizes community, collaboration, shared interest, harmony, the public good, and avoiding embarrassment

law of conservation of energy

Energy in an ISOLATED system is ALWAYS conserved. Matter is not created nor destroyed in any chemical or physical change;

radiation

Energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles.

testing effect

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning TEST+LEARN --> REHEARSE

epigenetic

Environmental factors that can switch expression of genes on or off eg. light, nutrition, temperature, presence of other species

Episodic vs source memory

Episodic memory has to do with ?s like what did I do last Friday night? where was I when twin towers fell? Source memory - who told me about twin towers falling? where did I learn about weed? like alain haha

Acid base equilibrium

Eq favors transfer of proton from stronger acid to stronger base (to form weaker acid and weaker base)

(Z score)*(SD) = ?

Error margin

Essential vs non essential a.a.

Essential - Body can't make Non-essential - Body can make

saponificaiton is what?

Ester → alcohol + acid salt

In Menstrual cycle, what is an example of positive feedback?

Estrogen & LH surge for ovulation

2nd law of thermodynamics

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.

belief perseverance

Evidence clearly contradicts our view/belief but we still view or believe it. Don't change. ex: study shows trump will make great america again, but we still say F**** trump

Passive immunity is immunity generated when one receives antibodies from some outside source.

Ex: receiving an injection of antibodies. NOT vaccine or infection

Explicit vs implicit memory

Explicit memory - aka declarative needs CONSCIOUS, INTENTIONAL RECALL. Implicit memory - automatic, UNCONSCIOUS recall

sanctions

Expressions of approval or disapproval given to people for upholding or violating norms.

(Equation) Fgrav (Force of gravity, space)

F=Gm1m2/r²

(Trends) Size

F=kq1q2/r² Larger atoms are better at stabilizing charge. They don't form pi bonds and d-orbitals can contain more e-

(Equation) F (Force)

F=ma

(Equation) F (down inclined plane)

F=mgsinθ

(Equation) Magnetism

F=qvBsinθ force will be at a maximum when theta is 90 degrees theta is either 0 or 180 degrees the force will be zero θ - angle between V & B B-magnetic field Units of B = N*s/c8m or Kg/A*s²

(Equation) Freezing Point depression

FB is depressed when a NON VOLATILE solute (salt) is added Ex: ice road & salt, needs lower temp to freeze ∆T=kf*m*i ∆T is the change in freezing point of the solvent, kf - constant m - moLALITY not molarity i - # of ions formed per molecule Ex: Nacl - 2 Cacl2 - 3

(Equation) FB (Buoyant force)

FB=ρVg

(-) Charge = electrons (+) Charge = fewer electrons

FORGET ABOUT Positrons & Protons when it comes to circutis, electricity, current, etc

Menstrual cycle

FSH - matures ovum & follicle in ovary. LH - stimulates cells in ovaries to secrete ESTROGEN which tells uterine wall to proliferate & prepare for potential pregnancy. Also stimulates Surge of LH which triggers ovulation & develop corupus luteum. Corpus luteum secretes estrogen & progesterone → prepares 4 implantation NO FERTILIZATION, Corpus L. degrades. YES FERTILIZATION, Corpus L. continues to secrete est. & prog. to maintain pregnancy

Where does fertilization occur?

Fallopian tubes

If voltage increases and current remains stable, resistance will increase. T/F

False. Resistance is a permanent quality of the resistor itself (R=ρL/A)

agents of socialization

Family, mass media, peers, workplace, (religion, school, and government)

Fatty acids & glycogen differ in that?

Fatty acids are more reduced & more energy rich (cuz of its carbons)

ketogenesis

Fatty acids break down to make ketone = Ketogenesis (starvation) No carbs, low glucose. makes acetyl coA --> TCA occurs in the liver.

sensory bias & women these days?

Females have preference for certain trait and then males develop exaggeration of that trait

pragmatics

Field of study that emphasizes how language is used in specific situations to accomplish goals -ability to use language appropriately in any given social context.

G2

Final preparation phase. Cell checks for DNA errors and begins to form centrosomes. (Prepares for Mitosis)

microvilli

Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane of apical epithelial cells, increase surface area, aid in absorbtion, exist on every moist epithelia, but most dense in small intestine and kidney

villi

Fingerlike extensions of wall of Small Intes. that increase the surface area for absorption

encoding

First stage of the memory process; in it information is transformed or coded (a transduction process) into a form that can be processed further and stored

formula for kinetic friction?

Fk = μkmg

(Equation) Fs (Kinetic friction)

Fk=μkFn Fk=μkmgcosθ

(Equation) (lever) Fm=?

Fm=mg(L1/L2) Fm - force needed to do work w/ machine

(Equation) (ramp) Fm=?

Fm=mg(h/d) h- heigh of ramp d- distance along hypotenuse Fm - force needed to do work w/ machine

(Equation) (hydraulic lifts) Fm=?

Fm=mg(h1/h2) F = mg (A1/A2) h - distance traveled by large plunger & small plunger (respectively) A - cross-sectional areas of SMALL & larger plunger respectively

(Equation) (pulleys) Fm=?

Fm=mg/(# of ropes DIRECTLY lifting mass) Fm - force needed to do work w/ machine

(Equation) Fn (Normal force on an inclined plane)

Fn=mgcosθ

Newton's Third Law

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. ΣF12=ΣF21

Gamma (γ) emission

Form of radioactive decay that occurs when an unstable nucleus emits extremely high frequency electromagnetic radiation

Ionic

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

∆G what does it represent? Is ΔG = 0 at equilibrium?

Free energy change as some present, NON-standard set of conditions. Can be measured anywhere, at any time during a reaction ΔG is not associated with standard conditions. ΔG can be calculated for a reaction at any point in time for any concentration of products and/or reactants. Yes, ΔG = 0 at equilibrium

∆G°' Does ΔG°' = 0 represent equilibrium?

Free energy change as standard physiological conditions, pH=7 Fixed, unchangeable value . ΔG°' = 0 does not represent equilibrium (-)ΔG°' so reactants free energy > products Thus run reaction towards products is favored

∆G°

Free energy change as standard set of conditions: 25 C, 1 atm, and [1M] of all species In the body, this is almost never the case

IMM (Mitochondria)

Freely permeable to small molecules [these molec in IMM] = [these molec in cytosol]

harmonic

Frequencies that are multiples of fundamental frequency.

psychoanalytic theory

Freud Dreams are an expression of our unconscious desires, thoughts, motivations. a way to virtually fullfil our wishes

genital stage

Freud's last stage of personality development, from the onset of puberty through adulthood, during which the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface (at puberty) and are often resolved during adolescence).

equilibrium means no acceleration, which means a constant velocity.

Friction should be thought of as opposing sliding.

(Equation) Fs (Static friction)

Fs=μsFn Fs=μsmgcosθ

(Equation) Fsp (Force of spring)

Fsp=kΔx

niche

Full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions

Post-translational modification

Further process of a newly translated primary protein structure into its secondary & tertiary structures (& sometimes even a quaternary structure) needed to make it fully functional

Net yield of gluconeogenesis

GDP, CO₂, 2 ADP, 3Pi, NAD⁺ Pyruvate → (Oxaloacetate) → Glucose

wobble

GGG to GGC doesn't change a.a. cuz of wobble

Galactose metabolism

Galactose → Glucose-1-P → Glucose-6-P G -1-P → G-6-P via phosphoglucomutase

Which of the following is spontaneous, galvanic or electrolytic?

Galvanic cell

Theories of intellegence

Garder "8 smarts" Galton "Nature, NOT nurture, Eugenics" Spearman = General intelligence Binet - Binet-simon Intellegence scale

Theories of identity development

Gender, moral, social, psychosexual, social

point mutation

Gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides.

tumor suppressor geners

Genes that code for proteins that monitor and check cell cycle progression. When these genes mutate, tumor suppressor proteins lose normal function

mcdonaldization

George Ritzer's term describing the spread of bureaucratic rationalization and the accompanying increases in efficiency and dehumanization.

endocrine

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

What are some examples of protein folding?

Globule - fully folded (R group on surface are polar or charged) Molten globule - partially loaded Molten - Fully unfolded a.k.a denautre

Which intermediate interconnects the metabolic pathways of glycolysis & pentose phosphaste pathway?

Glucose - 6- phosphate

What amino acid is involved with Long term potentiation? What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system? SSRI or serotonion/selective reuptake inhibitor are used for what? What are collectives

Glutamate - LTP..... GABA 1* Inhb NT .... Antidepressants. unplanned, temporary group (i.e. crowds and masses) which may result in social change

What are the approx & to mass of glycogen in liver & skeletal muscle tissues, respectively? A. 10% to 90% C. 10% & 2 %

Glycogen is mostly found in the liver, where it can account for up to 10% of liver mass, as well as in the skeletal muscle where it accounts for only about 2% of the skeletal muscle mass.

Questions regarding skeletal muscle: S.M. Store this sugar in large amounts? Required a lot of O₂ so they have what molecule to store oxygen? In what phase are S.M. cells frozen ?

Glycogen; Myoglobin - holds 1 O₂ molecule G₀ phase - don't divide similar to neurons

Alkali metals

Group 1 (s block), 1 e- in valence; very reactive, soft, silver, shiny, low density; Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, Francium

Strong bases

Group 1A Hydroxides (NaOH, KOH), NH2-, H-, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2, Na2O, CaO

Alkaline earth metals

Group 2 (s block), 2 e- in valence soft, silver-y metals... less metallic than group 1; Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium, Radium

(Ox state) Any elemental atom

Group 5 = -3 Group 6 = -2 Group 7 = -1 H w/ nonmetal = +1

Illusion of unanimity

Group think - member think everyone is agreeing

Transition metals

Groups 3-12 (d-block), 1-2 (sometimes 3) electrons in the outer energy level, less reactive than alkali-earth metals, shiny, good conductor of thermal energy and electrical current, high density. 38 elements

Performance bias

Groups are difft in terms of actual care or treatment provided Ex: Dr. is more careful with patients involved in a study vs those who are not

Beta sheets

H bond between ALL carbonyl in 1 row and amide H in adjacent row. ALL residues involve H bonding! R groups are directed perpendicular to the plan of the Beta sheet, on BOTH sides, assume PLEATED conformation

ionization of water

H(+) + OH(-), involves the transffer of a proton from one water molecule to another to produce a hydroxid e ion and a hydronium ion

Bicarb equation

H2O + CO2 <-> H2CO3 <-> HCO3- + H+

Bicarbonate

HCO₃ ⁻

Strong acids

HI, HBr, HCl, HNO3, HClO4, HClO3, H2SO4, H3O+

B-cell

HUMORAL immunity, mature in BONE marrow. B-cells produce antibodies, T-cells do not.

Cilia

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

What are some requirements for Half-reactions to really occur?

Half-reactions always come in pairs—one reduction half-reaction plus one oxidation half-reaction

cognitive theory (hall), how does it relate to dreams?

Hall Dreams are visualization of our thoughts & perceptions about 5 things: 1. our self 2. others 3. world around us 4. morals 5. conflict

Hematopoiesis

Hematopoiesis "formation of RBC occurs in the red bone marrow NOT YELLOWthat fills the pockets of spongy bone.

Lymph nodes

High conc of B and T cells, filter blood for pathogens

You get a melting point for crystals to determine purity. Does High MP indicate more pure or less?

Higher MP- better purity. lower MP - impurity & broaden range

Vacuum filtration

Hirsch or Buchner funnel. faster than gravity filtration.

Four possible outcomes of signal detection

Hit, Miss, false hit, false miss

Sliding clamp

Holds DNA polymerase in place during strand extension

juxtacrine

Hormone released by a cell interacts with appropriate receptor on physically adjacent cell. Hormone doesn't travel through any extracellular fluid.

self-identity

How i define myself: "i am a future doctor, i am a bad ass" Who do i think i am? MY IDEA OF WHO I AM

Common fate (Gestalt)

Humans tend to perceive elements moving in the same direction as being more related than elements that are stationary or that move in different directions.

Saponification

Hydrolysis of ESter→ alchol + acid salt

Proteins in stomach undergo ________, catalyzed by enzyme _________ which begins as ________, an ex of zymogen What is a zymogen?

Hydrolysis; pepsin; pepsinogen

Hydrophobic core

Hydrophobic side chains fold into the inside of globular protein to escape water, helps stabilize

internal locus of control

I control my lifes outcome

(Equation) Current : Current flows OPPOSITE of the direction of electron flow

I=∆q/∆t (I flows from + to −) (e⁻ flows from − to +)

macrophage "custodians" are they adaptive or innate immunity? Can they present antigens? Who recognizes the antigen?

INNATE IMMUNITY, WBC, monocyte →macrophage. Eat pathogens & debris. present antigens from pathogens on cell membrane which are Recognized by B-CELLS, T-CELLS

natural killer

INNATE immunity, WBC, kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells; infected cells, cancerous cells

In heat curve do phase changes have to do with inter or intra molecular forces?

INTERmolecular forces not INTRAmolecular forces

Stanford-Binet IQ test

IQ=100x(mental age/chronological age)

Four types of fluid flow

Ideal and non-viscous (assumed for the MCAT fluid near wall or center of pipe has same velocity), Poiseuille flow, Laminar flow(parallel flow, center flows faster than outer EX: blood vessel), Turbulence

0th law of thermodynamics

If two systems are in thermodynamic equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

Whats priming effect?

If you present one word first that is similar to the 2nd it will be recognized faster. Ex: 1. doctor then the 2nd is nurse you recognize it faster. Dr. is Primer and nurse is Target

Acquisition

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

discrimination

In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.

conditioned response

In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).

unconditioned response

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

malate-aspartate shuttle

In heart, muscle, and liver. Problem: NADH can't enter mitochondria to participate in ETC Solution: use malate shuttle, NADH donates 2 e- to OAA → malate →matrix via MALATEαKETOGLUTARATE ANTIPORTER Asparate → cytosol via GLUTAMATE ASPARTATE shuttle

gender

In psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female.

Effects on rate: Increase [react], increase [prod], increase [cat], increase Ea, increase Ts, increase temp

Increase [react] - Increase rate Increase [prod] - Decrease rate Increase [cat] - decrease Ea, Increase rate Increase Ea - decrease rate Increase Ts - decrease rate Increase Temp - increase rate

relearning

Increased lerning efficiency when reinforcing an existing memory

How does increasing temperature in an exothermic reaction change Keq?

Increases it which shifts the equilibrium to the left making more reactants.

positive reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

negative reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)

top-down processing

Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.

Cognition = ?

Information processing theroy

Infrasound vs ultrasound

Infrasound - humans can't detect super LOW frequency . Elephants can do this Ultrasound - frequency too HIGH to be detected by humans. Dogs can do this

Competitive inhibitor

Inhibitor binds AT activity site, overcome by inc. substrate Vmax = NO change Km= Increases

Uncompetitive inhibitor

Inhibitor binds ONLY w/ E-S complex Vmax =Decreases Km = Decreases

Noncompetitive inhibitor

Inhibitor binds away from active site Vmax = Decreases Km =NO CHANGE

Irreversible inhibitor

Inhibitor binds covalently to enzyme/active site -->disabling enzyme for a while or 4ever

Mixed inhibitor

Inhibitor has unequal affinity for E-S and E, Vmax = Decreases Km=decreases if inhibitor = inc. affinity for E-S over E Km = Increases if inhibitor = Inc. affinity for E over E-S

Dermis: describe the dermis and is what type of tissue is it? muscular or connective

Inner layer of skin, vascular, sebaceous glands (oil), sudor glands (sweat) , nerves. Connective tissue

benign

Innocuous;harmless;kindly;not cancerous

Intensity

Intensity = Power/Unit of area (unit: W/m²) The intensity of any sound or mechanical wave is DIRECTLY proportional to the amplitude & frequency squared I≈ A²f² light waves, I≈A² not f (With problems concerning sound waves originating from a single source, use A=4πr² to determine the surface area of the growing sphere)

(Equation) Intensity (decibels)

Intensity in decibels = pic equation β- intensity of sound in W/m² I - intensity of the sound wave I₀ - is the threshold of human hearing. ALWAYS given

Cohesive force

Intermolecular forces among the molecules of the liquid

The greater the electronegativity difference between two bonded atoms, the greater the percentage of _____ in the bond

Ionic character

H - NMR example

Isopropanol

why do bonds form?

It decreases potential energy and increases stability

Heisenberg uncertainty principle

It is impossible to determine simultaneously both the position and velocity of an electron or any other particle.

fads

Items or activities that are very popular for a short time Ex: nintendo 64

theories of emotion

James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Schachter-Singer

hypnosis

John Milton from the valley! basically hypnotize and can get memories, control pain, stop unwanted behavior (addiction, lose weight)

What does the slope or diagnol NOT horizontal lines represent in a heat curve diagram?

Joule/change in temperature, or Heat Capacity

Adherens junction

Junctional complex where plasma membranes get very close together and are glued by interactions between proteins that span each membrane and connect the cytoskeleton of each cell

Bernoulli's Equation Conservation of energy principle for fluids

K=P+ρgh+½ρV² (P-general pressure ρgh-fluid pressure (potential energy) ½ρV² - (kinetic energy If Vfluid increases, P decreases BOTH gases and liquids are considered fluids)

Evaporation occurs when the _______ of any single molecules exceeds the ______ forces experienced by that MOLecule

KE; intermolecular

(Equation) Kinetic Energy? energy of motion

KE=½mV²

electromagnetic spectrum

KNOW IMAGE WELL All of the waves on the electromagnetic spectrum travel at the same speed in a vacuum

Pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) when you see PPP THINK: PPP = 1) NADPH synthesis & 2) Ribose-5-phosphate (R5-P)

KNow image well, forget about enzyme !!! in sugar pool uses transketolase / transaldolase ALL reactions are reversible

Enzymes don't impact what?

Keq, % yield, yield

Law of mass action

Keq=[prod]^x/[react]^y

What are some examples of secondary structures?

Keratin- found in hair/nails - alpha helice Fibroin - makes up colcha - beta sheet

ketolysis

Ketolysis = convert ketone bodies to Acetyl CoA for energy where? Heart & brain. NOT liverWhen blood glucose is low, β-oxidation and ketogenesis occur in the liver. Ketone bodies are transported out of the liver to key tissues, where they can be used for energy through ketolysis. The brain (and CNS) in particular relies on ketone bodies when glucose is not abundant. Most other tissues and organs can use fatty acids for energy when glucose is low, but the CNS relies on glucose primarily, and ketone bodies during periods of starvation, for fuel.

Ketolysis

Ketolysis is the utilization of ketone bodies by converting them to acetyl CoA for energy. This occurs in organs other than the liver (mainly the heart and brain). The liver is lacking an essential enzyme for the utilization of ketone bodies for energy.

competitive inhibition

Km increases, Vmax unchanged

solubility product constant (Ksp) vs solubility

Ksp - represents teh equillibrium of a solid and its products. EX; the higher the Ksp, the more soluble the compound is. TEMP only changes this Solubility is a measure of "how many" of a solute can be dissolved in a given solute Ex: BaCl₂ breaks to Ba²⁺ & 2Cl⁻.

What is Ksp in dissolving equillibrium?

Ksp is just a number equal to the ratio of products over reactants at equilibrium. AB → A + B, Ksp = [A][B],

(Equation) Ksp=?

Ksp=k[p₁][p₂]/[r₁][r₂]

(Chromatography) The first substance "out" will be the _______ polar.

LEAST

QB name?: "The author asserts that adoption is a benefit to society generally. Which aspect of the author's argument was most supported by example?"

LEAST/MOST supported 4

what does endoderm give rise to?

LET PULL liver, endocrine,( thryroid, parathryoid), pancreas, urinary bladder, lungs, GI tract

Null (H0) Hypothesis

Lack of relationship or group difference NO statistically significant differences between groups. testing for correlation or causation - NO RELATIONSHIP

Lactic Acid fermentation

Lactate is made & is final e- acceptor

Michaelis Constant Km

Large Km = low affinity of E-S Small Km = High Affinity of E-S

axial vs equatorial

Large branches are more stable at equatorial position.

Whe you see water absorption or vitamin absorption, THINK _______

Large intestine Vitamisn like K, thiamin, riboflavin & B12

carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Modeling

Learning by imitating others; copying or not copying behavior.

Latent learning

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. - LIMIT on the applicability of associate learning (various cognitions - ABSENT conditioning, still result in learning)

Something that is statistically significant will be ________ due to random chance

Least,

Socialization

Lifelong process of learning to be a member of society; also the passing of those skills

point charge field

Like real gravity or gravity in space. uses (r) for distance

lacteal

Located in the Villi of the small intestine absorbs fat and fat soluable vitamins, single lymphatic vessel

E1 reaction

Look at your print out and memorize chart.

(Mass spec) mass to charge ratio

M/Z

(Equation) Two lens system magnification

M=m₁m₂

(Equation) magnification

M=−di/do=hi/ho

What does mesoderm give rise to?

MD BRICK muscle, dermis, blood & bone, reproducive organs, connective tissue & cartilage, kidney All Internal organs EXCEPT liver & pancreas

mechanical energy

ME = KE + PE ME is ALWAYS conserved in absence of non-conservatice forces (don't store energy, ANY type of friction force)

What 3 cells present antigens?

Macrophages - present red flag, see by B & T cells B-cells - presents red flag, Helpter T cells see and bind to it → stimulates B cell to divide into Plasma & Memory B cell Dendritic cells - red flag experts, highest conc. in skin.

QB name?: "The central thrust of the passage is:"

Main idea 2

Chief cells

Make & secrete zymogen pepsinogen

grignard synthesis

Make alcohol by adding RmgX a.k.a RmgBR a.k.a. Organometallic compound . RESULT = inc. # of carbons Can also work for C=N, S=O, N=O

synthesis of alkyl amines; what do you use to make it?

Make alkylamine from amine & alkyl halide ammonia NH3 attacks via SN2 halide base abstracts H

Independent variable

Manipulated, predictor, cause, x-axis

(Influence of social factors on identity formation) mirroring-imitation

Matching behavior characteristics of another person or group

Standard deviation

Measure amount of variance in population - 1 SD = 68% of the population - 2 SD = 95% of the population - 3 SD = 99% of the population

Dependent variable

Measured, outcome, effect, y-axis

Micro-sleeps occur in states of sleep deprivation and are instances of 'sleep' that last only a few seconds.

Melatonin serves as a signal which 1) helps one get to sleep and 2) helps one stay asleep

tight junction

Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid

Information processing theory

Memories and info obtained during the day are consolidated during sleep. dreaming is the cerebral cortex associating images/meaning with this consolidation process

Law of segregation

Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete

If a female has low levels of estrogen/progesterone what will it cause?

Menopause

LOOK AT YOUR DESKTOP background. Also pre mrna becomes mRNA when intronsare removed & poly a tail & 5 cap is added (can leave cell). Germ cells mutations are heritable, somatic cells are NOT

Mental alertness, healing, muscle mass Non-polar aliphatic

Self-schemas

Mental representations that people form of themselves; my cognitive framework about myself "i am premed so i make good friends w/ other premed" "how will i act based on my schemas?" HOW MY IDENTITY FACILITATES CATEGORIZATION OF NEW INFORMATION

cognitive prejudice

Mental, what people believe to be true; i.e. stereotypes

strain theory (deviance)

Merton's theory that deviance occurs when a society does not give all its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals

Metals vs. Nonmetals

Metals: Elements that are good conductors of electric current and heat. Nonmetals: Group of elements that may be solids, liquids, or gases at room temp and tend to be poor conductors of heat and electricity, and NOT malleable, ductile, or lustrous

Meiosis I

Metaphase

Work function

Minimum amount of photon energy required to emit an electron from a certain metal. This quantity, denoted by W, is used to calculate the residual kinetic energy of an electron emitted by a metal, given by KE = hf - W. hf is the energy of a photon,

Location of Oxidative phosphorylation

Mitochondrial matrix

Embryology: What is cleavage?

Mitosis w/o change in size

Manganate

MnO₄ ²⁻

Permanganate

MnO₄ ⁻

molecular vs empirical formula

Molecular is basically showing exactly the # of each atom present in compound Empirical is simply the factoring of molecular formula.

Which of the following best describes the propagation of a sound wave at the molecular level?

Molecules pushed outward from the source collide with neighboring molecules, pushing those molecules forward as the original molecules bounce back toward the source

Amine basicity order

Most basic to least 2⁰>1⁰>Tertiary>ammonia amines attached to aromatic ring are less basic than normal amines why? donate their electron pair into the ring forming a conjugated system with the ring.

phosphatidyl

Most common phospholipid (where hydrophilic head is linked to rest of lipid through phosphate group) in cell membranes.

(Mass spec) base peak

Most common/stable fragment; exists at 100% relative abundance Tallest peak.

GLUT4 is the insulin - sensitive glucose transporter responsible for the UPTAKE of glucose from the blood.

Muscle cells lack the GLU2 transporter enzyme, which in hepatic cells allows glycogen-derived glucose to be released into the bloodstream for use by other cells

Maggie May Does Not Smoke: Hardy weinberg requires no:

Mutation Migration (genetic) Drift Nonrandom mating Selection

frameshift mutation

Mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

external locus of control

My life is controlled by external factors

self-image

My mental picture of my personal characterisitcs; physical & self-knowledge "people think im funny"; MY APPEARANCE

Sarcomere

Myosin = thick filaments. Actin (microfilaments) = thin myosin protein has both a head moiety and a tail moiety. The globular heads, also called "crossbridges," Myosin heads will bind to actin unless tropomyosinc blocks it. The Z, M, H, I, WILL SHORTEN during contraction. A band DOES NOT CHANGE length.

Peptides are written, read & synthesized from _____ terminus to ____-terminus

N to C

Fermentation is IMPORTANT because it regenerates ________ so that glycolysis can continue

NAD+

Electron transport chain : redox steps

NADH is reducing agnet, its oxidized as it reduces complex I; complex I then acts as reducing agent for complex 3

Why is NADPH or R5-P (product from PPP) so important?

NADPH - 1. needed to make Glutathione (antioxidant) 2. used as reducing agent (NADPH → NADP+) R5-P : used to make nucleotides

Redox molecules

NAD⁺/NADH, NADP⁺/NADPH, FAD/FADH₂, FMN/FMNH₂, semiquinone, ubiquinone, cytochrome

(IR) Amine

NH 3300 cm⁻¹ broad, SHALLOW (different from alcohol/amide, but similar)

(IR) Amide

NH (w/ C=O) 3300 cm⁻¹ broad DEEP (different from alcohol/amine, but similar)

Ammonium

NH₄ ⁺

Is it ever okay to go back to the passage?

NO

Facilitated diffusion (no ATP or coupling)

NO ATP REQUIRED Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels - i.e. Osmosis

Simple diffusion (no ATP or coupling)

NO ATP required

Questions regarding smooth muscle: Is S.m. arranged in sarcomeres?

NO; DOesn't use same sliding mechanism as skeletal/cardiac uses calmodulin instead of troponin etc

innate immunity

NON-SPecific attack of pathogens, PRESENT at birth, not acquired in any way

eye contact, gestures, body language, etc.

NON-VERBAL

Does addition of Cl- chloride ion to a carboxylic acid make acid chloride?

NOOO why? it can attack but kicked off to reform the acid.

Is there temperature change during a phase change in heat curve?

NOOOO, temp does not change DURING a phase change

Are Colloids a type of solution?

NOOOO, their solvents w/ undissolved solute particles. Scatter light, solutions don't Ex: paint, dust in air

Benzoyl chloride

NOT aicd chloride.

Sensation vs perception?

NOT equivalent! so why is that? Sensation = physiological process like sensory receptor cells and A. potentials Perception = psychological process like making sense of the signal, has to do with experience

Nitrite

NO₂ ⁻

Nitrate

NO₃ ⁻

Reduction synthesis of alcohol

NaBH4 ONLY reduces aldehyde & ketones, LiAlH4/h2/pressure reduces the 2 above and carboxylic acid & esters

When you see Galton think:

Nature, NOT Nurture. loved the idea of eugenics

feature detector

Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement

efferent neuron

Nerves that carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands. Also called motor neurons.

Alzheimer's Disease (AD)

Neuro disease Characterized by memory loss, impaired cognition, language deterioration usually >65 late stage: loss of judgment, confusion, drastic mood and personality changes

afferent neurons

Neurons that transmit messages from sense organs to the central nervous system

IMPORTANT!!! ALL compounds that contain this are SOLUBLE!!!!

Nitrate (NO₃⁻), Ammonium (NH₄⁺), ALL alki metals

Virtual image

No light reaches the image Ex: image formed behind a mirror... its not really there!

Insulator

Non metal material, allows current flow at High voltages and protects us from being shocked

Methionine, Met, M

Non-polar Essential in protein synthesis, initiate translation of mRNA

Proline, Pro, P

Non-polar aliphatic Imino acid Collagen degradation

Glycine, Gly, G VERY IMPORTANT .. its a NT inhibitor

Non-polar aliphatic inhibitory NT of Brain stem and RETINA or eye transform toxic -->nontoxic stuff

Phenylalanine, Phe, F

Non-polar aromatic substrate recognition messes up brain cells,

coenzyme

Non-protein NOT attached to enzyme but still needed for enzyme to work EX: NAD

Isoleucine, Ile, I

Non-reactive C-β branched non-polar aliphatic stimulate brain"high"

enantiomer

Non-superimposable mirror images. have at least 1 chiral center

prosthetic group

Nonprotein ARE permanently attached to enzyme(covalently) for it to function

Intelligence follows a ____________ distribution

Normal a.k.a Guassian

proto-oncogenesis

Normal genes that code for normal proteins used in cell division

folkways

Norms for routine or casual interaction

incomplete penetrance

Not all individuals with a mutant genotype show the mutant phenotype.

(IR) Alcohol

OH 3300 cm⁻¹ broad, separate from CH (different from amine/amide, but similar)

Physiological markers of alzeimers disease

OUTSIDE THE CELL: In between CNS neurons, β-amyloids, portions of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) - normally degreaded - aggregate into β-amyloid plaques INSIDE THE CELL: Tau (τ) proteins (structural, associated with microtubules), undergoes hyperphosphorylation.which causes the modified τ proteins to aggregate into insoluble neurofibrillary tangles BRAIN: Temporofrontal and frontal cortex decrease in size; ventricle size increases; size of hippocampus decreases

Tenants of Social Cognitive Theory

Observational learning, self-efficacy, situational influences, and cognitive processes

Case-Control study

Observational/Retrospective; Two existing groups differing in outcome are identified and compared on the basis of come causal attribute. (i.e. pts who have the disease and pts who don't show the disease, but both grew up next to the same chemical plant at different points in time) observational study of individuals in the population w ith a condition present, and comparison of that group to a control group of persons without the disease in that same population (i.e., reference group).

automatic learning

Occurs with no conscious effort (e.g. learning to get to the classroom) Produces implicit memory- hard to state (e.g. how to ride a bike)

sp3d2

Octahedral, square pyramidal, square planar17%s, 50%p, 33%d

f2 generation

Offspring resulting from interbreeding of the hybrid F1 generation.

Amyloid precursor protein (APP)

One of the genetic causes for Alzheimer's; autosomal genetic type causes mutations on this which causes incorrect cleavage of β-amyloid proteins

self-esteem

One's feelings of high or low self-worth; valuation; MY VALUE

Open vs closed vs isolated.. think of soup and container

Open System = both mass and energy can be exchanged with the surroundings; Closed System = energy, but not mass, can be exchanged. Isolated System = neither mass nor energy can be exchanged.

Is the Human body a open or closed system? Is Cellular & molecular level open or closed?

Open, they can exchange Mass & energy w/ environment cell - closed - Can exchange energy but NOT mass

opioids/opiates

Opiates have analgesic properties and act on the opioid system in the brain. get it via IV or smoking Feel euphoria; affect motility of smooth muscle, regulation of temperature, HR, and respiration.

What is optic nerve? What is optic chiasm?

Optic nerve is 2 separate fibers, 1 carries info from left visual of the eye the other carries info from right half of same visual eye Optic chiasm - is where optic nerves cross

Tissue organization

Organ system -> Organ -> tissue -> cell

primacy effect

Other things being equal, information presented first usually has the most influence

mass hysteria

Outbreak of irrational behavior that is spread by social contagion

epidermis

Outer layer of skin, avascular, dead keratinized cells

A ring w/2 double bonds and carbonyl group is very oxidizing or reducing?

Oxidizing...

Anaerobic glycolysis a.k.a fermentation IMPORTANT

O₂ is not present so bacteria use this and so does our body. so fermentation (ethanol or lactic acid) both use up NADH and create NAD⁺ which is used by glycolysis to make ATP. No o2 present the TCA cycle won't work good so why waste the NADH produced by glycolysis.

(Equation) Optical power

P=1/f

unless told otherwise, assume that ALL gases are ideal & start out at STP (standard temp. & pressure)

P=1atm V=22 L n=1 mol R=0.08 L*atm/mol*K OR 8 J/mol*K T=273 K (0°C)

(Equation) P (General Pressure)

P=F/A (in Pascals)

(Equation) Electrical power

P=IV Voltage X current ; use for AC circuits

(Equation) two lens system power

P=p₁+p₂

(Equation) P (fluid pressure)

P=ρgh

Formation of Acid Chlorides What 3 reagents easily make acid chlorides?

PCl3, PCl5 & SOCl2

atoms that can accept +8 e-

PCl₅, SF₆, PO₄³⁻, SO₄²⁻

(Equation) PEgrav (Pot energy of a gravitational field in space)

PE=(-)Gm1m2/r²

(Equation) PEgrav (Pot energy of a gravitational field on Earth)

PE=mgh

(Equation) PEelectrical=?

PEel= kqq/r PEel=qεd (q - charge, ∈-elec field, d - dist) PEel=qV (V-electric potential, q - charge)

(Equation) PEel (Elastic potential energy)

PEel=½kΔx²

(Equation) PEelastic=?

PEelastic=½kx² Potential energy stored as a result of deformation of an elastic object, such as the stretching of a spring

Phosphate

PO₄ ³⁻

(Equation) Ideal gas law

PV=nRT

What are some symptoms of menopause?

Pain - during sexual intercourse Whole body: fatigue, night sweats, osteoporosis, hot flashes, or sweating Sleep: early awakening or insomnia Menstrual: absence of menstruation or irregular menstruation Hair: dryness or loss of hair Also common: anxiety, dry skin, irritability, moodiness, reduced sex drive, or vaginal dryness

p1 generation

Parental generation; each parent was pure for a given trait.

QB name?: "If passage information is correct, when buying anew home one should always:"

Passage COUNSEL 3

typicality effect

People reach decisions faster when an item is a typical member of a category, rather than an unusual one (i.e. robin is bird vs. penguin is bird)

self-serving bias

People's tendency to take credit for their successes but downplay responsibility for their failures

Lanthanides

Period 6, 4f series, Lanthanum to Lutetium, Have irregularities in the 4f and 5d sublevels. Lose 3 electrons to form 3+ ions. Not readily available in nature, little commercial use.

Actinides

Period 7, 5f series, radioactive. Uranium and thorium occur in nature, rest are synthetic

What impact enzyme activity?

Ph - too much change alters structure --> mess up E-S complex Temp - slowly inc. temp.. no big deal, drastically -Yes -->break enzyme Low substrate - fast reaction High substrate - slow reaction

Outer ear

Pinna (earlobe) and auditory canal

gap junction

Points that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to another with special membrane proteins. Also called communicating junctions.

Cysteine, Cys, C

Polar Intermolecular bonds hair

Serine, Ser, S

Polar Uncharged DNA/RNA synthesis fat metabolism

Glutamine, Gln, Q

Polar Uncharged gets rid of excess ammonia, helps mind to relaxxxxx

Tyrosine, Tyr, Y

Polar aromatic L-dopa precursor, supresses hunger

Tryptophan, Try, W

Polar aromatic niacin and serotonin produces Vit B3 (peanuts)

Threonine, Thr, T

Polar uncharged liver function helps collagen formation

what is positive cooperativity in the case of hmg or enzymes?

Positive cooperativity, as seen in hemoglobin binding, indicates that after one ligand binds this increases the affinity of the substrate for additional ligands.

interpersonal attraction

Positive feelings toward another.

Alternative Hypothesis

Presence of a relationship or group difference idifference between groups. testing for correlation or causation - IS RELATIONSHIP

Pascal's Law

Pressure is rapidly and equally distributed throughout an enclosure filled with fluid provided all internal structures are continuous

peer pressure

Pressure you feel when others try to make you do something. (+) and (-) pressure exist

cultural relativism

Principle that people's beliefs and activities should be interpreted in terms of their own culture

Gestalt principles

Principles that describe the brain's organization of sensory information into meaningful units and patterns.

glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle

Problem: NADH can't eneter mitochondria to participate in ETC .. soltion see picNADH donates 2 e- to DHAP→ G3P

Exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

survival of the fittest

Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection

convection

Process by which, in a fluid being heated, the warmer part of the mass will rise and the cooler portions will sink.

Arrhenius acid

Produces H+ ions when dissolved in water

Proline

Proline is found in turns; helps form beta turns ;acts as N source

Female eggs begin meiosis as a female fetus (not born) but are arrested in what phase of meiosis cycle? A. Metaphase I B. Prophase I C. Anaphase I D. Telophase I

Prophase I, ITS not until puberty & menstruation when meiosis I is completed Meiosis II won't complete unless fertilized by sperm.

__________ synthesis is the most common human-body example of amine acting as a nucleophile

Protein; attacks the carbonyl carbon of another amino acid to form a peptide bond.

Bronsted-Lowry base

Proton acceptor

atomic weight

Protons + Neutrons

Reaction quotient : Q in equillibrium

Provides the same information as K except the reaction is not at equilibrium. K is the constant taken at equilibrium, Q is the constant taken at any other point. (reaction quotient) If K < Q reaction will proceed to the left or reactants if K > Q reaction will proceed to the right or products

(Equation) Ptotal

Ptotal=P₁+P2+...+Pⁿ adding more P1 doesn't impact the other gases partial pressure

QB name?: "The author would be most likely to support which of the following laws regarding the arrest and prosecution of drug dealers?"

Public Policy 3

Are Guanine & Adenine purines or pyridines?

Pure As Gold: Guanine and Adenine are Purines.

When you see PDH complex THINK: highway between glycolysis & citric acid cycle What does PDH convert what to what?

Pyruvate to acetyl-CoA acetyl-CoA is 1st substrate of Citric Acid cycle

(Equation) Combined gas law

P₁V₁/T₁=P₂V₂/T₂

(Equation) Q (Flow rate)

Q=AV

Dipole depends on q CHARGE & r DISTANC!!!! nothing to do with atomic number ,Standard Error of the Mean

Quantification of how precisely the mean represents the true mean SEM decreases as sample size increases

absolute configuration ( R or S)

R is clock wise. S is counter clock wise. Assign based on MW, Higher MW - priority, lighter-lowest and send it to the back.

(Constant) R (Ideal gas law)

R=0.08 L*atm/mol*K R=8 J/mol*K

(Equation) formula for resistance

R=ρL/A ρ-resistivity, L - length, A - cross-sec area (temperature dependence) - start at room temp, an inc. in temp → linear inc. in ρ .....ONLY way (resistance between two elements in a circuit are considered to be perfect conductors; R=0)

ROH + SOCl2 gives _____?

RCl

When you see: NADH/NAD+ FADH2/FAD, FMNH2/FMN, SEMIQUINONE, Ubiquinone or cytochrome, THINK:

REDOX!

paradoxical sleep

REM sleep alertness, HR, Breathing, & EEG are that of being awake but one's muscles are paralyzed.

QB name?: "The author's most likely motivation for quoting Madame LeCroix in the first paragraph was to:"

RHETORICAL device 7

What does ectoderm give rise to?

RT LINE retina (lens of eye), tooth enamel, ( lining of nose, mouse, anus) , inner ear, nervous system (central,peripheral & autonomic), epidermis (nails) PITUITARY gland

(Equation) Range=?

Range=Vx*t

Reaction X, ΔG = -30.78 kJ. Reaction Y, ΔG = 22.5. Which is closer to equilibrium?

Reaction Y is closer to equilibrium.

isomerase

Rearrangements [G6P to F6P] epimerases

Types of retrieval

Recall, Recognition, relearning

primary auditory cortex

Receives and processes sounds from both ears.

spontaneous recovery

Recurrence of an extinguished conditioned response, usually following a rest period

oxidoreductase

Redox reactions -

The greater the modulus, the faster the string will spring back to its original shape

Remember that for harmonics with similar ends (both closed or both open) the 2nd harmonic wavelength always equals the length of the string or pipe.

prospective memory

Remembering information about doing something in the future; includes memory for intentions.

RNase

Removes RNA primers from DNA

Types of heuristics

Representative, availability, anchoring & adjustment

pre-screening/advertising

Researchers select who they want in their study based on populations results in an unrepresentative sample. EX: ads asking for volunteers for the same study that are worded as "Volunteers needed for an obesity study," or "Volunteers needed for a weightloss study" will likely elicit different volunteers

velocity is zero in this equation, the force becomes zero.

Resistance is only affected by temperature, or by the dimensions of the conduit according to R = pL/A, where p is resistivity, a measure o f the natural resistance of the material, L is the length of the wire and A is the cross-sectional area of the wire.

____________ (______________) limits rotation in amide

Resonance (Double Bond Character) Prevents rotation

Binet

Responsible for Binet-Simon intelligence scale - mental vs. chronological age

implicit memory

Retention independent of conscious recollection. automatic, unconscious recall, usually of skills, procedure, or conditioned responses

(Paper/TLC) Rf = ?

Rf = (distance traveled by component) / (distance traveled by solvent) used to identify a sample; stationary phase = silica or alumina (polar), mobile phase = non polar LEAST POLAR travels higher Ex R= .9 (nonpolar) , POLAR travels less Ex R= .1 least polar species will have the highest Rf value

whats levorotatory?

Rotates plane-polarized light to the left (counterclockwise) - or l. TO rotate even more just add conc.

Rounding

Round everything!

What is the function of SA node in heart?

SA node (pacemaker) for the heart. Act. Pot. for each heart beat originates in the SA node, not with a nerve from the nervous system. Nerves only have do with fast or slow heart beats. Vagus nerve slows down HR Sympathetic nerve ↑

(Equation) SG (Specific Gravity)

SG=Dsubstance/Dh20

Sulfate

SO₄ ²⁻

QB name?: "Suppose that 100 years from now, archaeologists discover a city in Peru that appeared to be peaceful. How would the author respond to this claim?"

SUPPOSE that 8

Control group

Same as identical treatment group, except for the treatment

James- Lange theory of emotion, where arousal is followed by emotions.

Schater-Singer theory of emotion, which involves the interpretation of arousal prior to the perceived emotions

memory B cells

Secondary immune-system components that have an affinity for a particular antigen.

Parietal cells

Secrete HCl → pH =2 of stomach & converts pepsinogen → pepsin (active enzyme) HCl denatures protein in stomach

intracrine

Secretion of hormones inside the same cell

What is the ejaculation pathway for sperm? "SEVEN UP"

Seminiferous tubules Epididymis Vas deferens Ejaculatory duct (seminal vesicle, prostate, bubourethral) Urethra Penis

Jose walks into a club and smells lots of smoke and beer but after a while he doesn't. Why is that?

Sensory Adaptation. Your olfactory starts getting used to it

Sensory memory

Sensory memory is where memories are stored just prior to be converted to short term memory, and allows for recall of sensory information after the stimulus has ceased. ;;;A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less. ABSENT REPETITION: 200 - 500 milliseconds (1/5 - 1/2 second)Ex: look at something look away and forget

Types of Memory

Sensory, working, short-term, Long-term (LTM), procedural, episodic, semantic

batteries series or parallel

Series: add directly Parallel: Total Voltage = high V of any battery in parallel

informal social control

Shame, smile, critism or disapproval , NO written rules

one-shot game

Simultaneous move game that is not repeated

sticky ends

Single stranded ends of DNA left after cutting with enzymes

origin of replication

Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides.

relative configuration

Sitting at dinner table, across you see jose but you have no idea who is sitting next to you.. edward or jasmin.

co-dominance

Situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism

Lipid digestion begins in the ___________

Small intestine (duodenum), ends in small intestine. Triglycerides (pic) break into Fatty acids, go across membrane and reform triglycerides. lipids ENTER LACTEAL NOT blood stream. to travel in blood they need 1. protein carriet; albumin 2. form micelle or chylomicron

formal social control

Social control that is carried out by authorized agents like Govt, police, military. boss LAWS

primary reinforcement

Something necessary for psychological or physical survival that is used as a reward EX: chick twerks give her pizza

4th quantum number

Spin Quantum Number; ms (signified by -½ or +½), designates spin of e- in the orbital

Hidden curriculum

Standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools Social pressure concerning norms, folkways, mores

Whats Substrate-level phosphorylation? Where does it occur?

Steal Phosphate from substrate put it on ADP → ATP EXERGONIC reaction Cytosol - glycolysis - ATP is formed Matrix of mitocho - Citric acid cycle - GTP is formed

diastereomers

Stereoisomers that are NOOOT mirror images of each other.

point charge vs constant elec. field in terms of strength?

Stregth of elec. field in point CHANGES w/ distance Stregth of elec. field in constant field is CONSTANT

Wave velocity in diff mediums

String - ↑tension will ↑ velocity. ↑mass (thicker) will ↓ velocity but Tension stays same Sound in gas - v∼sqrt (T) velocity depends on temp Sound in solid - waves are faster than gas

Disulfide bonds EX: covalent bond

Strongest type of protein folding interaction, occurs between 2 cysteine ... what determines curly hair or straight hair

chromosomal translocation

Structural Chromosomal abnormalities, occurs when a chromosome piece ends up in a completely different, non-homologous chromosome Misplaced

Quantum mechanics

Study of physics at the atomic level where energy is quantized in discrete, rather than continuous, levels.

Dielectric

Substance between two plates of a capacitor (can be just air). ↑ Dielectric means ↑ capacitance ALWAYS be a insulator

GGM: Go Grand Ma! - Glucose + Glucose --> Maltose GFS: Go Father Son! - GGL: Go Good Luck! - Glucose + Galactose --> Lactose

Sucrose = glucose+fructose (A)

brush border

Surface of a cell covered with microvilli. increases surface area of a cell for absorption

There are 3 kinds of lymphocytes, what are they?

T & B cells, NK cells

thymus, what matures here?

T cells acquire immunocompetency, differentiate, and mature

cell-mediated immunity

T-cell immunity (all T-cells matching a self-protein are destroyed) leaving only cell that will recognize invaders

(Equation) T (Period: Pendulums and SHM)

T=2π√(m/k) (spring) T=2π√(L/g) (pendulum)

(Equation) T=? Torque formulas torque "turning power" use water & arm example

T=FL USE THIS ONE FIRST O.k. T=mgL T=Frsinθ (Only use when force applied is not perpendicular to r) L - lever arm r - distc. bet. force & point of rotation rsinθ = L ALWAYS r = L when θ =90 water & arm example, hold water out its more torque

(Equation) FT (Force of tension)

T=Frsinθ

(Equation) T(torque)

T=Frsinθ

Does the citric acid cycle use oxidative phosphorylation or substrate level phosphorylation?

TCA uses substrate level phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in ATP synthase in the ETP. ADP + Pi → ATP through the generation of a proton gradient by transporting electrons

Standing wave animation

THIS WAVE SHOWS NO NET TRANSPORT OF ENERGY AND DOES NOT ITSELF PROPAGATE just bounces up and down

Negative punishment

Take away a phone to stop bad behavior

ENamines & enols alter in solution in structures. What can describe this?

Tautomerization

Establishing causation

Temporality, strength, consistency, specificity, plausibility, dose-response relationship, testable by experiment, coherence, analogy

Iron law of oligarchy

Tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people

Dyssomnia

Term for sleep disorders; includes insomnia, sleep apnea & narcolepsy

true-breeding

Term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate

Examples of equillibrium

Terminal velocity - sky diving Constant velocity Obj at rest

Accuracy - correvt value precision - reproductive reliability - results are consistent and repeatable

Test-Retest reliability - consistenly can redo the test later Inter rater reliability - boxing , judges have similar observations.

sp3

Tetrahedral, trional PYRamidal or bent (109.5) 25%s, 75%p

Newton's Second Law

The "force exerted on an object equals its mass times the acceleration produced" is a description of: ΣF=ma

social identity

The "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships.

What is positive cooperativity? hint: hemoglobin

The 1st O to bind to hmg has low binding affinity but the 2nd 3rd and 4th O attach the affinity inc. However, when droppin off O the last one to bind it he slowest to release cuz of high affinity.

QB name?: "The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements?"

The AUTHOR WOULD AGREE/DISAGREE 3

template strand

The DNA strand that provides the template for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript.

anti-sense strand

The DNA strand that serves as the template for synthesis of mRNA. It is complementary to the sense strand.

sense strand

The DNA strand which is always represented on paper. The strand is always the one running from the 5' to the 3'. mRNA is identical to the strand except Thymine is replaced with Uracil.

QB name?: "Passage information implies that Monet would have sold more paintings during his lifetime if he had:"

The Passage IMPLIES that 12

acid and conjugate base

The STRONGER the acid the WEAKER the conj base

Sarcomere contracted vs relaxed? Which will shorten? not shorten?

The Z, M, H, I, WILL SHORTEN during contraction. A band DOES NOT CHANGE length.

gallbladder

The ___________ STORES and concentrates bile produced by the liver, and is stimulated to contract by cholecystokin (CCK).

genetic compatibility

The ability of genes present in some sperm to complement the genes present in some eggs, resulting in an increased likelihood of the development of superior offspring.

Heat capacity

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a specified amount of a substance by 1°C or 1 K.

impression management

The attempt by people to get others to see them as they want to be seen

bond length

The average distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms

Quanta

The bundle of electromagnetic energy that is absorbed or emitted by matter; SET VALUE

controlled processing

The carrying out of a cognitive task with a deliberate allocation of cognitive resources. Typically, controlled processing occurs on difficult and/or unfamiliar tasks requiring attention and is under conscious control

Capillary Action

The combined force of attraction among water molecules and with the molecules of surrounding materials

What is condosity? Why would we expect a 2M solution of KCl to have a condosity more than 2 Nacl? What is the expected Condosity of 3M LiCl?

The condosity of a solution is defined as the molar concentration of sodium chloride that has the same specific electrical conductance as the solution. because K is more metallic than Na and will therefore be a better conductor. little lower than 3M because Li is less metallic than Na.

Condosity

The condosity of a solution is the concentration (molarity) of an NaCl solution that will conduct electricity exactly as well as the solution in question.

Sensation

The detection of environmental stimuli by sensory receptors, conversion of that stimuli to an electrical impulse to the CNS

conduction

The direct transfer of heat from one substance to another substance that it is touching.

secondary socialization

The dynamic whereby socialization continues throughout our lives

Yerkes-Dodson Law of social facilitation

The effect of another persons presence on one's performance. Typically we perform simple or well-learned tasks better in front of others

semantic encoding

The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words. strongest, most enduring memories.

category size effect

The finding that members of smaller categories are classified more quickly than members of larger categories. (i.e. poodle is a dog vs. poodle is a mammal)

Heat of Combustion

The higher the energy of the molecule (i.e. less stable) the higher the heat of combustion

Threshold

The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

molar mass

The mass in grams of 1 mol of a substance.

Vaccum distillation

The mixture to be separated is heated to a boil The vacuum lowers the atmospheric pressure within the distillation tube The distilled liquid is cooled in a collecting arm

rRNA

The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins froms the structure of ribosomes. Ribosomes coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to mRNA codons; also called ribosomal RNA.

∆Hrxn

The overall change in enthalpy in a reaction

Equivalence point

The point during a titration when the number of H+ ions and OH- ions are equal. This is at the middle of the steepest part of the titration curve.

What is Vapor pressure?

The pressure exerted by the gas in equilibrium with a solid or liquid in a closed container at a given temperature is called the vapor pressure.

1st law of thermodynamics

The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

primary socialization

The process by which children learn the cultural norms of the society into which they are born. Primary socialization occurs largely in the family

role exit

The process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity

perceptual organization

The processes that put sensory information together to give the perception of a coherent scene over the whole visual field.

parallel processing

The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.

Oxidative phosphorylation where does it occur?

The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain mitochondrial matrix

Area under the peak of H NMR tells you what?

The ratio of H for that part Ex: one is 2 units the other is 6 so it is 3x as much H on it

Isoelectric points can be estimated from the pKs of an amino acid. For neutral side chains, the isoelectric point = (pKa1 + pKa2)/2. For acidic side chains, the isoelectric point = (pKa1 + pKaR)/2. For basic side chains, the isoelectric point = (pKa2 + pKR)/2 WHATS long-term memory?

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. ABSENT REPETITION: Theoretically permanent

Surface tension

The result of an inward pull among the molecules of a liquid that brings the molecules on the surface closer together Result of LDF

vestibular sense

The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance.

kinesthetic sense

The sense of body position and movement of body parts relative to each other.

Displacement

The shortest distance between point A and point B

collective behavior

The spontaneous behavior of a group of people responding to similar stimuli when social norms are absetn, unclear, or in conflict with one another NEITHER NORMATIVE NOR DEVIANT

standard state

The standard thermodynamic conditions (often 1 atm or 1 bar and 25 degrees Celsius) chosen for substances when listing or comparing thermodynamic date.

S

The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.

fundamental attribution error

The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

H-NMR , what do peaks represent?

The type of H there are

Aldol condensation

Theres 2 ways to do this 1. Basic- Aldol is final product (top pic) 2. Acidic - Aldol is intermediate, final product is α,β UNSATURATED aldehyde/keton ITS ELECTROPHILE

Alcohol inhibits the conversion of thiamine to it's active form, _____________.

Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)

Robert K. Merton's Deviance Typology

Think of week and car

individualistic culture

This culture looks to government to maintain a stable society but with minimum intervention in the lives of the people

In order to increase yield...1) Start with more reactants 2) Shift equilibrium to the right

This will increase quantity of yield NOT percent yield. ONLY work if you add more of limiting reagent. Adding nonlimiting reagent wont do crap

intermediate filament

Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments

Differential association theory (deviance)

Through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, and techniques for deviant behavior (esp. criminal)

solution formation, what is needs to happen for this to occur?

To make a solution, solvent & solute intermolecular forces (IF) must be broken then new ones are formed (solvent+solute) (-)∆Hsolution = exothermic, lower VP, so NEW IF are stronger/stable than the sume of borken old ones (+) ∆Hsolution = New IF < stable than old ones

deductive reasoning

Top-Down reasoning: brain experience is used. EX: you see fire and won't touch cuz its hot so you avoid it

Tosyl -Cl +ROH gives ____?

Tosyl-OR + HCl

transferase

Transfer of functional groups, such as an amino group, acetyl group, or phosphate group

stage three sleep

Transitional, EEG is theta waves but delta start to appear

Transverse vs longitudinal

Transverse Ex: electromagnetic & string wave Longitudinal Ex: sound & P-wave earquakes Transverse waves do oscillate or displace the medium perpendicular to the direction of propagation, while longitudinal waves displace the medium parallel to the direction of propagation.

sp3d

Trigonal bipyramidal, seesaw, T shape, linear (90/120 or 180) 20%s, 60%p, 20%d

sp2

Trigonal planar or bent (120) 33% s, 66%p

What does the pancreas secrete as digestive enzymes? Where are they emptied?

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, pancreatic amylase, lipase, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease empty into duodenum

Signal Detection Theory

Tumor is signal response Physician treating it or not;;;;;Signal detection theory provides a precise language and graphic notation for analyzing decision making in the presence of uncertainty. By comparing real performance with ideal performance (the IDEAL OBSERVER), we can gain intuitions about the factors that degraded performance (when real performance was not equivalent to that predicted by the ideal case).

Type 1 error

Type I Error = Claimed difference between groups when none existed (rejected H0 but should NOT have done so).

Type 2 error

Type II Error = Did not claim a difference between groups when one DID exist (should have rejected H0 but did not do so

Integral proteins

Typically transmembrane proteins with hydrophobic regions that completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane. - All IMPs are integral, but not all integral proteins are IMPs

(Equation) PE stored by Capacitor

U=½QV (Use this formula to derive the other two)

Stop codon

UAA, UAG, UGA

heuristic judgments

UNCONSCIOUS determination of the source based on clues or short-cuts associated with the memory

(Equation) PEcapacitor=Ucap=?

Ucap=½QV Ucap=½CV² Ucap=Q²/(2C) Q- charge sotred V - voltage on capacitor

QB name?: "Which of the following social dilemmas was not addressed by the passage?"

Unresolved (keyword: NOT) 1

saturated vs unsaturated vs supersaturated

Unsaturated - more solute dissolves. ion product < ksp saturated- NO more solute dissolves. ion product = ksp Super saturated - unstable, crystals form. ion product > ksp w/o precipitation

How do you protect alcohol from other reactions?

Use TMS or MOM (methoxy-methyl ether) to remove these just use acidification

Hill coefficient

Used to quantify cooperativity. LOOK at graph and see where it crosses Y -axis that will be your hill coefficient

(Equation) voltage

V=Ed=Kq/r Voltage - the amount of potential energy a system is capable of storing per unit charge against an electric field

(Equation) Ohm's law

V=IR V- voltage I - current R - Resistance Warning: ↑ V will not ↑ R only I

(Equation) wave speed formula KNOW THIS ONE WITH YOUR HEART!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

V=λf

(Equation) V (Velocity at the bottom of an inclined plane)

V=√(2gh) V=√(2ax)

Language of any kind =

VERBAL

(Equation) Vavg (Average velocity)

Vavg=(V1+V2)/2

Pinacol rearrangement

Vic diols → single ketone or aldehyde. It requires a vic-diol and involves the spontaneous disassociation of one of the protonated alcohols followed by a methyl shift. Following the methyl shift, the other a lco hol's hydrogen is abstracted and the electrons condense to form a carbonyl and quench the carbocation.

Pinacol rearrangement(Polyhydroxyl Alcohols... wtf is this?

Vic-diol + hot acid → ketone or aldehyde. Tri-subs → aldehyde Tetra → ketone

Michaelis-Menten Equation

Vo=Vmax[S]/(Km+[S])

Electrical Potentials (E°) "wants electrons" What is the most common half reaction? hint: (aq) (s)

Volts, present in "half-reaction" Aqueous metal ion (cation) is reduced to form a (solid) metal Exceptions to metal ions: O2, H2O, H2

Raoult's Law -gives Vp of solution

Vp w/ Non-volatile solute = XVp° Vp w/ volatile solute = Vptotal = XVp°solvent +XVp°solute X - mole fraction Vp° - Vp of solvent before addition

(Equation) W (Work)

W=Fdcosθ

(Equation) work-energy theorum

W=KEf-KEi

(Equation) PV work

W=P∆V

QB name?: "Which of the following statements, if true, would support the author's claim?"

WEAKENS/STRENGTHENS 10

WARNING ON convex lens

When the object is inside the focal point it produces a negative, virtual, upright image Ex: magnifying glass

friction does—change KE into internal energy.

When there is no rotation, THERE IS NO NET TORQUE.

Dishabituation (learning)

When we repeatedly experience a stimulus, we eventually get used to it, and stop responding the same way we did when we first encountered it. We become habituated to it and stop paying attention until we are given a new stimulus. And then when we are once again given the original stimulus, we respond to it with a renewed interest. Our previous habituation to it has been reversed. That is called dishabituation. EX: PICKABOO

Proactive interference?

When your old memories mess up with your new ones is known as? Ex: Get a new phone but its hard to remember because of old phone

appraisal model of emotional expression

Whether we experience stress depends on our cognitive appraisal of the event and the resources we have to deal with it

color shift & doppler effect D.E.

White light → BLUE if D.E. causes ↑ f so ↓ λlength white light → RED if D.E. causes ↓f so ↑λ length

primary alkyl halide

X = F, Cl, Br, or I

(Equation) X (horizontal distance)

X=½at²

Ethanol fermentation

YEAST, ehtanol is made & is final e- acceptor unique cuz pyruvate (3C) → ethanol (2C)

Will a non-competitive inhibitor constantly inhibit a reaction regardless of substrate concentration?

YESSS

Can Polar & non-polar gases easily form homogenous mixtures?

YESSSS

cytotoxic T Lymphocytes -Adaptive NK cells - Innate

Yeast and algae are eukaryotic organisms, Bacteria are prokaryotes =performing transcription and translation simultaneously

Are galvanic & electrolytic cell different in ∆G sign?

Yes, galvanic cells are spontaneous while electrolytic cells are not.

Bystander effect

You don't help a person because others are around "should i or someone else will help?"

Foot in the door technique

You say yes to first question then you are asked a bigger offer ex: coworker ask you to fill in a day of work... yes then she asks "what about a week"

(Trends) Zeffective

Zeff decreases as Atoms increase in size, and the valence electrons are more "screened" from the effects of the nucleus.

physiological effects of stress: CHILDHOOD

[ABUSE, uncared, EXPOSURE TO VIOLENCE]=avoidance of intimacy, attachment issues, poor school performance, increased risk of disorders [DIVORCE/MARITAL CONFLICT]=increased life stress as an adult, more family conflict, lack of social support networks, increased propensity for learned helplessness [WAR/TERRORISM]=PTSD, depression

physiological effects of stress: ADULTHOOD

[MAJOR]=frequently precedes first episode of depression [GENERAL LIFE STRESS]=depression, anxiety disorders, increased substance abuse. [TRAUMA]=PTSD, ASD acute stress disorder

vector

a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to artificially carry foreign genetic material into another cell, where it can be replicated and/or expressed.

Social learning theory (a.k.a. observational learning)

a behavior is learned primarily through modeling or observation.

Sn2 reaction

a bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction (Primary and secondary alkyl halides undergo SN2 reactions. Although there is competition for secondary alkyl halides between SN1 and SN2. If it is a good nucleophile then in undergoes SN2, if it is an okay nucleophile such as H2O then it undergoes SN1)

Empirical formula

a chemical formula showing the ratio of elements in a compound rather than the total number of atoms

E2 reaction

a concerted elimination reaction involving a transition state where the base is abstracting a proton at the same time that the leaving group is leaving. The anti-coplanar transition state is generally preferred. Zaitsev orientation is usually preferred unless the base or the leaving group is unusually bulky.

what are coordinate covalent bonds?

a covalent bond in which one atom contributes both bonding electrons

malignancy

a dangerous cancerous growth that sheds cells into body fluids and spreads to new locations to start new cancer colonies

obstacle evaluation

a dudes ability in problems-solving does NOT depend on how smart (cognitive development) but rather on the level of problem itself.

What is function of epiglottis?

a flap that allows air to trachea. food to esophagus

plasma cell

a fully differentiated B cell that produces a single type of antibody.

Lac Operon

a gene system whose operator gene and three structural genes control lactose metabolism in E. coli

curve of forgetting

a graph showing a distinct pattern in which forgetting is very fast within the first hour after learning a list and then tapers off gradually

Desireable Difficulties

a learning task that requires a considerable but desirable amount of effort, thereby improving long-term performance by including difficulties in studying EX:

What is a chelator?

a ligand that"tie up" a metal ion, and would be expected to inactivate the enzyme

Long term depression

a long term decrease in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by stimulation of the terminal button while the postsynaptic membrane is hyperpolarized or only slightly depolarized

Calorimeter

a measuring instrument that determines quantities of heat

fisherian runaway hypothesis

a model by which runaway inter-sexual selection could lead to sexually dimorphic male ornamentation based upon female choice and a preference for "attractive" but otherwise non-adaptive traits in male mates.

Bronsted-Lowry acid

a molecule or ion that is a proton donor

role-playing effects

a person acting out a role is likely to internalize the attitudes associated with that role

dipole moment

a property of a molecule whose charge distribution can be represented by a center of positive charge and a center of negative charge

self-protein

a protein on the surface of antigen presenting cells that hold a foreign antigen and display it to helper t cells

Ka

a quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution. Large Ka -> small pKa -> strong acid

Kb

a quantitative measure of the strength of an base in solution. Large Kb -> small pKb -> strong base

learning

a relatively long lasting change in behvaior resulting from experience

Wernicke's Encephalopathy

a result of chronic ETOH use on the nervous system, characterized by: *ataxia, ocular signs and confusion*

prisoner dilemma

a situation where people choose between cooperative act and a competitive act that benefits themselves but hurts others - rational, self-interested beings will actually choose to confess, even though mutual cooperation between the prisoners (both prisoners remaining silent) can result in an overall better solution.

in group

a social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty

out group

a social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition

evolutionary bottleneck

a species faces a crisis so severe that a shift is caused in the allelic frequencies of the survivors

Endosymbiotic

a theory that states that certain kinds of prokaryotes began living inside of larger cells and evolved into the organelles of modern-day eukaryotes

actin filament

a thin type of protein filament composed of actin proteins that forms part of the cytoskeleton and supports the plasma membrane and plays a key role in cell strength, shape and movement

lytic cycle

a viral reproductive cycle in which copies of a virus are made within a host cell, which then bursts open, releasing new viruses

lysogenic

a viral reproductive cycle in which the viral DNA is added to the host cell's DNA and is copied along with the host cell's DNA

non-zero sum game

a win win game. don't add up to zero. Everyone gains

Zwitterion

a.a. has + and - charge functional group cancel out and --> neutral ion NOTE: ALL a.a. exist as zwitterion at pH of 7.4 except for charged ones.

(Mass spec) The height of each peak gives the relative ___________ of that fragment

abundance

internalization

accept norms (values) made by group/people

protein denaturing agents

acid, heat, urea, mercaptoethanol acid(used in electrophoresis) & heat (impossible to refold protein, extreme pH) to refold, slowly denature 1st, then slowly remove agent

salt bridges

acidic and basic _R groups undergo neutralization reaction --> salt

Under what conditions do Epoxides react via SN1 or SN2? hint basic or acidic

acidic conditions, epoxides open in an "SN1 like" basic conditions, epoxides open in an "SN2 like"

α-Hydrogens acidity IMPORtant

acidic due to resonance stabilization of the conjugate base

α-Hydrogens acidity whats so unique about 1,3dicarbonyl

acidic due to resonance stabilization of the conjugate base. In 1,3 dicarb middle carbon is EVEN MORE acidic IT CAN act as H bond donor ultra-acidic alpha protons on the carbon between the two carbonyl carbons—double resonance stabilization!

conditioning processes

acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization

self-perception theory

actions influence attitude; people infer attitudes by seeing own behavior

Marijuana (weed)

acts on the endocannibinoid NT system. - mild euphoria, sedation (calm), -inc. appetite.

barbiturates/benzodiazepines

acts on the endocannibinoid NT system. get mild euphoria, sedation, and increased appetite. Marijuana's is controversy among the scientists.

actual self vs ought self vs ideal self

actual "who i am" ought self "who i can be" ideal self "who i wish i could be"

How does the common ion effect impact a saturated solution?

adding a common ion will cause precipitate to form

aldehydes and ketones undergo nucleophilic ___________

addition

Aldehyde & ketone undergo nucleophilic _________ Carboxylic acid/amides/ester/anhydridres undergo nucleophilic ________________

addition; cuz they lack a good leaving group substitution; cuz they have a good l.g.

ATP structure?

adenosie + ribose + 3 phosphates

Yellow Bone marrow produces _______ tisue

adiopose

Aerobic vs anaerobic respiration Which do humans use?

aerobic - uses Oxygen Ex: Citric acid cycle & electron transport Anaerobic - no oxygen use EX: fermentation, glycolysis, lactic acid cycle in muscles. Humans use aerobic respiration to make majority of ATP. Also anaerobic respiration in our muscles during exercise that results in a buildup of lactic acid.

Dynamic steady state a.k.a homeostasis

aka homeostasis; body tries to main constant internal environment. The body is NOT in Equilibrium w/ surrounding. Equillibirum is NOT the same as steady state. if you were in equi you'll be dead

General adaptation syndrome GAS

alarm stage --> resistance stage --> exhaustion stage

Aldehyde & Ketone: Structure? Nomenclature?

aldehyde name end in (-al) Ketone name end in (-one) If their side groups Ketone (-oxo) Aldehyde (-oxo) electrophiles

List the following according to increasing acidity? Carboxylic acid, alcohol, water, aldehyde

aldehydes, alcohols, water, carboxylic acids

syn/anti addition

alkene can become alkanes / H2 and metal catalyst.

peripheral nervous system? what is civil inattention?

all nerves that are not part of the brain or spinal cord. civil inattention - in public you ignore strangers, ignoring offensive sounds and smells from bathroom stalls

how current actually passes through a wire. The first electron to enter the wire will displace an electron in the valence shell of the first atom it encounters. The electron displaced will then displace an electron in a neighboring atom, and so on

all waves SLOW DOWN when they hit a denser medium.

states of Consciousness

alterness, sleep, dreaming, hypnosis, meditation, drug-altered

Sound production

always made in vibrating medium, is mechanic wave, CANNOT propagate in vacuum

Whats more acidic amine or amide?

amine, has more electron density

∆Hcombustion

amount of energy needed to combust 1 mole substance

telomerase

an enzyme that adds nucleotides to telomeres, especially in cancer cells. The enzyme includes a molecule of RNA that serves as a template for new telomere segments.

Primer (memory)

an implicit memory effect in which exposure to one stimulus influences a response to another stimulus. i.e "Doctor" primes "nurse"

THINK of FIELD as:

an invisible influence that can exert a force on a mass or charge

oxidation ALWAYS occurs at the _____ and reduction at the ______ regardless of the type of cell.

anode ; cathode

Humoral = ____________ Cell mediated = ______________

antibodies and primary/secondary response self-attack of diseased cells

chirality

any atom attached to 4 diff substituents must be chiral.

aliphatic

any compound not in a form of ring

Kirchoff's 2nd rule

any cyclic circuit, V= 0 (sum of all voltage drops in each resistor = total V of battery

(Influence of groups on identity formation) reference group

any gruop to which a person usually compares himself to

Limiting reagent

any reactant that is used up first in a chemical reaction; it determines the amount of product that can be formed in the reaction

What is a catalyst?

any substnace that increases reaction rate w/o being consumed in the process.

cofactor

anything that helps enzyme function ex: coenzyme & prosthetic groups EX: Fe-S help transport e-

glycolipids (amphipathic)

are lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic bond

large group

as group size increase, lengevity also increases. Intimacy, loyolaty, bonding, responsibility, level of individual contribution, and consensus all decline. Most stable.

peg word system

associating an idea with a peg word; (ex. one is a bun, two is a shoe, three is a tree...I want to remember to buy carrots at the store, so I image a carrot-flavored bun.)

constant electric field

assumed Earth gravity Uses (d) for distance FInd this in between 2 plates of parallel capacitor. VOLTAGE is not constant.

OIL RIG

atoms; oxidation is losing electons, Reduction is GAINING electrons. lose e-s = reducing agent accept e-s = Oxidizing agent

social cognitive theory of attitude change

attitude change bcause of observational learning. Bandura had factors that produced learning --> change

prejudice = __________, discrimination = _____________

attitude, behavior

Functional attitudes theory

attitudes serve 3 positive functions: 1.knowledge, 2. ego-expressive = way to express our self-identity 3. adaptive - adpt to society

prostaglandin (hydrophobic)

autocrine and paracrine functions thru body Not same as endocrine hormones cuz produced and released thru the body Act locally so don't really travel via blood

narcolepsy very important!!!

autoimmune attack of neurons that release hypocretin (hor. regul. sleep/wake cycle). Symptoms: cataplexy, severe day time sleepness REM is reach super fast within 5 minutes. normal is 1.5 hr

How do you estimate pI (sisoelectric point) for basic?

average pKA amine & pKa basic R group

How do you estimate pI (sisoelectric point) for neutral?

average pKa amine & pKa Carboxyl

How do you estimate pI (sisoelectric point) for acidic?

average pKa of acidic R group & pKa carboxyl

(Equation) ax (acceleration of a particle on an inclined plane)

ax=Fx/m

arcuate fasciculus

axons that connects Wernicke's area with Broca's area; damage causes conduction aphasia (individual mixes the sounds in words)

Fermentation (anaerobic glycolysis)

bact mainly use this to metabolize glucose, Animals use it in prolong exercise (O₂ debt) Erythrocytes why? lack the cellular machinery so its only route to produce energy

How does bacteria use transformation?

bacteria picks up pieces of DNA from environment and incorporates into their genes

social construction model of emotional expression

barriers and prejudice are caused by society and define disability

Amines can act as either ________ or ___________

bases or nucleophiles 1⁰ & 2⁰ = nucleophiles 3⁰ = bases

Reactivity (low stability favors ___ over nucleophilicty

basicity. If it has full - chrage it willl act as a base!!

Granulocytes - BEN

basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil all have visible granules recruit to inflammation & infection, don't live in tissue

Lipid digestion, absorption

begins in SI (duodenum via bile and lipase) and is complete by the end of the SI. CANNOT begin prior to SI. TAGs are broken town into FA, transported across the membrane, then reformed into TAGs. Lipids enter Lacteals by binding to protein (albumin) or formed into chylomicron/micelle

Carbohydrate digestion, absorption. Where does it start? End? Where do they enter?

begins in mouth (Salivary amylase), and is complete by the end of the SI. Carbs are broken down entirely into their monomers (i.e. glucose, fructose, etc.) BEFORE absorption; they enter the blood stream (NOT LACTEAL) and travel to the liver via hepatic portal vein

Punishment discourages __________ Reinforcement encourages _________

behavior behavior

incentive theory

behavior is motivated by a desire to obtain rewards or to avoid punishments

drive reduction theory

behavior is motivated by desire to eliminate something bad Primary drives - physiological needs for survival (e.g. food, water, and sex). Secondary drives - do it to earn (e.g. money, social status, and fame). ex: hunger / thirst

instinct theory (motivation)

behavior is motivated by evolutionary instincts . Ex: animals migrate Baby cries for food

Medical ethics

beneficience - do good nonmaleficience - do no harm autonomy - Justice - equal treatment

Brain waves

beta - awake and alert alpha - very relaxed, meditating theta - light sleep delta - deep sleep

What emulsifies fats? and where is it made? where is it stored?

bile; liver-made, gall bladder - stored emulsifie - separate fat to cover more area for enzyme digestion PHYSICAL DIGESTION

Bacteria reproduce via ___________-

binary fission NOT mitosis or meiosis, colonies grow EXPONENTIALLY

lipids are _______ and ____

biomolecules; hydrophobic

What does p53 protein do? Whats G1 phase do? S phase? G2 phase?

blocks the cell cycle if the DNA is damaged. If the damage is real bad apoptosis (cell death) will occur. G1 - makes Proteins; No Dividing... S phase - Replicate DNA in nucleus.... G2 phase - prepares for division

inductive reasoning

bottom up reasoning , senses to brain. specific observations -->generalizations Ex: touch fire, pain goes from skin to brain, brain tells you to get away

Bottom-up

bottom-up: senses->brain integration; top-down: construct perceptions drawing on experience and expectation

Korsakoff's syndrome HOBOS

brain disorder causes by THIAMINE deficiency, which is a result from Chronic Alcohol Abuse. Alcohol stops the making of thiamine to its active form -> thiamine pyrophosphate So when your drunk you vomit and to much vomiting causes inflamed gastrointestinal linings which leads to bad eating happens -> thiamine deficiency. Also wernickes encephalopathy I S A SMALLER VERSION OF THIS. It is treatable by vitamin injections and stop alcholo drinking.

limbic system

brain region tied to EMOTION/MOTIVATION ventral prefrontal cortex also involved L prefrontal processes--> + emotion R prefrontal --> - emotion

Age related physical changes (late adulthood)

brain shrinks, neural plasticity dec. (ability to fit new memories, connections,motor skills) frontal lobe, corpus callosum lose neurons at fastest rate cerebellum loses 25% of neurons

Chemical digestion

breakdown of bonds via digestive enzymes

Reactivity of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes

c-c < c≡c < c=c

1 glucose molecule gives you _______ atp? A. 20 B. 40 C. 36 D. 80

c. 36

(Equation) Heat capacity

c=q∆T

oxidation of tertiary alcohol

can't be oxidized further

Digestion begins in mouth w/ physical & chemical digestion of ______ ONLY w/ enzyme ______

carbohyrates; α amylase via hydrolysis

ribonuclease & deoxyribonuclease function?

catalyze the hydrolysis of RNA & DNA respectively.→ nucleotides

pancreatic amylase function?

catalyzes the hydrolysis of carbohydrates

lipase function?

catalyzes the hydrolysis of fats

Reduction always occurs at the _____ and oxidation at the _______.

cathode ; anode

(Naming inorganic molecules) General ionic compounds

cation first, then anion

Alanine, Ala, A

causes sugar consuming during exercise. non-polar(hydrophobic) aliphatic

What is totipotent?

cells can become any type of cell in body, even placental or extraembryonic. Ex: 1st cells of division after fertilization

What is multipotent?

cells can become into more than 1 cell type Ex: adult stem cells & cord blood stem cells

confabulation

cesar does this he makes up a false memory but it is very detailed . Usually found in Alzheimers or korsakoffs

dissonance theory of attitude change

change attitude to reduce cognitive dissonance (2 attitudes conflict)

Obedience

change behavior because authority commands BEHAVIOR change EX: "put your hands behind your back"

Compliance

change behavior because you were asked or directed by another person EX: friend asks "can you do me a favor"

conformity

change behavior to "fit in" or "go along" with group of people

elaboration-likelihood model

change your attitude to persuade someone 2 ways: central & peripheral route

electrons are separated by a battery and piled up on the negative side, or anode. Electrons flow, as one would expect, from high to low concentration, or from the negative to the positive terminal.

charge on an electron is -1.6 x 10-19C.

electrostatic interactions, how do they impact protein stabilization?

charged -R groups encourage folding and stabilize protein in folded state

a battery has _______energy

chemical

strecker synthesis

chemical reactions that synthesize an amino acid from an aldehyde or ketone...uses KCN/NH4CL

nativist theory of language

child's brain is born with the capacity to learn language

learning theory of language

children imitate what they see and hear,and learn from punishment and reinforcement

just-world hypothesis

claim that our attributions and behaviors are shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the world is fair and all things happen for a reason

lyase

cleavage/formation of double bond NO water so NO hydrolysis

switches

closed - elec. pass open - no e- flow

inner ear

cochlea, vestibule, semicicular canals, vestibulocochlear nerve

polygenic

combined effect of two or more genes on a single character

Centriole

composed mainly of a protein called tubulin. Centrioles are involved in the organization of the mitotic spindle and in the completion of cytokinesis. organizing microtubules in the cytoplasm.

attention

concentrate on 1 thing, forget everything else around you

divided attention

concentrate on many things at same time. EX: driving & txt

specific real area bias

conduct study in a specific area that doesn't represent sample of population being studied EX: a study of U.S. eating habits conducted at the gym leaves out all those that don't BAD cuz they eat healthier

modifier link (semantic networks)

connect concept to its properties

Superordinate link (semantic networks)

connect the concept to a category name, indicating the concept is a member of that larger class

What type of tissue is cartilage?

connective, composed of collagen

rule-based processing

conscious and intentional, driven by BOTH the event (stimulus) experienced, AND by language, cognition, or formal reasoning - LIMITS applicability of associative learning

In the absence of nonconservative forces (friction, drag, air resistance, etc.), mechanical energy is always ___________.

conserved

Constructive interference vs destructive

constructive - add amplitudes → inc. intesntiy & brightness Destructive - cancle amplitudes→ 0 ampli & no light Ex: 180⁰ out of phase

When contracted, how do ciliary muscle impact power of human eye?

contracted ciliary muscles→ more curved lens→ shorter focal point→ more powerful lens. nearsighted > farsighted in power of lens EX: squint your eyes see better

A bat & bird both have wings. This is an example of Convergent or divergent evolution?

convergent

Lens of the human eye is a ___________ lens, and always produces a ___ image.

converging PRI

What type of lens do humans & magnifying glass have?

converging lens. creates real image of the object onto the retina.

gabriel synthesis

converts a primary alkyl halide to primary amine (sn2, lone pair of ammonia and halide good LG)

What is a Galvanic cell?

converts chemical to electrical energy by using ANY 2 metals, regardless of their reduction potential Current can be created

Convexity (Gestalt)

convex rather than concave patterns will tend to be perceived as figures

critical angle

critical angle is the angle of incidence for which the angle of refraction will be 90°

Influences on CD (cognitive thinking)

culture, heredity, environment, biology

kirchoff's 1st rule

current into a node = current out of node

trypsin

cuts proteins up on CARBOXYL side of a.a. ex: Arginine & Lysine

chymotrypsin

cuts up proteins at large hydrophobic side groups like -Tryptophan -Tyrosine -Phenylalanine

epoxide

cyclic ethers in 3 ring. very reactive cuz of ring strain

cycloalkane what is ring strain?

cycloalkanes w <6 carbons inc. ring strain. Bycyclic ring strain > monocyclic

Location of Substrate level phosphorylation

cytosol, but also in matrix of mitochondria

analysis of stimuli

decision-making, stimuli are changed & analyzed by brain,

Increase intermolecular attractions will ________ pressure in real gases. Inc. movlecular Volume will _____ volume in real gases

decrease, increase

Habituation (learning)

decreased response to a stimulus after the stimulus has been presented multiple times - unconscious/innate EX: you have a neighbor whose dark barks chingos after a while you pay no attention. you have a decrease in response

stage two sleep

deeper sleep, EEG is theta waves w/ sleep spindle & K complexes.

Drug types

depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, pain killers, marijuana (stimulant, depressant, and/or hallucinogen)

(H-NMR) downfield = __________

deshielded

Piage stage: formal operational

develop the ability to think about abstract concepts, and logically test hypotheses. strategy & planning

Functional theorists (deviance)

deviance is not necessarily negative; necessary for social order. Helps clarify the boundaries of social normals and plays positive role in initiating social change.

detection bias

diff in groups caused by inconsistency in the way they are detected or diagnosed

Alternate splicing

different exons can be combined to make nique protiens in different times

Heating curve

different phases of same substance have different heat capacities. X axis can also be time L to G line is longer why? well S to L some intermolecular forces must be broken from L to G ALL must be broken Ex: H bonds

(Extraction) The separation depends on the target molecule having ____________ solubility in the two solvents.

differential; uses "like dissolves like" to separate compounds based on difference in polarity Polar target will stay in polar layer. same goes to nonpolar product

sleep apnea

difficulty breathing while asleep

The majority of all __________ and ___________ occurs in the small intestine

digestion, absorption

whats a geminal (gem-) (cis)?

diol with 2 hydroxyl groups on same carbon

whats a vicinal (vic-) (trans)?

diols with 2 hydroxyl groups on adjacent carbon

(IR) A bond with no ________ will not be detected by IR

dipole

five mechanisms for choosing a mate

direct phenotypic benefits, sensory bias, fisherian runaway hypothesis, indicator traits, genetic compatibilty

Velocity (definition)

displacement per unit time

Proline Turns

disrupt 2nd struc (when found internally) Contribute tertiary struc.

Unlike skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles continue _____________ after differentiation.

dividing

automatic processing

does not require attention ex: 3 years of driving now you can txt or talk w/ passenger or shooting free throws like nothing

distress "bad stress"

doing bad in school, lose job, bills, divorce

nucleophile

donate electrons to another atom. They are attracted to positive charge, a nucleus, (protons and neutrons). In protic solvents and situations with different attacking atoms, its strength correlates to size. In aprotic solvents with the same attacking atom, its strength corresponds to basicity.

Drug addiction stimulates a ___________-based reward pathway in the limbic system of the brain

dopamine addiction impacts VTA & nucleus accumbes in brain

vaccines

dose of a disabled or destroyed pathogen used to stimulate a long-term immune defense against the pathogen. A weakened form of the virus is given to the person so their immune system can build up immunity to the virus.

(Bond strength and length) reactivity

double > triple > single

keto enol tautomerization Which is more stable, the keto or enol tautomer? Why?

double bond is switched from the C-O bond to the bond between the carbonyl carbon and the α-C Keto - more stable cuz carbonyl bonds are much shorter and stronger than alkene bonds

Problem solving theory, how is it related to dreams?

draems are a way for mind to solve problems encountered while awake. dreaming solves problems better than wake mind.

social identity theory

dudes get pride & self esteem from their group membership so they tri to INCREASE the status of their group (in group) and will hate Outgroups EX: BYU & RGV

digestion occurs primarily in the ___________

duodenum

Electron transport chain

each NADH→ 3 ATP each FADH₂ → 2 ATP Q = ubiquinone I pumps 4 H⁺ (protons) NADH - 10 H⁺ pumped (I-4, III-4, IV-2) FADH₂ - 6 H⁺ pumped (II-0, III-4, IV-2) 1 ATP = 3 H⁺

unambiguous genetic code

each codon encodes precisely one amino acid

semi-conservative

each replicated DNA molecule consists of one original "parent" strand plus one newly syntehsized complementary "daughter" strand

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development "look at your journal "

each stage shows conflict between person needs vs social demands: Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. shame and doubt initiative vs. guilt industry vs. inferiority identity vs. role confusion intimacy vs. isolation generativity vs. stagnation integrity vs. despair

alcohol (depressant)

effects on all sorts of NT systems. -depressant drug because of it can agonize GABA neurotransmission (barbiturates & benzodiazepens do this also) low doses= minor mood changes and mild impairment of coordination high doses= result in unconsciousness too much alcohol and barbiturates can cause death. alcohol + benzo or barbi = messed up (-) stuff

Deep (Semantic) processing

elaborative rehearsal; involves a more meaningful analysis (e.g. images, thinking, associations etc.) of the meaning and context of information and leads to better recall.

a spring has _____________ energy

elastic potential

two separated charges contain __________ energy

electrical potential

nervous system signalling

electrical potentials, cascades - i.e. GABA and NMDA

Which one required external voltage source to work, electrolytic or galvanic cell?

electrolytic

To release light as a photon, what needs to happen to the electron?

electron drops "relaxs" to a lower energy level.

photoelectric effect

electrons are ejected when light's frequency reaches a threshold

Amines with 4 substituents act as _____________ Ex: ammonium

electrophiles

Anhydrides are excellent ___________

electrophiles

Good Gestalt (Gestalt)

elements tend to be grouped together if they are parts of a pattern which is a good Gestalt, meaning as simple, orderly, balanced, unified, coherent, regular, etc as possible, given the input.

Past experience (Gestalt)

elements tend to be grouped together if they were together often in the past experience of the observer.

Frequent ________, characteristic of alcoholics, leads to inflamed intestinal linings and poor eating habits, contributing to vitamin deficiency

emesis

riots

emotional and violent disturbances of the peace by a crowd that lacks a central focus

James-Lange

emotions arise from physiological arousal. ex: fear from bear or seeing your crush

Schachter-Singer

emotions have 2 factors:1. physiological component 2. cognitive component. Here, physiological arousal is interpreted in context which leads to the emotional experience.

Tautomerization

enamine & imine change via proton shift

(Add. of amines to Carbonyls) 2° amines yield ____________ (Add. of amines to Carbonyls) 1° amines yield ____________

enamines; imines;

acid chlorides are the _______________ of the COOH derivative

end in "-oyl chloride" most reactive

Key features of COOH (carboxylic acid)

end with "-oic acid" 1) Resonance stabilization 2) Induction (to predict acidity, examine the stability of the conjugate base) 3) Hydrogen bonding

AMP → cAMP transition is ___________

endergonic

Pancreas function

endo (glucagon& insulin)/exocrine (digestive enzymes) gland secrete bicarbonate, neutralizes so pH 2 --> pH 6 for intestine

Chemical energy

energy contained within chemical bonds - energy stored/released due to separation or flow of e- (battery)

Heat energy

energy dissipated as heat EX: collision or current carrying wire - a form of energy that is transferred by a difference in temperature.

induced-fit theory

enzyme stabilizes the transition state of the substrate, causing a reduction in the activation energy of the transition state

restriction endonuclease

enzymes that recognize specific sequences of nucleotides and cleave strands of DNA into fragments wherever those sequences occur

cognitive bias

error in thinking, inaccurate, fail to consider all options or consequences

All _____________ and ____________ are made in the bone marrow via hematopoiesis

erythrocytes, leukocytes

Transesterification

ester + alcohol → diff ester. NEEDS acid catalysis

Triacylglycerols & phospholipids are BOTH _________

esters = f.a. + glycerol

Adaptive role of emotion

evolution-based, via natural selection. ex: disgust

Balanced fulcrums

ex of equilibrium Objcs floating in water

personal events

ex of stressor - new job, being late, traffic etc.

cataclysmic events

ex of stressor = animal attack, bad weather , war CATASTROPHIC

Zimbardo prison study

ex: of role playing Half of the subjects were assigned to be guards other prisoners,"pretend became real", Prisoners acted like prisoners - Had to stay in prison 24/7, Study had to be terminated after 6 days

Standard conditions & STP are not the same thing!!

ex: temp is 0 for STP, 25C for Standard conditions

role of emotion in prejudice

exacerbated; inhibit judgment perceiver - emotion can drive prejudicial fears, anger, etc. recipient - emotion can be caused by prejudice

exclusion bias

exclusion of an entire group from the population EX: a study about childhood education that does not survey any homeschooled children.

(Influence of groups on identity formation) culture and socialization

expectations, norms of one's culture, along with the accompanying socialization, provide a strong driving force during identity formation

cognitive dissonance theory

experience tension when 2 attitudes conflict w/ each other.

Surface Proteins

exposed surface capsid or envelope proteins (glycoproteins for attachment) - signalling, connection

locus of control and self

external - more prone to low self esteem and even depression internal - happier, high self-esteem

A closer object requires a stronger, more powerful lens and very powerful lenses have very short focal lengths.

eye ALWAYS forms PRI images

Quantum mechanic designations

e⁻ fill up a certain "probability" in space - n → principle (street) - l → azimuthal (address) - ml → magnetism (room) - ms → spin/orientation (roommate)

charge of e-

e⁻=1.6x10⁻¹⁹ C

inclined plane

f is friction

(Equation) (mirror) focal point

f=½r MIRRORS ONLY

behavioral response

facial expression/body language = express emotion

stage one sleep

falling asleep, EEG is alpha and theta waves

Farad vs faraday

farad the SI unit of electrical capacitance, equal to the capacitance of a capacitor in which one coulomb of charge causes a potential difference of one volt. faraday is the magnitude of electric charge per mole of electrons.

Jean Piaget

father of developmetal psych; cognitive theory

G-cells secrete the peptide hormone Gastrin into the bloodstream NOT into the gastric pit. This makes them an endocrine gland

fats don't begin being digested until the duodenum (where they first encounter lipase and bile)

(Equation) Beat frequency

fbeat=|f₁-f₂|

WHat are some universal emotions

fear, anger, happiness, surprise, joy, disgust, sadness

spleen function

filters blood, High conc. of WBCs & plateletes, Stores lots of blood; break & recycles old RBCs

mores

fixed customs or manners; moral attitudes

Types of reinforcement schedules: hint 4 of them FVFV

fixed ratio - a response is reinforced only after a specific # of responses. Ex: grades get all A's = money variable ratio - a response is reinforced after an unpredictable # of responses EX: slot machine, play until you win fixed interval = 1st reponse is rewarded only after a an amount of time has passed Ex: Weekly paycheck Variable interval - reponse is rewarded after UNPREDICTABLE TIME Ex: Check email every now and then

RIBOSOMES ARE MADE IN NUCLEOLUS!!! PCR you need to know DNA sequence & length of gene to determine elongation tiime! ALSO Glycogen metabolism ; feeder pathway for glycolysis

focus on glycogen phosphorylase and phosphoglucomutase PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASE does not require ATP compared to hexokinase so G-1-P here is better than the one made from glycolysis (uses 1 atp) produces more ATP

selective attention

focus on one thing and ignore others

standard temperature and pressure (STP)

for a gas, the temperature of 0 Celsius and pressure 1.00 atmosphere

Adhesive force

forces between the liquid molecules and their container

Characteristics of a Bureauocracy

formal hierarchical structure, management by rules, organization by functional specialty, either an "up-focused" or "in-focused" mission, purposely impersonal, emplyment based on technical qualifications, number of management/professional staff is always increasing (Parkinson)

acetoacetic ester synthesis; what does it form?

formation of ketone froma β keto ester How? 1. Base abstracts α H, leaving a CARBANION 2. carbanion attacks an alkyl halid R-X, which adds R group to α C 3. Hot acid loses -COOR group

What is the function of Proline in secondary structures?

found at the ENDDDD, Proline introduces KINK/TURN which is used in beta sheets to turn 180 and a new neighboring row

Promiscuity

frequent casual sex w/ diff partners

Smooth ER

functions in lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification. carries out the metabolism of carbohydrates, drug detoxification, attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins, and steroid metabolism.[10] In muscle cells, it regulates calcium ion concentration.

A species with + E˚ is more likely to ________ than are H ions. A species with a - E˚ is less likely to _______ than are H ions.

gain electrons (i.e., be reduced); gain electrons

lactose

galactose+glucose (B)

Henry's law : The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the ______ over that ________.

gas, liquid so if you dec. pressure gas ability to dissolve dec.

feminist theory

gender inequalities in society and to work to overcome them.

Spearman's General intelligence

general intelligence a.k.a (g factor)= bedrock from which all other forms of intelligence are created

Intelligence is influence by both ____ & ______

genetic; environmental factors

Positive reinforcement

give a reward, or positive stimulus being added, in response to the desired behavior Ex: work and get paid $$

anchoring & adjustment

give high priority to 1st piece of info received and/or putting other info around it for example if a list of possible sentences given to a jury, they will be anchored by the first option.

maltose

glucose+glucose (A)

Glucagon stimulates _______________, in the liver, insulin stimulates _______________ in liver

glycogenolysis - breakdown of glycogen → glucose in bood glycogenesis - making of glycogen for storage Liver makes glucose from lactate, glycerol, a.a. a process called GLUCOneogenesis

Mesylates & Tosylates are ___ leaving groups?

good, react w/ any nucleophile

Eustress "good stress"

graduating, wedding, new job

neutrophil

granulocyte, WBC, 1st to respond to infection & inflmmation by chemotaxis. live for 5 days, MOST abundant "never let monkey eat bananas" pus is dead neutrophils

basophil

granulocyte, have histamine → inflammation & allergic response.

any object with height has ___________ energy

gravitational potential

water in a tank has ___________ energy and _________ energy of the molecules

gravitational potential; kinetic

Filtration: separating out a liquid from a solid So gravity vs vaccum?

gravity filtration - solvent is the desired product Vaccum - solid is the desired product

groupthink

group members seek consensus despite their individual doubts. WILL make wrong decisicions

Proximity (Gestalt)

group nearby figures together - horizontal lines of dots

Group Polarization

groups will make extreme decisions while individuals wont so much

Illusion of invulnerability

groupthink - "members become very optimistic and do risk take a lot " "we can't be harmed"

Mindguards

groupthink - a dude who discourages any idea being expressed .

Pressure to conform

groupthink - if you question you are disloyal or traitors

Self-Censorhip

groupthink - members hide their fear or doubts

stereotyping

groupthink -members considers outsider DEVILSSS muahahaha

Illusion of morality (unquestioned beliefs)

groupthink -members ignore moral problems & consequences

Rationalization

groupthink -members ignore warning signs, don't reconsider their beliefs

What is Cell potential or E° cell? Half-reaction requirements?

half reaction E° + half reaction E° = E°cell - H.R. always come in pairs: 1 reduction H.R. + 1 oxidation H.R. E° for any oxidation H.R. is simply the (-) of the lowest possible E° the reduction H.R.

Continuity (Gestalt)

happens when eye is compelled to move through one object and continue to another obj.;;;;; we perceive smooth, continuous patterns, rather than discontinuous ones - squiggly line example

Specific real area biased

happens when the sampling for a study occurs at one location, leaving out all other populations Ex: at a gym or university

insomnia

hard falling or staying asleep

optic disc or blind spot

has no photoreceptors because all of the axons of the retinal ganglion cells project through the rear of the eye

electrophiless

have + charge, always get attacked

Alcohols

have -OH, -Ol in name like butanol, cyclohexanol. MP ↑ w/ ↑ polarity & H bonding BP ↑ w/ ↑ MW BP↓ w/↑ branching <acidic than water, acidity ↑ from tertiary to primary

If something is has high oxidation potential (lose electrons), how does this impact reduction potential?

have a low reduction potential. If a compound is less likely to be reduced, it is more likely to be oxidized.

emotional interference

heightened emotions WRT one memory can simultaneously increase the strength of the LTM trace for that concept AND decrease the strength of other memories occuring immediately before or at the same time as the emotional event

the liver and pancreas are part of the endoderm.

hematopoiesis occurs in teh spongy bone dermis is connective tissue

Do strong oxidizing agents have high or low reduction potential E°?

high

Sliding filament mechanism

high energy = straight occurs in ATP hydrolysis low energy = bent, Ca++ binds to tropinin, releasing the "clamp" of tropomyosin. Then myosin will bind to actin. NO ATP - muscle is stuck in contracted position a.ka rigor mortis NO CA++ - DON"T get rigor mortis but can't contract "flaccidity"

saturated fats have (higher? or lower?) freezing points than unsaturated fats

higher

Higher pitch sounds have _____ lower pitch sounds have _______

higher frequencies lower frequencies

For total internal reflection to occur, light must be passing from a _________ index medium to a ________ index medium

higher, lower

WT organisms do not carry the mutation, represented as +/+. A +/- symbol represents a heterozygote, may still work, but will experience reduced expression compared to WT. a -/- symbol indicates two mutant genes and therefore no functional protein expression.

histamine induces inflammation.

Spreading activation (think electric spreading)

how semantic networks process recall events 1° -> 2° ->3°

self-presentation

how we present or display ourselves to society

(Equation) Doppler effect

http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/sat2/physics/chapter17section6.rhtml fD = f x (c/c-Vs) If the source and receiver move towards each other (and one is stationary), the observed frequency increases. If the source and receiver move away from each other (and one is stationary), the observed frequency decreases. vs - relative velocity c - 3X10⁸ ms for light c - 340 m/s for sound f = frequency of source sound/light fD = frequency perceived by target

right hand rule KNOW It

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PVignrHljXQ top is used to get mag. force bottom is used to get it for wire https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eK1Ar5WPJj8

When you see "B-cells" or "antibody" THINK of __________________________

humoral immunity

Biological and sociological motivators

hunger, sex drive, substance addiction

saponification

hydrolysis of ester ex: triglycerides, phospholipids

hydrolase

hydrolysis so break bond

What is amphipathic? give 4 exampels?

hydrophobic & hydrophilic properties ex: F.a. phospholipids sphingolipids, glycolipids

geometric diastereomers

i.e. trans vs. cis. Cis isomers have dipole moment & steric hindrance. TRANS DON'T have dipole or steric.

threshold of conscious perception

idea that you are either fully conscious or not conscious at all (can't be partly conscious); when as stimulus activates enough neurons to a sufficient extent, the activity magnifies & extends over much of the brain but if a stimulus fails to reach that level the patten fades away

identity

identity = self-identity + group identity (culture or race) HOW I AM DEFINED BY MYSELF, OTHERS, AND VARIOUS SITUATIONS ex: i am mexican. i am premed student WHO I AM

secondary appraisal

if threat is bad(stressful), then you use resources to deal with it

Near sighted

image is formed IN FRONT of retina

deindividuation

immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values. EX: soldier shoot anyone

Emotional memory

implicit (unconscious; sense memory) "felt again", explicit (conscious)

chromosomal duplication

important source of genetic variation; if a gene is duplicated, the new copy can undergo mutation without affecting the function of the original copy

attribute substitution

in decision making, a situation in which people do not know the answer to a question. In this case, they substitute an answer to a similar but easier question

If no Ca is present, we get __________

inability to contract a.k.a. flaccidity

Whats a zymogen?

inactive enzyme precursor, used in animals to PREVENT enzyme activity during manufacture and transport Ex: chymotrypsinogen

Atomic orbital theory

incorporates wave-like behavior of particles/atoms in describing bonding behavior bonding=combination of atomic orbitals

Resonance will ___ the stability of conjugate base therefore inc. ___-

increase , incrase acidity

altruism (sociological)

indicates that altruism can be selfish

suppressor T-cells (regulatory T-cells)

inhibit body's own immune system, prevent autoimmune disease, "turn off' after infection is cleared

primary appraisal

initial evaluation of threat. Judge it as : irrelevant, good, bad (stressful)

Physiological response to stressors

initial response=SNS sitmualtion

Think of innate immune response as SHOTGUN. isn't specific to target, fires quickly w/o wasting time trying to aim perfectly. Adaptive - sniper - needs time to prepare attack, very specific target more effective

innate - complement, neutrophil & macrophage , NK cell Adaptive - lymphocytes (B & T cells).

what are minerals like calcium, iron, used for?

inorganic, eaten, necessary for bone formation, ion gradients, oxygen transport (iron-containing heme), muscle contraction (calcium), ATP processing (magnesium), production of stomach acid (chlorine), etc.

basic model of emotional expression

input -> process -> output

physical properties of alkanes

insol in H20 (nonpolar), low density, oils/gases gasoline, B.P. & MP inc. w/ inc. chain length/MW BP dec. but MP inc. w/ inc. branching

Theories of motivation

instinct, arousal, drive reduction, needs-based, Maslow, ERG, self-determination, incentive, cognitive :extrinisic vs. intrinsic, expectancy-value

causes of forgetting

insufficient repetition, reliance on maintenance rehearsal rather than elaborative rehearsal, interference

meditation

intentional to improve focus or overalll well being PRAYER,

Keto-enol tautomerism

interconversion of keto and enol tautomers

2nd messenger

intracellular molecules that translate the signal from 1st messenger into an intracellular response; generated by the binding of a chemical (hormone or neurotransmitter) to a plasma membrane receptor (i.e. cAMP)

intuition is trusting ones gut feeling

intrapersonal intelligence is re la te d to o ne 's ability to be aware of their own emotions, not those of others

Gluconeogenesis vs glycolysis The 4 enzymes specific to gluconeogeneiss replace 3 glycolytic enzymes which all catalyze _________ reactions

irreversible reactions. Those three steps that are replaced are all phosphorylation reactions

masses

is a crowd but with SAME concern & beliefs ex; catholics

Type 2 Error

is a false negative, null hypothesis is false and you fail to reject it, ex: Null hypothesis (H0): two medications are equally effective. Ex: researcher concludes that the medications are the same when, in fact, they are different. ex; fire without an alarm

reticular activating system

is associated w/ arousal

Eastern blot

is similar to the western blot but it is for post-transational modifications, probes bind to lipids, carbohydrates and phosphates,

Isoelectric point:

is the pH at which a molecule carries no net charge. Similar to equivalence point (starting solute is neutralized by titrant)

Negative reinforcement

is the removal of an unpleasant stimulus as the result of a given behavior, making behavior more common in future Ex: Before - morning alarm clock Behavior - turn it off after - alarm noise stops

genetic imprinting

is when expression of genetic traits is determined by weather the trait is inherited from the mother or the father.

What is State dependent learning

is where the learning environment affects recall. For instance, 2 scuba divers. 1. learns in a pool and the other in the ocean when they both go to the ocean . the ocean guy will do better

What is Lateral geniculate nucleus LGN?

its part of thalamus, its like a RELAY CENTER between optic nerve and visual cortex of the occipital lobe

absorption occurs primarily in the _________ and the ___________ of small intestine

jejunum, ileum

Protecting ketones/aldehydes from reaction

just convert them to acetal or ketal

(Decarboxylation) The carboxylate ion usually retakes the H from the base, forming a _________________

keto-enol tautomer

kinesins move from ____ to ___ Dyneins move from ___ to ___

kinesin - - to + or center of cell to outisde Dynein is opposite + to - or outside to inside

any moving object has ___________ energy

kinetic

wernicke's area

language comprehension. Damage creates inability to comprehend language; usually in the left temporal lobe

interactionist

language development is both biological and social. interaction between the developing child and linguistically knowledgeable adults

Think of metals as:

large atoms w/ loose electrons. They are Lustrous (shiny), Ductile (thin wires won't break), malleable and good conductors for heat and electricity. they FORM ionic bonds w/ non metals

attitude

learned tendency to evaluate stimuli in a particular way

language development theories

learning (environmental or behaviorist), nativist (biological), interactionist

Why is hofmann degradation important?

lets you add amine to a tertiary carbon

(Equation) Effusion and Diffusion aka Graham's law

light gasses diffuse of effuse quickly ; heavy diffuse/effuse slowly E1/E2=(√mass₂/mass₁) E - effusion(pic) or diffusion rate MW- molecular weight

plane polarized light

light with all electric fields oriented in the same direction that results when a device is used to screen out all photons not having an electric field in one particular directio

long bone

like femur

activation-synthesis theory

limbic system suddenly fires, mimicks incoming stimuli. Cerebal cortex tries to synthesize and intrepret this --> dreaming

sp

linear(180( 50% s, 50%p

Pepsin and gastric lipase are both active at low pH - stomach Chymotrypsin is active at Ph-7 - small instestine

lipase acts on fats, NOT protein

Gas Chromatography IMPORTANT

liquid-stationary phase; mixture is dissolve in a heated gas then flows thru. BP & polarity determine when they come out. height of the peak - abundance of that component. lowest bp elute first, followed sequentially by those with higher boiling points.

approaches to PS: trial and error

literally try and fail, need options ex: try out a chick if she sucks then go to next one

mast cells, what activates them? what do they secrete?

live in tissues, activated by allergens/antigens →release histamine. ALLERGIC REACTIONS like anaphylactic shock

Batteries

long line is + terminal, Short line is (-) terminal

Cohort study

longitudinal; Uses common factors in populations to evaluate risk factors and correlation (i.e. Does x lead to y? Find people who exhibit x and people who don't and monitor the prevalence of y in both populations) EXAMPLES: Smokers were three times more likely to develop lung cancer before the age of 50, than non-smokers; a statistically significant correlation (r = 0.84, p < 0.01) exists between socioeconomic status and frequency of pre-term births

Decarboxylation of β keto acid

lose CO2

attenuation

lose intensity of wave as it passes thru something cuz of reflection & absorbtion Ex: water

both high self -esteem and biased messages inhibit attitude change.

low self-esteem and biased messages inhibit attitude change

More stable the compound, the ________ Hcombustion

lower

How do impurities impact the melting point of a sample?

lower melting point than literature value Mel. poi. range will broader than l.v.

absolute threshold

lowest level of a stimulus that an organism can detect

Where are sperm made? Where are they stored & nurtured?

made in seminiferous tubules Stored & nurtured - epididymis Haploids, lots of mitochondria

Teritary quantum number

magnetic quantum number, "m," tells which orbital the electron is on orientation in space

G-cells

make & secrete Gastrin → released into BLOOD→stimulate chief/parietal cells

mucous neck cells function? what do they secrete?

make & secrete mucus, an alkaline which protects from corrosion from super acidity of stomach.

Acetyl-CoA

makes 12 ATP

Integumentary system makes what vitamin?

makes Vit D

Converging a.k.a Convex (+)

makes a + , real, inverted image. (PRI) Positive means its on same side as observer if object is inside the focal point will make a NVU

mannose

mannose is epimer of glucose

A (element symbols)

mass number (protons and neutrons)

Physical digestion

mastication stomach churning emulsification (breaking up) of fats by bile

Overmatching

matching for a confound that is a result of exposure

algorithms

math formulas, step by step

T-cell

mature in thymus & participate in immune response. recognize and bind antigens via a "Tcell Receptor" (TCR) not found on B-cells.

Pendulums PE is maximum at ____ height KE is maximum at ______ of the pendulum arc

max bottom

Normal, age-related memory loss

max brain size in 20s, decreases from there sharpest decline -> episodic, source memory little/no decline -> semantic/implicit memory (including procedural)

standing wave

max destructive interfer. -waves cancel - create node max constructive interf. - wave add up - form antinode nodes or antinodes don't move,

IR spectroscopy, how does it work?

measures the vibrations of atoms, used to find functional groups Ex: bond has dipole, put some IR radiation, begins to vibrate and it will absorb some IR energy → pops out on machine

pinacol rearrangement

mechanism

Mechanical waves require a _______ to move

medium that is stiff not liquid or gas; transfer energy ONLY

Electromagnetics waves don't require a ____________.

medium, work in vaccum; transfer energy & momentum TRANSVERSE ONLY

What is emotional interference?

memories are stronger with intense emotion, while weak when memories happen JUST prior or just after the event. so you can't remember shit before an accident or after.

heightened emotional states

memories encoded are normally retrieved more easily

Flashbulb memories

memories that correspond to an emotional event and involve vivid recall of the contextual details associated with the memory. For instance where one was when the memory occurred, who they were with, or the source associated with the memory

rote memory

memorize stuff based on repetition

a drop in hormone levels causes __________ in women

menstruation

Barriers to effective problem solving or decision making

mental set, functional fixedness , cognitive bias

Semiconductor

metalloid, material that is 1/2 insulator 1/2 conductor.

Selection bias

method used to select participants is not truly random

(Equation) Fair (terminal velocity)

mg=Fair

Tau (τ) protein

microtubular protein, when messed up leads to Alzheimer's disease

What in the hell is hydroxyapatite?

mineral makes up bone and the matrix of teeth.

hybridization

mixing of higher and lower energy e⁻ orbitals to form "hybrid" orbitals with intermediate energy

What are some things to avoid in extraction?

mixing too hard; reactive solvents; high boiling point

Which of these is affected by Temperature, molality or Molarity

molaRITY is impacted, molality is NOT affected by temperature

(Mass spec) parent peak a.k.a molecular ion peak

molecular weight of original molecule minus 1 e-

amphoteric

molecule or ion that can react as an acid as well as a base. The word is derived from the Greek word amphoteroi (ἀμφότεροι) meaning "both". Many metals (such as copper, zinc, tin, lead, aluminium, and beryllium) form amphoteric oxides or hydroxides.

anomers

molecules differ orientation at the anomeric carbon of a ring structure.

polymerization

mono -->di-->polysaccharides

The power delivered to a resistor in a current carrying wire is dissipated as heat. Reducing the resistance will thus decrease the heat

more current flows through the resistor with less resistance and less through the resistor with more resistance.

direct phenotypic benefits

more likely to care for offspring

degenerative genetic code

more than one codon codes for same amino aci

secure attachement

most healthy attach. Child: child can be comforted by mom & stranger but prefers mom Adult: good relationship w/ wife

Column chromatography:

most non-polar substances will elute first, followed by increasingly more polar substances.

Freud's theory of psychosexual development

most of peoples personaliest form during early childhood years

conformational isomer

most similar. same molecule only at different points in their rotation. show them with newmans projections. NOT TRUE ISOMER

Yellow bone marrow

mostly fat, spongy bone is filled w/ red bone marrow. compact bone is organized into osteons, has Haversion canals and canaliculi.

broca's area

motor aspects of speech

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the _______ Protein digestion begins in the _________

mouth carbs;by salivary amylase, break into monomers stomach proteins; break into peptides & a.a. BOTH carbs/proteins: - break down BEFORE absorption -enter blood stream NOT lacteal, - travel to liver - complete by end of small intestine

electron configuration: cations

move BACK one box in the periodic table for each e- missing

electron configuration: anions

move FORWARD one box on the periodic table for each extra e- present

Changing Elec. field CREATE magnetic fields, Changing magnetic fields CREATE electric fields

move in anyway charged particle change →elec.field→magnetic field ex's: nuclei w/ odd # Electrons, current Bar magnets

Quaternary protein

multiple folded proteins into a multi-subunit complex EX: HEMOGLOBIN

Valine, Val, V

muscle maintenance non-polar aliphatic

Tendons attach what to what? Ligaments attach what to what?

muscle to bone; bone to bone

(Naming inorganic molecules) Transition metals

must have Roman numeral signifiers showing oxidation state

Skeletal muscle anatomy

myofibrils are proteins composed of actin & myosin fibers interconnected in repeating units called sarcomeres.

cardiac muscle utilizes ___________ and ___________ for contraction

myoglobin, mitochondria

Questions regarding cardiac muscle: Does it use Hemoglobin or myoclobin? What organelle is in abundance? How are cardiac muscle cells/fibers connected? Do cardiac cells divide or frozen?

myoglobin; mitochondria - prevent fatigue intercalated discs w/ gap junctions. divide

You Iram Flores have an eye condition that is known as what?

myopia aka nearsightedness

(Equation) index of refraction and Snell's Law

n=c/v n₁sinθ₁=n₂sinθ₂ frequency doesn't change from medium to medium λ does change

behavioral response to stress

negative behavior ; drinking

emotional response to stress

negative moods and emotions ; anger

Stimulus types

neutral, conditioned, unconditioned

Machines ___________ the amount of work

never reduce/change, only change force needed to accomp. that work

smooth muscle

non-striated, 1 nucleus, involuntary

physical properties of alcohols

nuc or lewis acid, ↑ BP with ↑ MW ↓ BP with ↑ branching increase MP w/ inc. polarity, H-bonding

Sn1 reaction

nucleophilic substitution reaction (3° & 2° alkyl halides undergo SN1 reactions. 1° never do.)

Z (element symbols)

number of protons

avogadro's number

number of representative particles in a mole, 6.02 X 10^23

The frequency of any harmonic is equal to ____________

n×(fundamental frequency)

Piages stage: sensorimotor

object permanence - knowing that an object still exists, even if it is hidden. EX: toy under blanket, baby knows its still there

equilibrium ex's Also: solve problems by setting forces = to each other and solve for unknown variables

object rest = static equillibrium obj moving at constate velocity - dynamic Net force = 0 accec = 0

Obligate aerobe vs facultative aerobe Which one are you?

obligate aerobes - MUST use aerobic res can't survive w/o Oxygen. obligate anaerobes - MUST use anaerobic respiration Can't survive w/ oxygen present. "Facultative" - will use any aerobic/anaerobic res depending on situation Facultative anaerobes prefer anaerobic facultative aerobes prefer aerobic.

ring flip

occurs in cyclohexane (unsub) when one chair to another axial --> equitorial

Chromosomal inversion

occurs when a chromosomes reattaches to its original, but in reverse direction

Good Continuation (Gestalt)

occurs when the eye is compelled to move through one object and continue to another object.

Beat frequency

occurs when two waves with close to the same frequency interfere

(H-NMR) An atom must have either an ____ atomic number or an ___ mass number to register on an NMR (aka MRI) Ex: Which of the following will NOT be detected by MRI machine? H, oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine

odd, odd Oxygen, has even mass It is the transition of a nucleus from "with" the fie ld to "against it" that resonates with the radio energy creating an absorbance

Matrix (Mitochondria)

on the inside (think Neo)

opponent-process theory

one emotion is experienced, the other is suppressed. ex: drug initially produces pleasurable feelings, but then a negative emotional experience occurs. Eventually, the drug user takes drugs not for their pleasurable effects, but to avoid withdrawal symptoms.

waxes (hydrophobic)

one f.a. linked to an alcohol; functions as a waterproof coating on many biological surfaces such as apples and other fruits.

β-tubulin

one of the monomeric globular proteins which associate to form the dimer, α,β-tubulin, the basis of microfilaments.

sequential move game

one player takes an action before another player. second mover observes the action of the first player before moving

intuition

one's "gut feeling" based on previous experience, mental set

role of culture in attribution

one's culture will impact the kinds of attributions one is most likely to make

emotion

one's mood, feelings, and reactions to circumstances

Whats another way to call an immature egg?

oocyte

How does temperature and vapor pressure impact solubility of gas in liquid?

opposite from S to L: ↑ temp will ↓ solubility why? ↓ temp will ↑ solubility ↑ VP of gas X over a liquid ↑ solutibility of gas X in that liquid

How to calculate number of isomers?

optically active stereo isomers = 2^n n = # of chiral center

stages of Freud's theory of psychosexual development

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvOoYX45G_0

Confounding variables

outside thing that affects the variables being studied. Ex: placebo effect

Directional hypothesis

p > α, we CANNOT reject H0 p < 0.05 or α, reject H0. H0 is statistically significant

Nondirectional hypothesis

p > α/2 we CANNOT reject H0 p < α/2, reject H0

pH levels in mitochondria

pH cyto = 7.4 pH matrix = 7.7 pH IMM = 6.8

half equivalence point

pH=pKa because there's equal amounts of acid and base

Henderson Hasselbalch equation

pH=pka+log[base/acid] Used in titration based problems that relates the pH or pOH of a solution to the pK and the ratio of the dissociated species.

hardy weinberg equation

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 p + q = 1 DIf from real life. How? 1. Large population 2. NO mutation, immigration/emigration 3. Random mating 5. NO natural selection The terms p and q NEVER refer to a number or fraction of individuals— they do NOT refer to genotypes. Rather, p and q refer to the percentage of each allele present as a fraction of all of the alleles in the population. The term p2 represents the fraction of individuals who have the homozygous dominant genotype (TT). The term q2 represents the fraction of individuals with the homozygous recessive genotype (tt). The term 2pq represents the fraction of individuals with the heterozygous genotype (Tt). In other words, p and q represent the fractions of p and q alleles in the population. The terms q2, 2pq, and q2 all represent fractions of individuals with each possible genotype

visual cortex

part of the occipital lobe responsible for processing visual stimuli

Men's reproductive system

penis- excretes & ejaculates thru urethra testicles - make, nurture, & store sperm scrotum - thick skin surrounds your balls keeps temp at 35C Sperm-haploid gametes. seminiferous tubules - makes sperm epididymis - nurture, matured & stored until ejaculation.

arousal theory (motivation)

people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and mental activation. ex:final exam weeks in college. You want to get out of school and relax BUT then you get bored and want to come back to school

Berkson's Fallacy

people in study are LESS HEALTHY than the general population

healthy user bias

people in study are healthier than the general population

self-selection bias

people in study choose to participate or NOT, determine the level of involvement EX: surveys

Demand characteristics

people see "interpret" the experiments purpose & influence the outcome by changing behavior

foot-in-door phenomenon

people who agree 1st to small request are more likely to agree to a bigger one.

Is gastrin a peptide or steroid? Where would its receptor be located?

peptide hormone →soluble in blood, w/o carrier molecule →needs membrane recptor, can't dissolve non-polar of plasma membrane.

thinking

perceive stimuli, encode it, and store the info for later use

Self-serving bias

person attributes personal successes to internal factors and personal failures to external factors

alertness

person is awake, conscious, and capable of processing info. neural pathway = reticular formation of the brain stem stimulates the prefrontal cortex to maintain alertness (loss of reticular function=COMA!!!!!!!!!

Phosphoryl group transfers

phosphate is transferred onto another molecule, NOT released as Pi Ex: glycolysis

Whats neuroplasticity?

physical changes seen in brain

Long term memory is always the result of _____ changes, where short term memories are suspected to be the result of __________ changes

physical, chemical

Work is + or - chemistry vs physics

physics-if F & displacement go in same direction = work is positive (e.g., pushing a barbell up). If F & d are in opposite directions = work is negative (e.g., lowering a barbell). In physics & chemistry - work done on system = + Work done by system = -

Cannon-Bard

physiological arousal and emotional experience occur at the same time. Fear is felt at the same time sympathetic NS kicks in.

physiological experience

physiological changes in HR, BP, breathing, and skin temp in the individual experiencing the emotion ex: mad you get hot

Asparagine, Asn, N

polar uncharged CNS homeostasis (emotion)

LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE

polar solutes are soluble in polar solvents, non w/ non polar

Polygenic vs pleiotropy

polygenic - many genes give 1 phenotype. Pleiotropy - 1 gene, many phenotypes

hydrolysis of glycosidic linkage

polymer(n)+H₂O→Polymer(n-1)+monomer

The joints formed by muscles & bones in body are Exs of hinegs w/ a ________ lever system which are a mechanical ___________

pooor; disadvantage

Does a Galvanic cell have a (+) or (-) Voltage V ?

positive

Gram POsitive vs gram negative bacteria

positive - thick cell wall, single cell membrane, stain purple, From endospores (sleep & don't have sex) Negative - thin cell wall, 2 cell memrbaes, DON"T make endospore, stain pink

+ vs =- controls

positive control - group given a treatment with a known outcome negative control - group that does not receive any condition or treatment,

Differences in level of detail

positive memories usually include more accompanying detail compared to negative memories

Positive vs. negative recall

positive remembered/retained more easily, unless you have depression older adults show a stronger recall bias for positive vs. negative memories (i.e. good ol' days)

processes that contribute to prejudice

power, prestige, class

Serial-position effect

presentation order/positioning impact recall see also primacy effect and recency effect

Primary vs secondary response

primary - 1st time exposed & react to pathogen. lasts 10 days, have symptoms secondary - exposed to same pathogen 2nd time. STarts super fast 1 - 2 days. proliferates faster

Protein structures

primary: a.a. sequence secondary: alpha-helice & Beta sheets tertiary: geometric, 3-D folding of secondary Quaternary: multiple folded proteins into a multi-subunit complex EX: HEMOGLOBIN

classic games

prisoner dilemma, hawk-dove game

managing stress

problem solving approach, emotional approach (see it in a good way)

situational modification

problem solving experiences from past can be used to solve new problems

Age related Memory changes

procedural/semantic = Stable Overall mem - declines working mem - declines real bad

Phagocytosis

process in which phagocytes engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debris

liver

produces bile, stores glucose for immediate use by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses.

The Ion product a.k.a solubility product

product > ksp = precipitate will form product < or = Ksp then NO precipitate product = Ksp solution is saturated

trypsin & chymotrypsin function?

protease - cuts protein at specific a.a. sequence

What are some general functions of bone?

protect, mineral storage, regular blood mineral concentration, make RBC

The stomach is the first site of _______ digestion

protein

What is a conjugated protein a.k.a holoenzyme?

protein has cofactors

What is a simple protein a.k.a apoenzyme?

protein w/ only a.a. NO cofactors or prosthetic groups

SDS page is used for what?

proteins; denatures & puts a (-) charge to separate according to mass

Positron emission

proton changed to a neutron

positron emission

proton is changed into a neutron via expulsion of a positron

metal-affinity chromatography

purifies a protein with an affinity tag ex: HIS-tag would bind to Ni2+

Sublimation in lab?

purify substance by exposing it to very low temp & pressure, collect condensate on a cold finger

schemas

put info in categories and relate them to each. people notice things that fit into their schema more.

(Equation) Specific Heat Capacity

q=mc∆T

dimers are ex of ________; What do silent mutation do?

quaternary structure; nothing, don't cause a.a. change

Correlation coefficient

r^2 a measure of correlation 1.0 = perfect correlation

Decibel system

ranks intensity of sound according to human hearing range. j Ex: sound 10X more intense is rated as 10 decibels higher Ex; sound 100X more intense is 20 decibels higher Ex: sound 1000X is 30 decibels higher

REM sleep

rapid eye moemnt, occurs between other stages, 1st REM are short , longest before waking up MOST VIVID DREAMS OCCUR HERE

Stronger semantic connections fire more _________ than weak semantic connections

rapidly

source monitoring errors

recall erros in which the source of the memory is inaccurately identified, sometimes called source amnesia;;;;;occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source

dispersion a.k.a refraction

red light bends the least, and violet light bends the most

Inflammatory response, what are some signs?

redness, heat, pain, swelling, lose function injury or bacteria invade, (macrophages, mast cells & dendritic cells) activate & release histamines/leukotriens/prostaglandin →↑ blood flow, create heat & redness. ↑ permeability of veins & lymph vessels → swelling"edema" → pain

How do you differentiate between a reducing and non reducing sugar?

reducing - have aldehyde non-reducing - no aldehyde

semi-discontinuous

refers to how DNA must use okazaki fragments to synthesize lagging strand

When waves pass between mediums the frequency NEVER changes.

reflector is "ideal" there should be no loss of energy or intensity to the wave as it bounces off the reflector.

Amides

relace "oic" w/ "amide" Ex: benzoic acid → benzamide Very stable, carbonyl are unreactive

attitude influences behavior

remove outside world, attitude will guide behavior. Stronger attitude --> stronger & faster it wil determine behavior

What are some way to separate compounds better in extraction? remember ; polar (aqueous) & non-polar (organic)

repeat; fractional extraction Add acid to protonate product (adds formal charge and increases solubility in the aqueous layer) Add base to deprotonate product (abstract protons to create a negatively charged species—with the identical impact upon solubility)

hydrophobicity

repel water; hydrophobic stuff are nonpolar and cannot H bond to water

(Naming inorganic molecules) Monoatomic

replace last syllable with "-ide"

Equipotential lines

represent areas of = voltage (electrical potential)

base rate fallacy

representativeness heuristics are used in error. individuals fail to take into account general information when dealing with specific cases. l belief that statistics don't apply in a situation, but they do ex; Only 6% of applicants make it into this school, but my son is brilliant! They are certainly going to accept him!

γ-tubulin

required for microtubule nucleation and located in the centrosomes.

controlled processing

requires attention EX: first driving a car

explicit memory (declarative)

requires conscious, intentional recall

Experimenter bias

researcher introduces errors in a study due to the expecations he has. Ex: confirmation bias - listen to what you want, ignore things you don't Reporting bias - report certain things, leave out other things

Observer bias

researchers know the goal of the study and influence their observations

eosinophil

respond to parasitic infenction. release granules w/ peroxidase or killer enzymes.

sleep

rest and reduced consciousness circadian rhythms Cortisol high - awake cortisol low - sleep pineal gland releases melatonin when dark

alertness with a brain region, THINK: Reticular Formation

reticular formation communicates with the thalamus and cerebral cortex to regulate what information comes to our consciousness and regulates states of consciousness such as alertness and sleep.

when you see Gluconeogenesis, THINK: gluconeogenesis = LIVER, fasting, need to increase blood sugar

revere of glycolysis. pyruvate → glucose

(UV Spec) The greater the degree of conjugation, the farther to the _______ the species will absorb.

right (i.e. at a higher wavelength)

Layers of the retina

rods, cones, bipolar cells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve fibers

Working memory is the primary memory limitation to problem solving

rote memory is associated with recall of facts,

syntax

rules of grammar or sentences.

How many "rooms" are there in s, p, d, f orbitals?

s has 1 room (2 e-) p has 3 rooms (6 e-) d has 5 rooms (10e-) f has 7 rooms (14e-) each room has 2 e- .

Automatic spreading activation

said to occur when the primer is a (insert category name) and the target is an example within that category

In Voltaic cell(galvanic), what is the function of salt bridge?

salt bridge has ions like in this pic NO3 & K+ that neutralize the buildup of charge and allow electron flow to happen. that is from lower to higher reduc. potent.

bond dissociation energy

same as bond energy

What is an Electrolytic cell? what are the signs on anode/cathode? Is cell potential (-) or (+)?

same as galvanic but elecs flow opposite direction & external voltage is applied (+) anode = Oxidation (-) cathode = Reduction species w/ lower reduction potential will be REDUCED! E°cell or cell potential is ALWAYS --- Negative external voltage (Vbattery) + (-) cell potential E°cell = +++++

isomer

same formula but different structures.

stereoisomers

same mol. form. and connectivity but different in 3-d. Stereoisomers include geometric isomers, diastereomers, enantiomers, conformational isomers, and meso compounds.

structural isomer

same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.

Concave mirror

same rules as converging lenses

convex mirror

same rules as diverging lenses

Gas chromatograph GC

sample vaporizable & computer does analysis Those with the lowest bp/polar elute first, followed sequentially by those with higher boiling points. least polar substance passing thru the stationary phase first

Berkson's fallacy

sampling bias that results from selecting both the observed and control population from a hospital setting control could be different outside

Smooth muscle is not arranged in ___________

sarcomeres

Saturated vs unsaturated fats

saturated - no d.b. unsaturated - has d.b.

Newton's third law

says that the force of object 1 on object 2 is ALWAYS equal and opposite to the force of object 2 on object 1

What are goblet cells, what do they secrete?

secrete mucous found in intestines & respiratory tract

attachment types

secure, ambivalent, avoidant, disorganized

shaping (operant conditioning)

securing desired behaviour through reinforcement of it and of behaviours leading up to it

confirmation bias

seek info that agrees w/ our view and care less about outside stuff that contradicts ex: see bernie as cool president, F*** trump

When you see "cell mediated" think ____ When you see "humoral" think _________

self-attack of diseased cells antibodies & primary/secondary response

When sperm are ejaculated, seminal vescle, prostate gland, & bulbourethral gland all secrete stuff? What do they secrete and why?

seminal vesicles = fructose & alkaline make semen basic. Alakine - helps neutralize the acidic environment of vagina. Fructose - gives nutrients to sperm. vas deferens = proteases prostate gland = secretions protect sperm, live longer. bulbourethral glands (a.k.a., Cowper's glands)= secretes "pre-ejaculate" that lubricates and neutralizes any acidic urine in the urethra before arrival of semen. Semen = sperm + fluids

Jose Luis walks into a club and there is lots of music and people screaming but then he finds a girl and starts talking to her. At this moment he no longer hears loud music of screams . Why?

sensory habituation

How does extraction work?

separate 2 stuff, uses 2 liquids, polar (aqueous) & non-polar (organic) Target molecule needs to have diffe solubility in 2 solvents

What is the function of digestion?

separate food molecules from each other (physical) & break them up into singles for absorption (chemical) → energy, carbon & a.a.

Gravity filtration

separate solid from a liquid by passing it through fluted filtration paper (increases filtration area)

Whats distillation?

seperate liquids based on differences in their boiliing points BP; lowest BP vaporizes 1st & is collected as distillate.

temperature vs reaction rate

sharp decline is associated with the temperature at which the enzymes begin to be denatured.

(H-NMR) NMR differences are caused by the degree to which each nucleus is _________ by neighboring hydrogens.

shielded

Hoffmann Degradation ___________ the length of the carbon chain, what is converted to what?

shortens cuz of decarboxylation 1⁰ amides react good w/ Cl₂ or Br₂ to make 1⁰ amines

Superconductor

shows 00000 resistance to e- flow

Gabriel synthesis avoids the ______________ of alkyl amine synthesis What does it form? from what?

side products; Form 1⁰ amine from 1⁰ alkyl halide Phthalimide (full (-) N on ring) attacks alkyl halide via SN2

(Trends) Families of elements are ________.

similar

simple vs vacuum vs fractional distillation?

simple - BPs are >25C apart vaccum; lowest BP > 125 C helps to lower BP & work it better Fractional disstilation ; Bps are <25 apart

(Bond strength and length) stability

single > double > triple

plietropy

single genes can affect multiple characteristics

Whats the difference between a single unit "unitary" or "visceral compared to a multi-unit smooth muscle types?

single-unit, innervated by a single nerve and contract simultaneously as a single group. most common smooth muscle unit in most organs & blood vessels, etcs A multi-unit innervated by multiple nerves & doesn't act as a single unit. more precise control , RARE Ex: aorta, retina

emotion and the autonomic nervous system (ANS): Physiological merkers of emotion

skin temperature (low=fear, high=anger), skin conductivity (gen SNS stimulation) HR (high=anger, fear, low=happiness) BP (high=anger, fear, sadness, happiness)

examples of areas that practice innate immunity

skin, stomach acid, enzymes in mucous and saliva, digestive enzymes, blood chemicals, fevers, inflammation, and macrophages

sommambulism

sleepwalking

dementia

slowly losing thinking ability and memory

Think of non-metals as...

small atoms w TIGHT held electrons. lower melting points than metals, form covalent bonds w/ nonmetals

dyad

smallest possible group, tend to be emotional and unstable; dissolves if one person leaves

terpene (hydrophobic)

smell strong

Human ear anatomy

so heres the functions: The ext. aud. canal funnels sound waves into the ear and cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate. The three ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) move because of the vibration of the tympanic membrane. The stapes actually presses into the oval window of the cochlea. Inner hair cells along the basilar membrane of the fluid-filled cochlea are distended as a result, and this is transduced into neural impulses that travel to the brain for processing.

STORY TIME!!!! yupii, digestion story

so you eat a burger 1st mouth breaks it up & mixes w/ saliva with α-amylase enzyme which begins carbs digestion & lubrication for easy swallowing. 2nd pharnx ensures bolus goes to esophagus or larynx thats all it does (no digestion or addition) 3rd epiglottis(cartilage) folds over the larynx to prevent food from going down the wind pipe. 4th esophagus uses peristalsis(smooth muscle contration) to push down bolus to stomach (NO digestion or addition). 5th bolus passes cardiac sphincter into stomach where physical dig. continous. In stomach, chief cells secrete pepsinogen → pepsin due to acidic pH=2. Parietal secrete HCL → pH=2. THou acidic, stomach protects itself from it w/ mucus coating. Pepsin catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins. Then chyme(1/2digested) passesthe pyloric sphincter and into upper part of small int. a.ka duodenum The common bile & pancreatic duct both dump into the duodenum. so duodenum receives bile from the liver/gallbladder & bicarbonate & 6 digestive enzymes from pancreas 1. trypsin (protein), 2. chymotrypsin (protein) 3. pancreatic amylase (carbohydrates) 4. lipase (fats) 5. ribonuclease (RNA) 6. deoxyribonuclease (DNA) bicarbonate pH2 → 6 necessary for 6 enzyme to function. chyme moves to jejunum then ileium. duodenum - digestion, jejunum/ileium - absoprtion of food NOT water SI has villi which ↑ surface area for absoption Each villi have microvilli, villi have blood vessel & single lymph vessel a.k.a lacteal. Fats enter lacteal while carbs/proteins enter blood vessel ileum → large intestine (ABSORBS water & vitamins. LI a.k.a colon has ascending, transverse, & descending, sigmoid colon. . Bacteria in colon secrete vitamin K, thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamin B12. rectum - stores shit

misinformation effect

so you have an accident and bust out wrong info;;;;; A memory-distortion in which a person's existing memories can be altered if the person is exposed to misleading information. ex; if asked about a car crash.. if ? says "smashed' vs "bumped" people who heard smashed would think broken windows, or worse accident

Recrystallization is what?

solid product is separated from solvent, it can be dissolved in a hot solvent to purify it; solvent cools, product will precipitate out, leaving impurities behind

Ksp

solubility product constant 1. leave out pure liquids & solids 2. TEMP is the ONLY thing that changes this!!! 3. can only be seen in SATURATED solution. cuz its in equillibirum

definitions of solute, solvent, & solution

solution - homogenous mixture of 2 or more compounds in same phase Solute is dissolved in solvent

What is the difference between specific heat capacity & heat capacity?

specific heat capacity - J/Kg/°C Heat capacity - J/C°

Acquired immunity

specific to one virus, bacteria, or other pathogen (humoral and cell mediated) B cell produce ONLY 1 antibody, which recgonize & bind to ONLY 1 antigen. if it binds it will differentiate into a PLASMA cell & MEMORY B Cell.

metastasis

spread of cancer or tumor from 1 part of body to another

the maximum _______friction force will always be greater than the ______ friction force.... If a conjugated double bond system gets longer, what will happen to wave length of visible light?

static; kinetic; it will get longer

Ion-Exchange chromatography

stationary phase is coated w/ cations or anions. mixture is passed and opposite charged ions stick to it. Use salt to remove target that are stuck

Research method: quantitative vs qualitative

statistically or mathematically based; narrative or words based on . Mixed method is both

elements of social interaction

status, role, social group, networks, organizations

amphetamine, cocaine, ecstacy

stimulate CNS, feel euphoria (super excited) super energitic. Inc. Heart & respiratory rates = acute stress response Amphetamine & cocaine act as agonists of the monoamine NT effects dopamine activity; research interest. Block reuptake of dopamine from synapse but amphetamine causes additional release of dopamine into the synapse.

Memory

storage, retrieval of information

Capacitors

store energy & charge, by holding elec. on plates

Gallbladder

stores/conc bile, but does NOT produce it bile is made in liver

cardiac muscle; is it striated? how many nucleus? volutnary or involuntary?

striated, 1 nucleus, involuntary Same sliding filament as Skeletal muscle

skeletal muscle

striated, multinucleated, voluntary

5 features of carbonyls

stronger than alkenes 1) Partial + charge on carbonyl carbon - electrophile 2) α-H 3) e⁻ donating/withdrawing groups greatly affect reactivity of C=O with a nucleophile ; donating - decrease reactivity withdrawing - increase reactivity 4) Steric hindrance decreases reactivity 5) Planar stereochemistry (sp²)

H-bonds

strongest intermolecular attraction, also encourages folding and stabilizes folded protein

Rough ER

studded with protein-manufacturing ribosomes giving it a "rough" appearance. forms large double membrane sheets that are located near, and continuous with, the outer layer of the nuclear envelope. works in concert with the Golgi complex to target new proteins to their proper destinations.

morphology

studies the structure of words. ex: In language, you study how prefixes and suffixes added to a word change its meaning.

semantics

study of meaning in language.For example, "destination" and "last stop" technically mean the same thing, but students of semantics analyze their subtle shades of meaning.

subjective experience (cognitive resonance) how does it relate to mood?

subjective interpretation of mood or feeling experienced by individual Ex: the pain of a headache

components of emotion

subjective, physicological, behavioral

Consequences of operant conditioning

subjects voluntary choose to perform or avoid a behavior because they associate it with a positive or negative consequence

COOH, amides, esters, and anhydrides undergo nucleophilic _____________

substitution

cataplexy

sudden periods of muscle paralysis where person remains fully conscious & aware

State-dependent learning

superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in the same physiological or psychological state as it was during encoding

state-dependent learning

superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in the same physiological or psychological state as it was during encoding

ovulation requires a ______ in hormone levels, while menstruation requires ___________

surge, decline

Secondary quantum number

symbol = l; tells which sublevel the electron is on and determines the shape of the orbital; sublevels are repetitively numbered and also lettered

Principle quantum number

symbolized by n, indicates the main energy level occupied by the electron

Symmetry (Gestalt)

symmetrical components will tend to group together

On an organism level, what stores more glycogen , Liver or skeletal muscle tissue? why?

tMuscle... there is more muscle tissue than liver tissue

(Equation) tair (time spent in air)

tair=2V/g (ONLY with round trip times)

(Influence of social factors on identity formation) role-taking

take a social role ex: "cops and robbers" game or "put yourself in their shoes"

Taste pathways

taste buds, brain stem, taste center in the thalamus

autocrine

term for hormones that act on same cells that secrete them

When you see the following, think equilibrium :

terminal velocity, constant velocity, objects at rest, balanced fulcrums/tension, buoyancy

t-test or Z-test

test statistic result of t test compared to a table of values to achieve a "p" value

Tertiary structure. What 6 interactions make this possible?

the 3-D shape of entire protein. 1. H bonding 2. disulfide bonds (2 cystein) EX: covalent bonds 3. hydrophobic/phillic interaction EX: intermolecular repulsion 4. Salt bridges - charge,charge interaction between a.a. acids 5. Van der wall like steric hindrance 6. Proline turns

Specific heat capacity

the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature OF ONE GRAM OF SUBSTANCE by one degree celcius

The doppler effect

the apparent change in the frequency of a wave caused by relative velocity between the source and the observer. The greaver the v = relative velocity, the greater teh shift in f or λ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h4OnBYrbCjY

Piages stage: concrete operational

the beginning of operational thought - child can work things out in their head (rather than physically. and conservation task - volume, math ex: 2 glasses 1-6 in 1-3 in. fill up 3 in w/ orange juice and dump it in 6 in.. ask "which has more" if they say same. they hit this stage.

extinction (operant conditioning)

the behavior stops when consequences stop (the child stops making good grades since there is no reward)

Archimedes principle

the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object

limited expressivity, how does it relate to disease?

the case in which various individuals all have the same genotype AND all of them have the disease phenotype (i.e., 100% penetrance), but individuals are impacted in varying degrees

mendelian ratio

the characteristics dominant-to-recessive phenotypic ratios that Mendel observed in his genetics experiments. For ex, the F2 generation in a monohybrid cross shows a ratio of 3:1; the F2 generation in a dihybrid cross shows a ratio of 9:3:3:1

Cellular junction

the connection between neighboring cells; holds cells together

test cross

the crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype

Internal energy

the energy associated with the random, disordered motion of molecules. usually in atomic/molecular scale. Ex: cup of water at molecular has a bunch of random motion of molecules. change this --> change temp

Bond energy

the energy required to break a chemical bond and form neutral isolated atoms

f1 generation

the first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms

In mass spectrometry, which fragment will hit last?

the fragment with the highest mass/charge ratio.

heat of combustion

the higher the energy of molecule (esss stable) the MORE the heat of combusion

Sound-proof booths are usually constructed of thick glass. Sound cannot be heard outside of the booth primarily because:

the intensity of the sound waves is decreased below the threshold of hearing due to reflection of sound waves off of the glass

Molecular cloning

the isolation and incorporation of a fragment of DNA into a vector where it can be replicated

3rd law of thermodynamics

the law that states that in order for motion to stop we have to reach absolute zero

difference threshold

the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference. (Also called just noticeable difference or jnd.)

whats dextrorotary?

the position of a drug molecule when light passes through it is bent to the RIGHT (clockwise) + or D

Biological predispositions

the presumed hereditary readiness of humans to learn certain skills, such as how to use language, or a readiness to behave in particular ways - LIMIT on the applicability of associate learning

combustion of alkane

the smaller the ring the more heat of combus. cuz its less stable. smaller boat - less stable - combust more. more ring strain is less stable

How does mass spectrometry work?

the species is first bombarded with energy breaking it into charged, ionized fragments. It is then accelerated down a curved tube through a magnetic field. Each fragment has a different mass to charge ration and is thus accelerated by the magnetic field to a different degree. At a given field strength, only one or very few fragments will hit the detector. The field strength must be varied to make sure each species hits the detector The external magnetic field is increased from very low to very high

coding strand

the strand of DNA that is not used for transcription and is identical in sequence to mRNA, except it contains uracil instead of thymine

anti-coding strand

the strand of DNA that the Poly reads. Opposite of the RNA transcript

phonology

the study of pronounciation

Spacing effect

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

familiarity effect

the tendency of people to prefer a stimulus the more familiar they are with it

attribution

the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition

lock and key theory

the unchanged substrate is stabilized, not the transition state

Visuospatial sketchpad

the visuospatial sketchpad is an element of working memory, and thus only retains information for 20-30 seconds.

psychological construction model of emotional expression

theoretical entities, or concepts, that enable one to discuss something that cannot be seen, touched, or measured directly

THINK OF BATTERIES AS: Electron pumps that push electrons onto the negative terminal of the battery.

this will push e- to + terminal Batteries cause a seperation in charge

When you see "average force " on the MCAT, it is a dead give away that it will be dealing with work (W = Favgdcos0).

to think of power a s P = ΔE/t (change in energy/time = power

asch conformity study

took something that was non-ambiguous; asked people to look at 3 lines and identify which line was the longest. when people did it individually, they said right answer. when the individuals were in groups, people conformed and said the wrong answer because everyone else in the group was saying it

the board is "perfectly balanced." Whenever you see this on the MCAT, you know the net torque must be zero.

torque/fulcrum/pivot point situations, if there is no rotation, there is NO NET TO RQUE

indicator traits

traits that provide information to members of the opposite sex about the health or fitness of the bearer

Auditory pathway

transmission pathway of an auditory impulse, in order, from the hair cells to the auditory cortex pinna -> auditory canal -> tympanic membrane -> ossicles -> oval window -> cochlea -> hair cells -> auditory nerve -> brain (auditory cortex, temporal lobe)

olfactory pathways

transmission pathway of an olfactory impulse, in order from the olfactory epithelium to higher-order brain centers (olfactory sensory neurons (epithelium), olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I), olfatory bulb (forebrain), higher-order brain centers (var: amygdala, hippocampus, orbitofronal cortex)

Esterification forms _________________ What can you do to get higher yield?

triacylglycerides ; use anhydride

approaches to problem solving

trial and error, algorithms, heuristics, intuition, deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning

(Bond strength and length) length

triple > double > single

(Bond strength and length) bond strength

triple, double, single

true-false effect

true statements are verified more quickly that false statements are negated

what is eugenics?

try to improve genetic make up in human race by preventing birth or killing stupid ones "bad genes" ex: spartans threw away babys who were dumb EX: hitler killed dumb people

polymorphisms

two or more versions of the same enzyme caused by single base mutation in DNA. Amino acid change in enzyme, enzyme function changes. Appear in certain ethnic groups. Impact pharmacotherapeutics.

constructive interference

two waves combine to make a wave with a larger amplitude IN PHASE

destructive interference

two waves combine to make a wave with a smaller amplitude : OUT OF PHASE

middle ear

tympanic membrane, malleus (inner), incus (lateral), stapes (medial)

Concentration cell

type of galvanic cell, (+E°→(-)G°→spontaneous) when 2 containers, same solution or same species w/ diff concentrations meaning HAVE SAME reduction potential. = one species is used so its both reduced/oxidized Use Nernst equation(picture) to calculate cell potential (E) under non-standard conditions E = E° - (.06/n) X log (products/reactants) n = moles of electrons transferred Ex: Fe3+ (aq) goes to Fe(s) = 3) E° = 0 for a conc. cell

Physiological response to chronic stress

ulcers, decreased immune system increased risk of heart disease, high blood pressure

automatic processing

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

automatic vs. controlled processing

unconscious vs ordered, conscious, and deliberate

2. W = fdcosθ or Favg = W/d what is the units = ?

units of work are: Joules = N*m or kg*m2/s2 when F & D same direction = 0 degrees F& D point opposite = 180 F& D are perpendicular = 90

Conservation of charge

universe ALWAYS has 0 net charge.

C6H5

unsatured w/ double bond

UV spectroscopy

use UV radiation on a molecule, e-s will absord it & "excite" to the next highest energy level. This is recorded on UV spectrum involves electron excitement.

Affinity chromatography

use salt to remove target

Representative Heuristic

use stereotypes to make decision/judgment

Availability heuristic

use the easiest solution to make a decision or judgement EX: see on tv shark attacks, you think their common. Go to beach, don't want to swim cuz of shark attack.

Ethonography

used by social scientists to get an in-depth and detailed explanation through a variety of observations through participating in various cultural events or settings.

Agarose Gel electrophoresis

used for DNA

root mean square current

used to get the average of current of (AC). the with out this you just get 0 so pay $0

implicit memory is an unconscious encoding of an emotion experience with an event,

using observational methods does not inherently make a study flawed.

good vaccine targets for bacteria and viruses should be membrane proteins, so that antibodies in the bloodstream can access the protein and form an immune response to them.

vaccines can be developed against bacteria

Female reproductive anatomy

vagina = birth canal & exit period cervix = allows exchange of fluids, dilates in child birth uterus = receives fertilized egg via implantation & nourishes develop. fetus. Uterine wall contractions are stimulated by oxytocin , eases childbirth. fallopian tubes = transport egg from ovary to uterus. Fertilization occurs here. ovariesare = release ova (eggs) on a regular 28-day cycle (on average). Secrete Estrogen & progesterone .

menopause symptoms

vaginal dryness, hot flashes, irregular or amenorrhea (abscence of menstruation), atrophy of breast tissue

root mean squared voltage

value of direct voltage that gives the same power output as the average power output of an A/C power supply.

Muscle tissue

vary with function and location 1) skeletal/striated (voluntary), 2) smooth muscle (involuntary, intestinal, or veinous), 3) cardiac muscle (involuntary, semi-striated)

bacteriophage

virus that affects bacteria

7 senses

vision, hearing, somatosensation (touch, texture, pressure, vibration, pain, stretching, temperature), taste, smell, kinesthetic, vestibular

three types of encoding

visual, acoustic, semantic

If a disease inhibits the function or large intestine what will happen?

vitamin deficiency, diarrhea/constipation (too little or too much water absorption)

volatile vs nonvolatile

volatile - compound is easily vaporize on room temperature EX: alcohol non-volatile - compound is not easily vaporize on room temperature eg; water, Salt, silver nitrate

There is a ______________ across any resistor when current passes through it.

voltage drop

Resistors - there is ALWAYS ___________ across any resisotr when current passes through it

voltage drop; current thru parallel resisotrs is ALWAYS inversely w/ resistance EX: one resistor has 2x resistance; it will get 1/2 current

THINK OF IDEAL GAS MOLECULES AS HAVING: NO _____ & NO _____ & ________ energy

volume; intermolecular forces; conserved energy all collisions of gas particles are perfectly elastic, random - energy is conserved

night terrors (pavor nocturnus)

wake up terrified; unlike nightmares, occur during Stage3- 4 sleep, symp: screaming, suddenly sit up, hyperstimulation of SNS

solvation layer

water surrounds a dissolved protein. if protein is hydrophobic --> water becomes more ordered --> dec. entropy. If its hydrophillic --> increase entropy --> contribute overall stability of folded protein

Closure (Gestalt)

we fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object - circle and triangle and pacman examples

synaptic pruning

weakest synapses are destroyed and the strongest (most used) get stronger;;;;A process whereby the synaptic connections in the brain that are frequently used are preserved, and those that are not are lost.

Alkenes are _____ electron ______ group?

weakly, withdrawing

What is gastrulation?

week 2, cells migrate to form 3 germ layers

What is neuralation?

week 3, notochords forms from mesoderm & makes ectoderm become neural plate →neural tube→spinal cord

overconfidence bias

were convinced we are right even thou we are wrong ex: convinced juan stole your money but it wan't juan thou

chromosomal deletion

when a portion of a chromosome breaks off

Social loafing

when you work in a group you do less crap

simultaneous move game

where players make their decisions at the same time as other players without knowing what choices the other players have made

Social similarity

widespread tendency for people to hire and promote persons similar to themselves

α-tubulin

with β-tubulins contributes to the heterodimer tubulin, the building blocks of the electron microscopically visible cell components, the microtubules.

resonance

withdrawal of electrons though p orbital overlap with neighboring pi bonds

examples of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

work hard to not get fired - extrinsic studying for the mcat - intrinsic volunteer and hope to get a job - both reading book - intrinsic

Information bias

wrong recordings

(Equation) Young's double slit experiment

x=λL/d x - distance between fringes λ - of light used d-distance between 2 slits L - distance between the "double slit" & final screen Constructive interference explains the light bands and destructive interference explains the dark bands , has nothing to do with refraction smallλ = more light & dark bands larger λ = less light & dark bands

Is acid a protein denaturing agent?

yes

Are amines capable of hydrogen bonding?

yes,

door in the face technique

you deny 1st offer but may accept 2nd EX: ?1 "may you buy this for a million bucks" ...no ?2 "can you buy coke" ... yes

expectancy value theory

you will put in more effort if you know you have a chance of success and reward is valuable

Piages stage: preoperational

young children are able to think about things symbolically. Imagination, start conversations

cocktail party effect

your focused on one thing but then something pop up and changes your attention ex: talking at party and someone out there says "iram"

(Influence of groups on identity formation) group membership

your group strongly shapes your identity ex: religion, ethnicity.

mental set

your usual way of thinking when it comes down to solving certain stuff.

Whenever you read "reduction potentials" "electrochemsitry" what equation should come into mind?

ΔG = -nFE n - # of moles of e-s transferred F-Faraday's constant E - emf of cell

Fundamental thermodynamic relation KNOW THIS WITH YOUR BRAIN

ΔG = ΔH - T ΔS "good honey taste sweet" +∆H +∆S Spontan. High T non- spontan. = low Temp -∆H -∆S spon = low T, non-spon = High T +∆H -∆S = + G Non-spon. at all T -∆H +∆S = -G Spon at all T

What is the formula for osmotic pressure?

Π= iMRT

Significance level (α)

α = 0.05, 0.01, 0.001 p < 0.05 means we're 95% confident that the results are actual/real rather than the result of random chance

(Equation) harmonic

λ=2L/n (string or pipe with matching ends, both nodes or both antinodes) Gives all harmonics n =1,2,3 λ=4L/n (one node and one anti-node, i.e. pipe open at one end only) gives only odd harmonics n = 1,3,5

(Equation) Osmotic pressure

π=iMRT M - solute in molaRITY, R-gas constant T - absolute temp More solute , more osmotic pressure. Water will go to higher osmotic pressure

Resistance

ρ-resistivity, L - length, A - cross-sec area (temperature dependence) - start at room temp, an inc. in temp → linear inc. in ρ .....ONLY way (resistance between two elements in a circuit are considered to be perfect conductors; R=0)

(Equation) Boiling Point elevation. How do you inc. BP?

↑ BP when you ad NON VOLATILE solute Ex: spaghetti & salt, add salt it cooks faster ∆T=kb m i kb - constant m - moLALITY not molarity i - # of ions formed per molecule Ex: Nacl - 2 Cacl2 - 3

Terminal velocity is the highest velocity attainable by an object as it falls through air. has 0 acceleration

↑ area = ↑terminal velocity

How does temperature, addition of volatie/nonvolatile impact vapor pressure? THINK of people and party

↑ temperature↑ vapor pressure. why? molecules go to gas phase Addition of a non-volatile solute & volatile ↓ vapor pressure. why? it covers exit ports on liquid layer. both have less VP, if they have more than solvent then it will ↑

How does plate area? plate thickness? distance bet. plates? strength of the dielectric & voltage? affect capacitance

↑plate area = ↑ capacitance why? more room to store e-'s ↑plate thickness no effect on C ↑distance = ↓ C ↑ stren. of dielectric = ↑ C ↑ V = ↑Q = no inc. C

(Equation) ∆E=_+_

∆E=W+Q

(equation) ∆G

∆G=∆G°' + RT×ln(Q) R- (8 J/mol/K or .08 L*atm/mol K ) T- temp Q - reaction quotient ∆G°' - fixed, unchangeable value ∆G - variable

(equation) ∆G°'

∆G°'=-RT×ln(Kεq)

(Equation) Relationship b/w Gibbs free energy and chemical energy

∆G°= -nFE° n = moles of elecs transferred in reaction F = faradays constant (+E°→(-)G°→spontaneous) happens in electron transport chain of human body, concentration cell (-E°→(+)G°→non-spontaneous) E° = (E°)reduced +oxidation reversed sign of (E°)

∆Hformation

∆Hformation is the heat formed from stable components.

Elements in standard state have ∆Hformation=_____

∆Hformation=0

(Equation) Fnet

∑F₁₂=∑F₂₁

Sin 45

√2/2 (0.7)

cos 45

√2/2 (0.7)

cos 30

√3/2 (0.9)

sin 60

√3/2 (0.9)