ALL MCAT flash cards!!
Esters
"-oate" ending H bond recipients NOT donors
Krebs cycle; Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle; citric acid cycle Know where the CO2 are made & released NADH ATP etc
"A CIK Sounds So Fuc*** MO"Each cycle makes 1 ATP 3 NADH 1 FADH₂
humoral immunity
"B cell immunity" "antibody-mediated immunity"; invovles B cells
dendritic cells
"antigen presenting cells". eat pathogens & present antigens. WBC, NOT lymphocytes. Can become monocytes.
Type 1 Error
"false positive" is when diagnosticians identify a healthy person as a sick person null hypothesis is true & reject it ex: Null hypothesis (H0): two medications are equally effective. Alternative hypo: two medications are not equally effective. TYpe 1 occurs when researcher rejects null hypothesis and says the 2 medications are different when, in fact, they are not Ex: alarm without a fire
helper T-cells
"help" other immune cells to secrete chemicals, like B-cells & cytotoxic T-cells, to perform their function.
Liver function
"metabolic brain," 1) Produces bile, 2) filters blood, 3) produces blood plasma proteins (albumin, prothrombin, fibrinogen), 4) regualtes a.a. levels, produces cholesterol, lipoproteins and pacakges them for transport (LDL, HDL, etc), 6) glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis
procedural memory
"motor skills" its knowing how to do things like riding a bike, athletes;;;; A type of long-term memory of how to perform different actions and skills. Essentially, it is the memory of how to do certain things. Subset of explicit memory ABSENT REPETITION: long-term (riding a bike)
Ex of inductive reasoning
"people believe dogs are smarter than cats. My dog can play soccer, but my cat can't. So dogs are smarter cats"
heuristics
"rule of thumb" can cause functional fixedness or lack of flexibility ex: eliminate answers that say always
somatosensation
"touch" - touch, texture,pain, pressure, stretching, temperature, and vibration
self-efficacy
"what am i capable of doing?" MY ABILITY
ideal self
"who I wish I could be"
(H-NMR) spin spin splitting
# of peaks - 1 gives you the number of Neighboring H Ex: 3 peaks - 1 = 2n so theres 2 H next to this molecule
Number of rounds of B-Oxidation
# rounds = (# Carbons in FA/2) - 1
Endergonic = ΔG is _______ = non spontaneous Exergonic = ΔG is ________ = spontaneous ATP→ADP→AMP is an example of what? AMP → cAMP is ex of what?
(+) (-) ATP, (-) ∆G°' exergonic AMP, endergonic
Cathode of the Galvanic cell is ____ Anode of a Galvanic cell is _____
(+) - cathode - reduction occurs ALWAYS (-) - anode - oxidation occurs ALWAYS E°cell or cell potential is ALWAYS ++++++positive electrons flow from anode to cathode. (low to high reduction potential) current flows from cathode to anode.
Arginine, Arg, R
(+) charged basic helps in wound healing. constipation
Lysine, Lys, K
(+) charged basic muscle tissue calcium absorption Fights herpes virus
Histidine, His, H
(+) charged basic myelin sheath. helps babys grow
(Coordinate covalent bonds) Metals/Lewis acids are always ___ ions, therefore donor must have a ___________
(+), lone pair
Cathode of the Electrolytic cell is ____ Anode of Electrolytic cell is ____
(-) (+)
Aspartic acid, Asp, D
(-) charged acidic asparagus . promotes enzyme activity
Glutamic acid, Glu, E IMPORTANT Its a Excitatory on NT
(-) charged acidic transports glutamate in blood
All gestalt principles explain some way in which our minds automatically: 1)_____________, 2)______________, and 3)______________.
(1) Group individual parts, (2) organize individual parts, and (3) fill in missing parts
Bioenergetics
(1) The overall flow and transformation of energy in an organism. (2) The study of how energy flows through organisms.
anal stage
(1-3 years) Anus is associated with pleasure. Toilet training can lead to fixation if not handled correctly. Has two outcomes-anal retentive (obsessions with cleanliness, perfection and control) and anal expulsive (messy, disorganized and dirty)
latency stage
(Freud) fourth stage of psychosexual development where sexuality is repressed in the unconscious and children focus on identifying with their same sex parent and interact with same sex peers
oral stage
(Frued) The first sexual and social stage of an infant's development (from about age 0 to 1). erogenous is "get pleasure from" centered around the mouth.
Gibbs free energy
(G) A measure of the spontaneity of a process (-G = spontaneous; +G = nonspontaneous; 0 = equilibrium) ∆G=∆H-T∆S
Destinations of Pyruvate
(PDH complex) → Acetyl-CoA (Lactate Dehydrogenase) → Lactate (Pyruvate Carboxylase) → Oxaloacetate
Net yield of B-oxidation
(Per cycle) FADH₂ NADH₂ Acyl-CoA → Acyl-CoA (minus 2 C) + Acetyl-CoA
Net yield of Glycolysis Who: all life on earth performs glyclolysis Where: the cytoplasm
(Per molec of Glu) 2 ATP (4 ATP produced, 2 ATP required) 2 NADH 2 H⁺ 2 pyruvate Glucose → 2 Pyruvate Per Glu = ~32 ATP
Net yield of Kreb Cycle
(Per molec of Glu) 8 NADH+H⁺ (24 ATP) 2 CO₂ 2 GTP 2 FADH₂ (3 ATP) Acetyl-CoA → Citrate → Oxaloacetate → Citrate → ... Per Glu = ~32 ATP
Net yield of ETC
(Per molec of Glu) NADH → 3 ATP FADH₂ → 2 ATP 3 H⁺ → 1 ATP
(Equation) Power
(THINK IN THIS ORDER. Units=watts or J/s) P=∆E/t P=W/t P=Fdcosθ/t Pi=Fvcosθ USE ONLY for "instantaneous power"
mnemonic
(adj.) relating to or designed to assist the memory; (n.) a device to aid the memory
Weber's Law (Psych/Neuro)
(aka Weber-Fechner law); the minimum JND for a stimulus is directly proportional to the magnitude of the original stimulus - ratio of JND to the magnitude of the original stimulus is a constant for a give stimulus type
Semantic Networks
(aka frame network) A network which represents semantic relations between concepts. This is often used as a form of knowledge representation. Adding context and meaning to what would otherwise be a rote fact. Theory for explaining how our LTM stores concepts and the relationships among them. - LTM is a network of concepts - Each concept is a node - relationship between concepts = line - length of line is inversely proportional to the strength of the association between concepts.
transduction
(genetics) the process of transfering genetic material from one cell to another by a plasmid or bacteriophage
linkage
(genetics) traits that tend to be inherited together as a consequence of an association between their genes
behavior learning
(i.e. conditioning) encoding, storing, and retrieving an implicit (unconscious) procedural memory.
ligase
(join 2 molecules) DNA ligase an enzyme that connects 2 fragments of DNA to make 1 piece; used during DNA replication and recombinant DNA research.
maslow's hierarchy of needs - need based
(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization
hypertonic
(of a solution) having a higher osmotic pressure than a comparison solution
Hypotonic
(of a solution) having a lower osmotic pressure than a comparison solution
mole
(physics and chemistry) the simplest structural unit of an element or compound
energy
(physics) the capacity of a physical system to do work
phallic stage
(psychoanalysis) the third stage in a child's development when awareness of and manipulation of the genitals is supposed to be a primary source of pleasure
Enthalpy
(thermodynamics) a thermodynamic quantity equal to the internal energy of a system plus the product of its volume and pressure
Isotonic
(used of solutions) having the same or equal osmotic pressure
What is Solubility? precipitate? What are the units of solubility?
*Solubility* - how much solute will dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature.measured in either g/mL, g/100mL, or mol/L. *precipitate* - solid stuff formed after a chemical reaction form when: ion product > Ksp (solubility product const.)
What is solvation? Hydration? hydration number? hydrate? anhydrous? aqueous
*Solvation* - solvent molecules surround dissolved ion or solute like a shell . *Hydration* - kind of solvation where water surrounds *Hydration number* - # of water particles can ion can bind to via solvation and help carry solute function. *Hydrate* - inorganic compound where water is permanently attached making crystal structure. *anhydrous* - a compound containing no water. Aqueous - any solution for which water is the solvent.
Phase diagram
*triple point*- 3 states exist in equillibrium, all present . inc. temp here, all become gas *critical point* - anything above this is unknown, becoming supercritical fluid. heat of vaporization = 0 *supercritical fluid* - cannot reverse to become gas or liquid.
To be an electrophile, a molecule must have what charge on it?
+ + ++ + + + + + + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
effects of sleep deprivation
+ correlated with - decreased cognitive functioning, -depression, -multiple chronic diseases (heart disease, high MAP, obesity, diabetes)
IQ correlations
+ correlated with: -high level of parental expectation, -higher SES, (socioeconomic status) -Early educational intervention, -adequate nutrition,
To be a base or nucleophile a molecule must have what charge on it?
- Negative!!! - - - - - - -- - - - - - -
Nervous tissue
- brain and spinal cord - neurons (transmit electric signals), neuroglia (maintenance) - ALL have axon - Sensory input, integration, control of muscles and glads, homeostasis, mental activity
Epithelial tissue
- lines cavities/surfaces of structures - secretion, selective absorption, protection, transcellular transport, detection - NO blood vessels
Mirror neurons
- neurons fire when animals acts or sees the same action performed by another. EMPATHY so you see a sad person you feel sad see someone jump you jump.
Microfilament specifics
-- double helix -- 7 nm -- actin 1* -- flexible and strong, compression and fracture resistant -- cilia and flagella -- mitosis -- organelle transport
Microtubule specifics
-- helical lattice -- 20-25 nm -- Tubulin (αβγ) -- stiff, resist bending -- mitosis, cell transport (kinesin, dyenin), cell structure
∆G°' of ATP hydrolysis = ?
-31 kJ/mol
Approx. Pka for stuff
-COOH group - 2 -R Group, ACIDIC - 4 -R group, His - 6 -NH3+ Group - 9 -R Group, BASIC - 11-12
-∆G vs +∆G in products & reactants?
-G will produce more product +G will proudce more REACTANTS
Ether properties?
-NON-reactive - weak polar, w/ short R groups can be a little soluble in water, -Non-polar suckas are soluble in ether -Low BP (No H-bond) EXCELLENT SOLVENTS why? won't react w/ products or reactants, easily seperated
Hydroxide
-OH
Theories that try to explain dreaming
-Psychoanalytic theory (freud) -Cognitive theory (hall) -Information processing theory -Problem-solving theory -Activation theory
Galton's theory of intelligence
-argued that genetics contributed to intelligence like any gene contributes to physical trait. -Introduced "genetic intelligence" -nature... NOT nurture 1st to: -conducted twin studies -use questionnaire/survey -introduecd "correlation" and calculating stats correlations
crystallized intelligence vs fluid intelligence.
. Crystallized intelligence refers to the knowledge and skills acquired over the lifetime. Measures like verbal and general world knowledge would be most related to crystallized intelligence, fluid intelligence is highly correlated with working memory and processing speed. A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created.
Cytokinesis
..., The final stage of the cell cycle, in which the cell's cytoplasm divides, distributing the organelles into each of the two new cells.
The term "enol" indicates that what is present in molecule?
..both a C=C bond and an -OH group are present..
What are the two rules for action-reaction pairs: hint physics
.1) they must be the same type of force (gravitational, contact, electrical, etc.) and 2) they must act on DIFFERENT objects..
Decimal equivalent: 1/8
.13
Sin 0*
0
cos 90
0
(C¹³-NMR) C-C absorbance
0-50
cos 0
1
estimating square roots: √1
1
sin 90
1
sin²x + cos²x = ?
1
1 Pascal (Pa) =
1 kg/(m·s²) 0.0075 mmHg 0.0075 torr 9.86 x 10^-6 atm
1 torr
1 mmHg 133 Pa 0.0013 atm
meso compound
1 molecule that contains an internal plane of symmetry which cancels out optical activity. Rotates PPL within itself, but has no net rotation of PPL.
1 mmHg
1 torr 133 pascals 0.0013 atm
When to manipulate equations
1) "If X doubles, what happens to Y?" 2) Two trials 3) Data charts 4) Half in the passage, half in the question 5) Ratio between A and B?
Timing (CP, BB, & PsS)
1) 8 minutes per passage 2) 1 minute per question, whether passage based or stand-alone 3) Spend 3 minutes reading and analyzing each passage 4) Always maintain a timing chart 5) Do NOT go over assigned time limit on any question
What do you do when you are asked to predict species that will require the most oxygen to combust?
1) Add 1 for each carbon and subtract .5 for each oxygen (ranking system) he compound with the highest point value requires the greatest number of oxygens
Timing (CAR)
1) Amount of time on each CAR section is determined by the number of questions - 5 questions = 9 minutes - 6 questions = 10 minutes - 7 questions = 11 minutes 2) Spend 1 minute on every CAR questions 3) Spend 4 minutes reading and analyzing every CAR passage 4) Maintain a timing chart
How do you find the limiting reagent?
1) BALANCE EQUATION 2) Convert everything to moles 3) Compare and see which one will run out first, this is your limiting reagent.
Examples of drug types
1) DEPRESSANTS = Alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines 2) STIMULANTS = Amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy. 3) HALUCINAGENS = LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) peyote, mushrooms 4) PAIN KILLERS = Opiates, opioids 5) MARIJUANA = Listed separately because it can be categorized as a stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen based on its various effects
Six CAR skills
1) Main idea 2) Tone 3) Argument 4) The author 5) Contrasting Theories 6) Inference and Logic
Four lens/mirror rules (single lens systems only)
1) Object distances (do) are ALWAYS (+) 2) Image distances (di) OR focal point distances (f) are (+) if they are on the same side as the observer and (-) if they are on theopposite side 3) The observer and object are on the same side for a mirror and on opposite sides for a lens 4) PRI, NVU!!
3 cardinal wave rules
1) Wave speed/velocity is determined by the medium 2) Frequency CANNOT changes when a wave moves from medium to medium 3) Wavelength CAN change when a wave moves from medium to medium
infant brains vs. adult brains
1) approximately the same number of neurons 2) more synapses 3) fewer glial cells
3 ways of increasing genetic variability
1) conjugation 2) transformation 3) transduction
How taxonomists classify
1) embryology 2) Phylogeny 3) Anatomy 4) DNA sequencing 5) Fossils
What are the 3 types of joints?
1) fibrous (skull bones) 2) cartilaginous (ribs to sternum) 3) synovial - knee, elbow
Strength of a contraction depends on the:
1) number of motor units used, 2) size of motor units used, 3) frequency of Act. pot.
Types or repair of DNA?
1) proofreading 2) mismatch repair system 3) base excision via DNA glycocylase 4) Nucleotide excision
3 mechanisms of gener regulation
1) rate of transcription 2) activators and repressors 3) permanent/semi-permanent suppression
Causes of DNA damage
1) spontaneous hydrolysis 2) damage by external chemicals/radiation 3) Mismatched base pairs
THINK Magnetism: same as electricity , with few changes
1. (+) charge → North pole 2. (-) charge → South pole 3. Lines go from N to S
natural selection needs 2 things for it to occur?
1. 1 dude MUST havea polymorphism that provides an evolutionary fitness advantage 2. This advantage MUST reproduce
ALWAYSSS . when you come across a positive or negative reinforcement/punishment you should ask yourself what questions?
1. Are we encouraging(reinforcing) or discouraging(punishing) behavior? 2. Are we adding a stimulus (something object or action) (+) or removing stimulus (-)?
Steps in balancing an equation
1. Balance CHO, C 1st then H, then O 2. balance the number of any remaining elemtns DOUBLE CHECK EVERYTHING
thermoregulation (skin)
1. Blood vessels close to skin surface DILATE → release heat, CONSTRICT → retain heat Ex: Blushing is dilate 2. Contract arrector pili muslces → goose bumps, produce small heat 3. has fat which provides insulation 4. sweating
predicting reactions and products
1. Carbocations - mechanism will go with most stable carbocation. tertiary > secondary > primary 2. Steric hindrance - least one is favored 3. Count your carbons - make sure product has correct # of C.
with negative reinforcement there are 2 reactions what are they
1. Escape learning - person adopts a behavior to reduce or end an unpleasant stimulus Ex: so a slave works hard to not be whipped 2. avoidance learning - subject adopts a behavior to AVOID unpleasant stimulus in future Ex: high school soccer player doesn't show up to practice so has to do sprints all day . next time he will come so he wont do it in the future
8 symptoms of groupthink
1. Illusion of invulnerability, 2.Illusion of morality (unquestioned beliefs), 3.Rationalization 4. Stereotyping 5. Self-Censorship 6. Illusion of Unanimity 7. Pressure to conform 8. Mindguards
What are the 4 types of cell lining in stomach?
1. Mucous Neck Cells 2. Chief cells 3. Parietal cells 4. G- cells 1,2,3 release secretion into gastric pits/stomach lumen 4 release into BLOOD.
What are the 3 cell types found in bone?
1. Osteocytes - become once osteoblast fully enclose by matrix 2. Osteoclasts - Bone breaking, resorb bone matrix, release (Ca++ & P) to blood 3. Osteoblasts - form new bone, secrete collagen, minerals forming bone matrix.
What are 3 destinies that a Pyruvate molecule can have?
1. PDH Complex→ Acetyl-CoA 2. Lactate Dehydrogenase → Lactate (fermetation) 3. Pyruvate decarboxylase → oxaloacetate (1st step of gluconeogenesis)
(Equation) Gravitational Potential energy=?
1. PEgrav=mgh 2. PEgrav=(−)Gmm/r G - gravitation constant, M - mass of the attracting body r- distance between their centers. 2. useful for the calculation of escape velocity, energy to remove from orbit,
2 things explain deviation from ideal gas law behavior, what are they?
1. PV/nRT >1 = Molecular volume assumption 2. PV/nRT <1 = intermolecualr forces assumption
Piaget's stages of child development
1. Sensorimotor 2. Preoperational 3. Concrete operational 4. Formal operational
UV spectroscopy questions: 1. Molecules with what type of bond show low or NO uv absorbance? 2. What type of bonds absorb UV strongly? 3. What type of bond absorbs UV stronger than isolated double or triple bonds? 4. What is the X & Y axis for this spectra?
1. Single bonds ONLY 2. Double < triple, BOTH do 3. Conjugated system (Benzene) > double/triple 4. absorbance vs wavelength
Aldol Condensation, KNOW THIS WIth your heart!
1. base abstracts an alpha H , leaves carbanion which attacks any carbonyl C in solution then oxygen is protonated to form an alcohol
Factors that affect attitude change
1. changing behavior = change atttidue 2. characteristics model: 2a. target: if person receiving message is smarthigh/low self-esteem 2b. source: person delivering message is hot, smart, trustworthy will probably persuade 2c. message: actual message;presentation 2d. cognitive routes: how you approch persuasion like main route=present data or peripheral route = ignore data rely on credibility , 2e. social factors: if attitude change requires rejecting norms = hard to persuaced
three components of attitude toward something
1. cognitive = how you think, 2.affective (emotional) - Feel 3. behavioral - behave toward something
What is needed to make a bad ass real experiment?
1. control vs experiment groups 2. randomly assign subject to either group 3. manipulate variables
4 theories of attitude change
1. learning 2. dissonance 3. Elaboration-Likelyhood 4. Social Cognitive theory
Electron donating or withdrawing?
1. look at atom and check its electronegativity, - = more electro + = less electro 2. atoms w/ + charge WITHDRAW, atoms w/ - charge DONATE 3. H are neither, just forget about them 4. Alkenes are weak e- withdrawing
naming amines
1. name alkane where N is attached ; propane 2. replace e w/ "amine" Ex: propanamine 3. if 2⁰ see pic 4. if 3⁰ or 4⁰ , Add substitution in front of name in alphabetical order W/ N ; N-ethyl-N-methylpropanamine
Whats the smell pathway?
1. olfactory sensory neurons found in upper nasal cavity 2. ol. nerve (cranial nerve I). 3. olf. bulb (forerain 4. higher order brain centers like amygdala, hippocampus etc
What determines vibration frequency in IR spectroscopy? How is it related to a spring ?
1. strength of bond 2. MW of bonded atoms In IR: small atom - high Vibration freq. Large - low vib grequency.
identification
1. you admire someone and try to be like him/her 2. speakers wants connection with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences.
estimating square roots: √2
1.4
mass of neutron
1.67x10^-27 kg
mass of proton
1.67x10^-27 kg
estimating square roots: √3
1.7
(Equation) W=?
1.W=∆Energy 2. W = fdcosθ 3. ∆E = W + Q Think of work in this order
When you see the following, if energy changed THINK WORK 1. 1.W=∆Energy
1.∆velocity 2. ∆height 3. ∆gravity=∆position of object in space 4.∆position of a charge, 5.∆spring compression, 6.∆friction, 7.∆air resistance
Sin 30
1/2
cos 60
1/2
(Equation) (mirror and lens) focal point
1/f=1/di +1/do di - image to mirror or lens distance do - object
Acceleration of gravity=?
10 m/s²
(C¹³-NMR) C=C absorbance
100-150
1 atm
101 325 Pa 760 mmHg 760 torr
bent (sp3)
109.5
tetrahedral bond angle
109.5
trigonal pyramidal
109.5
deci-
10^-1
pico
10^-12
femto
10^-15
centi-
10^-2
milli
10^-3
micro
10^-6
nano
10^-9
deca
10^1
tera
10^12
hecto
10^2
kilo
10^3
mega
10^6
giga
10^9
How many ATP does acetyl-coa make? WHY?
12, Each krebs cycle makes 3 NADH = 9 ATP, 1 FADH2 = 3 ATP, 1 ATP so in total its about 12-13 ATP
bent (sp2)
120
trigonal planar
120
(C¹³-NMR) C=O absorbance
150-200
Embryology: What is morula?
16 cell zygote
linear bond angle
180
3. ∆E = W + Q
1st law of thermodynamics -Work & heat are 2 ways of energy transfer Work - e.t. via force Heat - e.t. via energy flow from hot to cold
Stomach
1st site of PROTEIN digestion. stores food, mixes
alarm stage -
1st stage of GAS,increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system
____ and ____ amides can hydrogen bond ____ bond cannot H bond
1°, 2°; water soluble Tertiary Ex: α helix protein structure. amine H bond w/ carbonl every 4th residue
estimating square roots: √4
2
Net yield of PPP
2 NADPH, 4 Glutathione
telophase 1
2 daughter cells are formed, each daughter cell contains only one chromosome of the homologous pair.
phospholipid (amphipathic)
2 f.a. 1 Phosphate group hydrophilic head hydrophobic tails
How many cycle of TCA are made from 1 glucose molecule?
2 why? well 1 gluclose goes thru glycolysis & makes 2 pyruvate → 2 acetyl coa → 2 cycles
estimating square roots: √5
2.2
estimating square roots: √6
2.4
estimating square roots: √7
2.6
estimating square roots: √8
2.8
resistance stage
2nd stage of GAS, body fights back to deal with stress
estimating square roots: √9
3
self-determination theory -need based
3 basic needs 1. Autonomy "i control my life" 2. Competence "i can do this" 3. related ness "everyone accepts me at parties"
Connective tissue
3 parts: 1) fibers, 2) ground substance, 3) cells - found everywhere: structure, support, connection, fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells, leucytes (All have these but blood and lymph)
estimating square roots: √10
3.15
estimating square roots: √11
3.3
estimating square roots: √12
3.45
estimating square roots: √13
3.6
estimating square roots: √14
3.75
estimating square roots: √15
3.87
Visible light
390-700 nm ROY G BIV
exhaustion stage
3rd stage of GAS, you fail to deal w/ stressor so you get tired
estimating square roots: √16
4
alpha helices
4 residues apart involves H bonding... R groups directed away from center of alpha-helix cylinder
steroid (hydrophobic)
4 rings w/ functional groups sometiems attached
4 processes that aid in encoding memories (order them too)***
4) mnemonics 3) chunking 2) peg-word system 1) method of loci
Ph of lysozyme? ph of stomach? ph of Mouth? ph of duodenum?
5, 2 - HCl 7 - buffer 6 - bicarbonate
(C¹³-NMR) C-O absorbance
50-100
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences
8 kinds of intelligence: 1.visuo-spatial - Designer, engineer 2. bodily kinesthetic - actors, athletes 3. musical - Singer 4.interpersonal - Leaders- organize events 5.intrapersonal-philosopher "understand self pretty good" 6. naturalistic- Biologist, wildlifest 7. linguistic- poets/writers 8. logical-mathematical - Albert Einstein, accountant (IQ only tests linguistic, logical-mathematical)
mass of electron
9.1x10^-31 kg
Wave
::wavelength (unit m) - dist. between crests or troughs. ::period (unit sec) - time for 1 full wavelength to pass a fixed point ::frequency(units = 1/s or Hertz [Hz]) - # waveleng. that pass a point each second. Period and frequency are always inverses of each other. same period =same frequency ::Velocity is m/s. v = fλ. ::Phase - 2 waves same x point but diff amplitudes
Alkene properties?
= bond, nucleophiles, weak e- with drawing. Alkyl (R) groups inc. stability. Alkyl groups same properties
G protein
A GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G protein-coupled receptor, to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell.
missense mutation
A base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.
self-fulfilling prophecy
A belief that leads to its own fulfillment
episodic memory
A category of long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations and experiences. Subset of explicit memory ABSENT REPETITION: depends on level of processing
genetic drift
A change in the gene pool of a population due to chance
recency effect
A characteristic of memory in which recall is particularly good for the last few items in a list.
Covalent
A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule Primarily between nonmetals/metals and nonmetals
Molecular formula
A chemical formula that shows the number and kinds of atoms in a molecule, but not the arrangement of the atoms.
Exons
A coding region of a eukaryotic gene. Exons, which are expressed, are separated from each other by introns.
Korsakoff's Syndrome
A cognitive disorder associated with damage to the hippocampus secondary to severe thiamin (Vitamin B1) deficiency, most often due to chronic alcoholism.
social group
A collection of people who interact with one another and have a certain feeling of unity.
anomie
A condition in which social control becomes ineffective as a result of the loss of shared values and of a sense of purpose in society.
Coordinate covalent bonds
A covalent bond formed from electrons that have been contributed by only one of the two bonded atoms. NEEDS lone pair of electrons!
Meiosis
A form of cell division that halves the number of chromosomes when forming specialized reproductive cells, such as gametes or spores
organization
A group of people who work together to achieve some specific purpose
social norms
A group's expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for its members' attitudes and behaviors.
microtubules
A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella.
Southern blot
A hybridization technique that enables researchers to determine the presence of certain nucleotide sequences in a sample of DNA.
fungi
A kingdom made up of nongreen, eukaryotic organisms that have no means of movement, reproduce by using spores, and get food by breaking down substances in their surroundings and absorbing the nutrients
stigma
A label used to devalue members of certain social groups based on perceived deviance from social norms. (i.e. mental illness)
secondary group
A large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity.
secondary group
A large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity. (i.e. large lecture class)
Membrane receptors
A large, diverse group of integral proteins and glycoproteins that serve as binding sites for signaling molecules.
Cholesterol
A large, ring shaped lipid found in cell membranes. Cholesterol is the precursor for steroid hormones, and is used to manufacture bile salts. - used to increase fluidity of the membrane
triacylglycerol (hydrophobic)
A lipid of 3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; a.k.a fat or triglyceride.
When does liquid boiling occur?
A liquid boils when the vapor pressure of that liquid is equal to atmospheric pressure.
fatty acid (lipid)
A long carbon of 16-18 carbons, at the end has a carboxyl group attached to a hydrocarbon
Flagella
A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules, ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane.
Conductor
A material that allows heat and electricity to pass through it. EX: METAL ; allows flow of electrons through it
Temperature
A measure of how hot or cold something is.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A method of producing thousands of copies of DNA segment using the enzyme DNA polymerase
Cytoskeleton
A microscopic network of actin filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells that gives the cell shape and coherence.
method of loci
A mnemonic technique that involves associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations
Phospholipids
A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.
nonsense mutation
A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.
neutral mutation
A mutation that has no effect on the organism
discrimination
A negative action toward a social group or its members on account of group membership
semantic memory
A network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world. Subset of explicit memory, associative ABSENT REPETITION: depends on level of processing
acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction
interference effects
A new memory that is very similar to an existing one can cause interference
working memory
A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory. ABSENT REPETITION: 10 to 15 seconds, or sometimes up to a minute EX: Go grocery & try to rememebr items
Introns
A non-coding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene
G0
A nondividing state in which a cell has left the cell cycle.
telophase 2
A nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes in each of the 4 new cells.
α decay
A nuclear reaction in which an atom emits an alpha particle consisting of two protons and two neutrons. This decreases the atomic number by 2 and the mass number by 4. Loss of a He nucleus
Nucleus
A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
amnesia
A partial or total loss of memory
Incomplete dominance
A pattern of inheritance in which two alleles, inherited from the parents, are neither dominant nor recessive. The resulting offspring have a phenotype that is a blending of the parental traits.
melatonin is the hormone that helps one fall asleep and stay asleep,
A person who is an expert in their field or expresses their particular belief frequently is less likely to experience cognitive dissonance.
Whats retroactive interference?
A person is getting new memories but this obstructs the old ones
resonance
A phenomenon that occurs when two objects naturally vibrate at the same frequency → louder
virus
A piece of code that is capable of copying itself and typically has a detrimental effect, such as corrupting the system or destroying data
conditioned stimulus
A previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response
extinction
A procedure in which the reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior is discontinued. Also may be used to describe the "process" by which a previously learned behavior disappears as a result of non-reinforcement.
generalization
A process in which the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition
Mitosis
A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by equally allocating replicated chromosomes to each of the daughter nuclei.
Electron capture
A proton is changed into a neutron via capture of an electron
telomeres
A region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at each end of a chromatid, which protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with neighboring chromosomes.
commensalism
A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected
parasitism
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed
mutualism
A relationship between two species in which both species benefit
recognition
A retrieval method in which one must identify present stimuli as HAVING BEEN previously presented
Recall
A retrieval method in which one must reproduce ALL previously presented information
prejudice
A rigid attitude that is based on group membership and predisposes an individual to feel, think or act in a negative way toward another person or group.
Social-Cognitive theory
A school of psychology in the BEHAVIORIST tradition that includes cognitive factors in the explanation and prediction of behavior . Formerly termed social-LEARNING theory.
Plasma membrane
A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells
stereotype threat
A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.
self-concept
A sense of one's identity and personal worth; self-concept=self-schemas+esteem+image+identity+past, present, and future self; MY TOTAL CONCEPTION OF SELF
role
A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
networks
A set of informal and formal social ties that links people to each other.
Primer
A short stretch of RNA with a free 3' end, bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand, that is elongated with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication.
intracellular receptor
A single receptor that binds a ligand inside a cell, such as the receptor for NO, steroid hormones, vitamin D, and thyroid hormones
zero-sum game
A situation in which one person's gain is another's loss
primary group
A small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships
primary group
A small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships (i.e. family)
plasmid
A small, circular section of extra DNA that confers one or more traits to a bacterium and can be reproduced separately from the main bacterial genetic code.
Lysosome
A small, round cell structure containing chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller ones.
triad
A social group with three members; disputes often mediated by third member
ascribed status
A social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics.
achieved status
A social position that a person attains largely through his or her own efforts
Buffer
A solution that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution. WA + WB
Nucleolus
A specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes
recognition sequence
A specific sequence of nucleotides at which a restriction enzyme cleaves a DNA molecule
Neutral stimulus
A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response.
unconditioned stimulus
A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning
conditioned reinforcement
A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as secondary reinforcer EX: token effect.
neurofibrillary tangles
A structural change in the cerebral cortex associated with Alzheimer's disease in which bundles of twisted threads appear that are the product of collapsed neural structures.
proton
A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
neutron
A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
autonomic nervous system
A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. Controls involuntary activity of visceral muscles and internal organs and glands.
Arrhenius base
A substance that increases the concentration of hydroxide ions in aqueous solution.
maintenance rehearsal
A system for remembering involving repeating information to oneself without attempting to find meaning in it
Northern blot
A technique in which RNA fragments, previously separated by gel electrophoresis, are transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane and detected by autoradiography or chemical luminescence.
Western blot
A technique in which proteins, previously separated by gel electrophoresis, are transferred to paper. A specific labeled antibody in generally used to mark the location of a particular protein.
conjugation
A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer.
confirmation bias
A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions
mRNA
A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein.
Apoptosis
A type of cell death in which the cell uses specialized cellular machinery to kill itself
Pinocytosis
A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.
operant conditioning
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. REINFORCEMENT OF VOLUNTARY BEHAVIOR
Observational learning
A type of learning that occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.
Myosin
A type of motor protein that associates into filaments that interact with actin filaments to cause cell contraction. (NOT ACTIN)
Natural killer cell
A type of white blood cell that can kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells; an important component of innate immunity.
Phagosome
A vacuole inside a phagocyte which is created by an infolding of the plasma (cell surface) membrane to engulf a foreign particle. The foreign particle is held inside this.
acrosome
A vesicle at the tip of a sperm cell that helps the sperm penetrate the egg w/ hydrolytic enzymes
dramaturgical approach
A view of social interaction in which people are seen as theatrical performers.
ΔG values are used to predict the direction in which a reaction will proceed. Reactions proceeed in a manner that minimizes: A. free energy B. entropy C. reaction rate D. unfavorable mechanisms
A!!!Reaction directionality can be predicted from the free energy content of the products and the free e nergy contents of the reactants: ΔG' = ΔG' products- ΔG' reactants. When ΔG' is negative, the products contain less free energy than the reactants and the reaction will proceed spontaneously under standard conditions. Whe n ΔG' is positive, the products contain more free energy than the reactants and the reaction will tend to go in the reverse direction under standard conditions. This implies that reaction directionality is accomplished via minimizing free energy (i.e., free energy is negative). Answer B is false because minimizing entropy is NOT energetically favorable; entropy increases are favorable. Answer C is false because it is a kinetic property and is independent of free energy, a thermodynamic property (i.e., very slow reactions can be either spontaneous or non-spontaneous, as can very fast reactons). Answer D is false because maximizing unfavorable mechanism would increase ove ra ll fre e e ne rgy, m a k ing ΔG po sitive .
What can protect a carbonyl from reduction & alchol from oxidation respecvely?
A. HOCH2CH2OH and tosyl chloride
46. If the freezing point depression constant, Kf of a CaCl2 solution is known, what additional information must be provided to calculate the freezing point of the solution? A. The Ksp of CaCl2 (if the solution is saturated), or its molal concentration and the normal freezing point B. Molality of calcium chloride C. The number of ions formed in solution and the normal freezing point D. Molality of calcium chloride and the number of ions formed in solution
A. The Ksp of CaCl2 (if the solution is saturated), or its molal concentration and the normal freezing point
Which of the following best explains why sound waves travel faster under water than through the air?
A. Water is less compressible than air. B. Water is more dense than air. C. Sound waves have a shorter wavelength in water than they do in air. D. Sound waves have a longer wavelength in air than they do in water. Answer: A C and D are false because sound waves have a longer wavelength in water and a SHORTER wavelength in air.
Reduction synthesis of amides→1⁰ amine A. LiAlH4 B. NaBH3CN C. H2 D. catalyst
A. via LiAlH4 only!!
QB name?: "According to the passage, the powers of Li are desireable because they:"
ACCORDING to the passage/author 10
killer (cytotoxic) t-cells "james bond"
ADAPTIVE system, target infected and cancerous versions of the body's own cells and destroy them
42.Which of the following statements is/are true of single lens systems? I. All object distances are positive. II. All images and focal points on the same side of the lens or mirror as the observer are positive. III. All images and focal points on the opposite side of the lens or mirror as the observer are negative. IV. Negative, virtual images are always upright.
ALL ARE TRUE
QB name?: "Which of the following is a logical alternative explanation for freshman weight gain?"
ALTERNATIVE explanation 2
Diverging a.k.a CONCAVE (-)
ALWAYS makes (-)VIRGUAL, UPRIGHT IMAGE
Linkage VERY IMPORTANT
ANYTHING that is difference from the expected ratios or random assortment suggest linkage! EX: dihybrid you should get a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio , monohybrid 3:1. if its not this ITS LINKAGE
Why are acid chlorides so important?
ARe the most reactive of the carboxylic acid derivatives. Why? 1. good withdraw power of Cl 2. Cl is a super good leaving group
QB name?: "Which of the following assumptions is implicit in the author's claim that 'Classical poets were more concerned with quality literature than personal gain?'"
ASSUMPTIONS 4
Examples of inorganic esters (high to low energy)
ATP, GTP, UTP → inorganic triphosphate esters FADH₂, NADH → diphosphate esters FMN, DNA, RNA → monophosphate esters
What is the primary energy currency in body? why?
ATP, phosphoanhydride bonds that connect the P groups are what make ATP an effective energy store for the cell. This type of bond is highly energetic.
Start codon
AUG
(Equation) AW (Apparent weight)
AW=Wactual-FB
Neural plasticity
Ability of the brain to change their experience, both structurally and chemically
parasomnia
Abnormal movements, emotions, during sleep ex: sommambulism & nigh terror
norms
Acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group's members.
Neuromuscular junction
Acetycholine AcH is the ONLYYYY NT used at neuromuscular junctions.
Is Ach used at ganglia or at effector in Sympnersys?
Acetylcholine is used at the ganglionic synapses in the sympathetic nervous system.
short-term memory
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten. ABSENT REPETITION: 10 to 15 seconds, or sometimes up to a minute Ex: get a girls # and forget 2 mint later
Phosphorylation using ATP
Activation/Deactivation of many molecules, enzymes, etc. via phosphorylation or dephosphorylation of molecule Protein Kinase & ATP - phosphorylate Phosphatase - dephosphorylates making Pi
Real image
Actual light at the image EX: image formed in retina
IMPORTANT Efferent (motor) v.s. sensory (afferent) neurons What are interneurons?
Afferent (sensory) - receive sensory signals from sensory cells •Motor (efferent) - carry signals to a muscle or gland to the stimulus •Interneurons - connect affe and eff neurons . 90 % of neurons
Which group makes stronger H bonds, alcohol or amine?
Alcohols because there is a greater difference in electronegativity between O-H , than N-H creates stronger electrostatic attraction
Aldehydes and ketones ______ as H-bond recipients ________ as donors
Aldehydes and ketones CAN ACT as H-bond recipients BUT NOT as donors
Aldehyde & ketone: Physical properties? General characteristics
Alkanes are non-polar so insoluble in water. Aldehydes and ketones can act as H-bond acceptors when dissolved in water, but NOT as H-bond donors MAJOR FUNCTION - ELECTROPHILES Function as lewis acids
AC current
Alternating current; Found in your HOUSE
Stability of COOH derivatives. The better the leaving group the more unstable the acid derivative
Amide > Ester > COOH > Anhydride > Acid Chloride Opposite for leaving groups (best to worst ) -Cl > -NH₂
What is amplitude?
Amplitude is the distance the wave rises above OR below the middle o f the waveform.
Components of Limbic system
Amygdala (emotions, implicit emotional memory) - Thalamus ; relay sensory info to cerebral cortex -Hypothalamus ; regulate temp, sleep, eating, & endocrine - Hippocampus ; explicit emotional memory (aquires memory) - Corpus callosum ; relay info between the 2 parts of brain - Fornix ; connect hypothalamus to cerebellum - Septai Nuclei ; Pleasure, reproduction Cingulate gyrus ; helps regulate emotions and pain, predict & avoid bad consequences
QB name?: "The fallacy of immediacy discussed in paragraph 3 is most likely to be of concern to modern politicians in which of the following circumstances?"
An EXAMPLE of 8
tRNA
An RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA
labeling theory (deviance)
An approach to deviance that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants while others engaged in the same behavior are not
game theory
An approach to evaluating alternative strategies in situations where the outcome of a particular strategy depends on the strategies used by other individuals.
Shallow processing
An approach to memorization that involves focusing on the superficial characteristics of the stimulus, such as the sound of a word or the typeface in which it's printed.
Isotope
An atom with the same number of protons and a different number of neutrons from other atoms of the same element.
Pauli exclusion principle
An atomic orbital may describe at most two electrons, each with opposite spin direction
Gravity
An attractive field that exists between two objects with mass
Resistor
An electrical device that resists the flow of electrical current (electrons) ; impedes flow of electrons through it
β decay
An electron (or positron) emitted during the radioactive decay process. This results after a neutron becomes a proton and an electron (neutron -> e- + proton)
Ligase
An enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single fragment; also called DNA ligase. This enzyme is usedd during DNA replication and is also used in recombinant DNA research.
Primase
An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer.
helicase
An enzyme that unwinds the double helix of DNA and separates the DNA strands in preparation for DNA replication.
hawk-dove game
An evolutionary game where members of the same species or population can breed to follow one of two strategies, Hawk and Dove, and depending on the payoffs, the game between a pair of randomly chosen members can be either a prisoner's dilemma or chicken
adaptive radiation
An evolutionary pattern in which many species evolve from a single ancestral species
(Influence of social factors on identity formation) looking glass self
An image of yourself based on what you believe others think of you JOSE DOES THIS ALL THE TIME
anterograde amnesia
An inability to form new memories. EX: 50 first dates
retrograde amnesia
An inability to retrieve information from one's past.
Long-term potentiation
An increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. - increase in pre-synaptic neurotransmitter bundles - increase in post-synaptic ion channel receptors - increase in gene expression correlated with LTP
Sensitization (learning)
An increased response to a stimulus after the stimulus has been presented multiple times - conceptual opposite of habituation -usually applied to the increasing strength of the response in a biological positive feedback system
Field
An invisible influence capable of exerting a force on a mass or charge
Newton's First Law
An object at rest will stay at rest, an object that is moving will stay moving unless disturbed by an unbalanced force.
Mitochondria
An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.
Golgi apparatus
An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum.
QB name?: "Which of the following scenarios is most analogous to the problems faced by Christian Reformers, as they were discussed in the passage?"
Analogous 3
Desmosomes
Anchoring junctions that prevents cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart; button like thickenings of adjacent plasma membranes connected by fine protein filaments
aggression
Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy. males > females (Test) Hypothalamus and Amygdala
response bias
Anything in a survey design that influences responses.
QB name?: "If the 'Rule of Reciprocity,' as discussed in the passage, is applied to international economic markets, low-income developing nations would most likely react by:"
Apply passage rule 4
elaborative rehearsal
Association of new information with already stored knowledge and analysis of the new information to make it memorable
leaving group
Atoms that can dissociate to form a stable species after accepting electron pairs. Weak bases tend to be good leaving groups.
learning theory of attitude change
Attitudes can be changed by learning (i.e classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational conditioning)
source amnesia
Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined.
stereotypes
Attributions that cover up individual differences and ascribe certain characteristics to an entire group of people
QB name?: "The author would probably advise new home buyers to:"
Author's ADVICE 2
Autism disoder? Steric hindrance favrs ___ over ____
Autism kids are stupid, minimal language skills and is completely withdrawn from others. BOYS are more risk than girlsbasicity over nucleophilicity
taboos
Avoiding or banning customs that must not be broken
avoidance attachment
Avoids mom, doesn't look or care about attention from mom/stranger Adult: doesn't invest in relationsship, has sex w/ diff people
Beta keto acid Which of the following structures will be the first intermediate formed during the base-catalyzed decarboxylation of a beta-keto acid? A. a carbanion; formed by the abstraction of an acidic alpha hydrogen B. a resonance-stabilized carbanion C. an enolate ion; formed via removal of the -R group from the ester D. a carbon dioxide substituted ketone
B
base and conjugate acid
B --> BH+
Which of the following events will create an absorbance peak on an H-NMR spectrum? A. The excitation of an electron to a higher energy level B. A nuclear energy transition C. Intramolecular vibrations D. Variations in the external magnetic field
B It is the transition of a nucleus from "with" the fie ld to "against it" that resonates with the radio energy creating an absorbance
_______________ mature in the bone marrow while _______________migrate to the thymus to mature
B lymphocytes, T- lymphocytes
What percentage of Beta-oxidation of fatty acids involves a REDOX reaction?
B. 50%
krebs cycle question: The conversion of succinate to fumarate during the TCA is NOT accurately described as: A. oxidation B. reduction C. catalysis D. dehydrogenation
B; The conversion of succinate to fumarate is an oxidation reaction catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase. It involves enzyme catalysis and the process of substrate dehydrogenation but not reduction
Peptide bond have double bond character. How does this affect rotation?
BOTH C=O and C-N in peptide bond have DOUBLE bond character so this --> RIGID pep bond so it can't rotate
Father of Social-Learning Theory
Bandura (Bobo doll)
Halogenation of an Aldehyde or Ketone
Base abstracts an α H, leaves carbanion which is attacks a diatomic halogen
Energy levels and photon emission
Because energy levels are quantized, you cannot cause an electron to move up one energy level unless you add the amount of energy equal to the difference between the current energy level and the next energy leve
Anaphase
Begins as the centromeres duplicate themselves allowing each one of the chromatids to separate from it's double. These separated chromatids(new chromosomes) move apart and migrate to the opposite poles of the cell
needs based theory
Behavior is motivated by the drive to satisfy ones urgent needs
cognitive theory
Behavior is motivated by thinking; including plans, goals, expectations, perceptions, and attributions intrinsic - personal, internal, unseen extrinsic - rewards or stimuli
deviance
Behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society
Behavior influences attitude
Behaviors of others impacts our attitude about them
altruism (dictionary)
Behaviors that benefit other people and for which there is no discernable extrinsic reward, recognition, or appreciation.
ethnocentrism
Belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group
cellulose
Beta linked, energy storage in plants, can't be digested in humans
Exampels of proteins:
Binding - hmg, troponing, histones, TF, Immune - antigen, antibodies actin, tubulin, keratin, elastin Myosin, kinesin/dyneins
What can cause a TLC smear?
Blue in pic; too much product used Too big or too small polaritie differences
What re some tissue of immune system? hint B. S. T. LN
Bone Marrow spleen thymus lymph nodes
Catalyst & Enzyme
Both increase rate of reaction by lowering act. energy Both can be reused enzyme - specific (huge impact) catalyst - universal (don't impact so much)
Top-down vs bottom up processing?
Bottom up is when you get individual pieces together and make a complete thing out of it like a whole of it. Ex: image with a bunch of black dots top down - uses cognitive factors that influence the way things are processed Ex: when you see the dog in the black dots. SCHEMAS have to do with this.
central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
Glycogen & Starch
Branched, alpha linked, both energy storage glycogen - animals starch: plant
Hydrolysis
Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
hybridization
Breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms
Carnitine shuttle
Brings fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane and into the matrix
(Valence) bonds an atom normally makes - C, N, O, F
C = tetravalent N = trivalent O = divalent F = monovalent
C vs H NMR
C NMR: all peaks are singles, no integration (area under) Same as H NMR except 0 to 220 pPm 220 is downfiled = deshielded 0 = upfield - shielded
Which interaction does NOT contribute to the tertiary level of protein folding? A. Proline turns B. Covalent bonds C. Alpha helices D. Intermolecular repulsions
C, alpha helices, is responsible for secondary structure
Which of the following pairs gives the most reactive and least reactive of the acyl derivatives, respectively? A. amides and acyl chlorides B. amides and anhydrides C. acyl chlorides and amides D. anhydrides and amides
C. acyl chlorides and amides NH2- is the worst leaving group, therefore amides are the most stable and least reactive. Chloride ion is the best of the leaving groups so acyl chlorides are the most reactive
(IR) Carbonyl
C=O 1700 cm⁻¹
(Equation) Capacitance
C=Q/V
(IR) saturated Alkane
CH 2800 cm⁻¹ sharp, deep alkane is fully reduced, alkane is neither an electrophile or a nucleophile.
Cyanide
CN⁻
Cardiac output=?
CO=stroke volume * heart rate
QB name?: "Based on passage information about intelligence, it is reasonable to conclude that:"
CONCLUSIONS 8
Systematic judgments
CONSCIOUS determination of the source based on intentional logical evaluation of the details remembered
(IR) Carboxylic Acid
COOH 3000 cm⁻¹ broad, overlaps CH
When adding or subtracting carbons, always _____________
COUNT THE CARBONS,
Carbonate
CO₃ ²⁻
1.5 moles of NaCl vs 1.25 moles of CaCl2 which will have lower freezing point.?
Cacl2 cuz 1.25 x 3 = 3.75 nacl cuz 1.5 x 2 - 3
How do parathyroid & calcitonin homone play a role in bone & minerals?
Calcitonin "calcium in"- stimulate osteoblast (use up ca++ from blood) so ↓ blood Ca++. Parathyroid - stimulates osteoclast, break bone, release Ca++ into blood so ↑ blood CA++.
hydrophilicity
Can bond with water through H bonds, loves water
carcinogens
Cancer causing agents
oncogenes
Cancer causing genes
IMPORTANT!!! ALl compounds w/ this will make it INSOLUBLE!
Carbonate (CO₃ ²⁻) , Phosphate (PO₄ ³⁻), Silver (Ag), Mercury (Hg), & lead (Pb)
Formic acid
Carbox. acids have VERY high Boiling p. w/o long alkyl cihan, their soluble in water can be soluble in non-polar solvents like chloroform due to no net dipole
disorganized attachment
Caregiver is abusive. child is confused Adult: bad relations, jus tthe worst
What is the diff between an enzyme and catalyst? are all catalyst enzyme? are all enzymes catalyst?
Catalyst basically change rate of reaction by lowering activation energy THEY DO NOOOOOT chagne Keq, enthalpy, entropy, gibbs free energy, and other thermodynamic crap Enzymes is a biological catalyst NOOOO all catalyst are enzymes is wrong YESS enzymes are catalyst
Telophase
Cell finishes dividing, chromosomes lengthen and become thinner, nuclear membrane reappears, cytoplasm gets divided up evenly
What is pluripotent?
Cells can become any type of cell in body EXCEPT extraembryonic. Ex: undifferentiated embryonic stem cells
Endocytosis
Cellular uptake of biological molecules and particulate matter via formation of new vesicles from the plasma membrane.
Center of gravity=?
Center of mass
Center of buoyancy=?
Center of mass of the fluid displaced by the submerged object (NOT at the center of mass of the submerged object itself)
interneuron
Central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs
Canon-Bard theory proposes that physiological arousal and emotion occur at the same time
Central route uses facts & stats, Peripheral route of attitude change uses credibility sources ex: professional
anaphase 2
Centromere divides; sister chromatids separate; happens in two cells at once
metaphase 2
Centromeres of chromosomes line up randomly at the equator of each cell.
Metaphase
Centromeres of duplicated chromosomes are aligned at plate. Fully formed spindle attach to the sister chromatids from opposite poles
sphingolipids (amphipathic)
Ceramides, or lipid material, that are natural part of the intercellular cement. Glycosphingolipids and phospholipids are also natural lipids found in the barrier layer
What part of brain deals w/ automated processing or automated motor learning?
Cerebellum ex: MESSI and soccer . he mastered it
reliance on central traits
Characteristics same as you and what you like (attractiveness, height, weight...)
Paracrine
Chemical messengers that are used locally
ambivalent attachment
Child: mom is not always responding, CANNOT be comforted by stranger or when mom returns ADULT: Devastated by break up and always worried
anaphase 1
Chromatids remain attached at their centromere's as the spindle fibers move the homologous chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell; the homologous chromosomes are separated.
prophase 2
Chromatin shortens to chromosomes, spindle appears, nuclear membane disappears; happens in two cells at once
metaphase 1
Chromosome centromeres attach to spindle fibers. Homologous chromosomes line up at the equator.
Prophase
Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms, centrioles move to opposite sides of cell
prophase 1
Chromosomes become visible; nuclear envelope breaks down; crossing-over occurs.
Hypochlorite
ClO-
Perchlorate
ClO4-
Chlorite
ClO₂⁻
Chlorate
ClO₃⁻
Field lines
Closer lines = stronger field lines further apart = weaker field Current flows from + to - e- flow from - to + or less e-s
Ranking of acid derivative leaving groups (best to worst)
Cl⁻ > ⁻OCOR > ⁻OH > ⁻OR > ⁻NH₂
(Equation) Cmass (Center of mass)
Cmass=(r1m1+r2m2+...+rnmn)/mtotal
gene pool
Combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population
chunking
Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short-term memory.
oxidation of primary alcohol can give you what as products?
Common oxidizing agents include: O3, Cr2O7, CrO4, KMnO4, Jones, Collins, PCC, PDC, etc
role strain
Condition in which the roles of a single status are inconsistent or conflicting.
mosaicism
Condition of an individual who has at least two cell lines with differing karyotypes
Classical conditioning
Conditioning process in which an originally neutral stimulus, by repeated pairing with a stimulus that normally elicits a response, comes to elicit a similar or even identical response; aka Pavlovian conditioning INSTINCTUAL RESPONSES
Mean +/- error margin = ?
Confidence interval
role conflict
Conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses
QB name?: "The author argues that capital impact punishment is immoral for society because it repeats the same evil perpetuated by the assailant. In his other writings, the author states that "For every crime there must be a just and equal punishment." Taken together, these two statements suggest that:"
Considered TOGETHER 3
Indicators
Contain a dye that changes colour depending on the pH
Peroxisome
Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals
What 2 hormones does the corpus luteum secrete? What are their function
Corpus luteum secretes estrogen & progesterone → prepares 4 implantation NO FERTILIZATION, Corpus L. degrades. YES FERTILIZATION, Corpus L. continues to secrete est. & prog. to maintain pregnancy
Good electrolytes
Covalent compounds that dissociate 100% in water, such as strong acids and strong base EX: IOnic compounds that are soluble in water
2 electrolytic cells. 1 w/ CuSO₄ 1 w/ FeSO₄ salt solutions both at cathode. .62V is required to force reaction at cathode in CuSO₄ v.s. .95V in FeSO₄ Which of the 2 will have higher reduction potential?
Cu²+ has higher reduction potential than Fe+ Why? Because the iron solution requires MORE voltage to force reduction, iron cations must have the lower reduction potential
aromatic
Cyclocompounds with alternating double bonds (4n+2)
(IR) Nitrile, what number does it pop out in?
C≡N 2200 cm⁻¹ sharp, deep
Reduction synthesis of imines→1⁰ amine Reduction synthesis of nitrile group→1⁰ amine Reduction synthesis of nitro group→1⁰ amine what reagents are needed? A. LiAlH4 B. BaBH4 C. H2/Catalyst w/ pressure D. all of the above
D. all of the above, LiAlH4, NaBH4, H2/catalyst w/ presure With Nitro you can also use metal in HCl M + HCl M = Fe, Zn, Sn
Which factor has the greatest effect on boiling point? A. branching B. intramolecular forces C. molecular weight D. intermolecular forces
D. intermolecular forces, most powerful influence in determining boiling point is hydrogen bonding, which is an intermolecular force
Fractional distillation is similar to traditional distillation, but involves a column packed with small beads, glass shards, or other materials. The most likely purpose of adding these materials to the column is: A. to lower the boiling point of the least volatile liquid in the mixture B. to raise the boiling point of the least volatile liquid in the mixture C. to increase the surface area available for reaction D. to cause condensation of the component with the higher boiling point
D; Answer A & Bis false because beads don't change BP. The beads only provide extra surface area for condensation to occur and do not react. The component of the mixture with the lower boiling point will be well above its boiling point and thus will not condense. The vapor, however, will still contain a few of molecules of the component with the lower boiling point . These will easily condense on the beads and fall back into the flask; this is exact ly what answer D says.
(Equation, constants) D (Density)
D=m/V Dh2o=1000 kg/m³ or 1 g/cm³
What vitamins in body are fat soluble?
DAKE (harder to get rid of), the rest are water soluble
stage four sleep
DEEP sleep, "delta sleep" EEG has very slow Delta waves
DNA replication
DNA unzips into two parts and splits with the cell. In it's new home each side of the DNA strand attack to matching nucleotides to create 2 exact copies. It is important in puberty and other times of growth as it is the reproducing of your cells.
(Add. of amines to Carbonyls) 3° amines yield ____________ why?
DO NOT REACT Tertiary amines are not good nucleophiles because they are too sterically hindered
spaced repetiton (Do's and don't's)
DO use intelligent timing, continual review DONT cram, one and done
1st overtone ____ 1st harmonic
DOES NOT EQUAL
menstruation ________ ovulation
DOES NOT EQUAL
QB name?: "As used in the passage, the term ad hominum most likely means:"
Define a term or phrase 2
Delicate vs Gross movements in motor units?
Delicate is very small motro units Gross - large motro units
Immune system cells
Dentric cell can become a monocyte
bidirectional
Describes a mechanism of DNA replication in which two replication forks move in opposite directions away from the same origin of replication.
Cross-sectional study
Descriptive (not longitudinal nor experimental); Analyzes participants at a specific point in time. Used to describe absolute and relative risks from prevalences. (i.e. census surveys) A survey of the U.S. population to determine the current prevalence of a disease; A study examines blood pressure among those with incomes above $100K/year and those below $100K.
epimers
Diastereomers that differ at only 1 chiral center Ex: glucose and galactose
DC current
Direct Current; literally direct. Found in cars or anything with BATTERY
Speed
Distance travelled per unit time
Two amines, aniline and ethylamine, are best separated by which of the following techniques? A. thin layer chromatography B. extraction C. mass spectroscopy D. distillation
Distillation
somatic nervous system
Division of the PNS that controls the body's skeletal muscles.
ex of deductive reasoning
Dr. visits all horses in city, theyre brown therefore all horses in U.S.A. are brown
Halo effect
Drawing a general impression of an individual on the basis of a single characteristic.
Instinctive drift
During operant learning, the tendency for an organism to revert to instinctive behavior. - LIMIT on the applicability of associate learning
The large intestine also absorbs some vitamins produced by beneficial symbiotic ___________ What type of inter-species relationship does it represent?
E. Coli Mutualism ; both participants benefit. bacteria consume food in our intestines and produces vitamins we absorb
(Equation) Energy of a photon
E=hf h-plankcs constant ALWAYS GIVEN c- speed of light
basicity
EDG increase basicity, while EWG decrease basicity.
Alderfers...ERG (Existence, Relatedness and Growth) theory - need based
ERG theory puts Maslow's needs into 3 categories: 1. existence needs, 2. relatedness needs, 3. growth needs. Maslows happens in order while ERG doesn't
functional fixedness
EX of mental set. you use an objective only for its purpose and don't think of it in other uses ex: -using magazines as a table for lamp, -using newspaper as umbrella -knife as screwdriver
schemas examples
EX: how to be a successful student at school. Take notes, ask ?s, review notes. EX in kids: 4 leg animal and is harry is a "dog" Can be bad if sees a goat cuz they think its a dog.
epimer
EX: of diastereomers
Pancreas
EXOCRINE role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. ENDOCRINE role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.
Law of Independent assortment
Each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently of the members of other pairs so the results are random
Bonding/Antibonding
Eanti>Ebond Bonding -> e- in phase, attractive Antibonding -> e- out of phase, repulsive
Lewis acid
Electron pair acceptor
lewis base
Electron pair donor
electrophiles
Electron-loving (positive charge, functional group that can easily be displaced or released)
the bigger the differ in ____ of 2 atoms in bond, the more ___ the bond will be
Electronegativity, polar. So C=O > reactive than C=N because O is more electronegative
Noble Gases
Elements in group 18 of the periodic table. Have no charge and are gases under normal conditions (inert). Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, Radon
Halogens
Elements of group 17. Have a charge of -1. Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine. Form compounds with sodium in the form NaX.
When you see LIMBIC SYSTEM THINK: Limbic System =
Emotion and Motivation
social support
Emotional, material, or informational assistance provided by other people
collectivist culture
Emphasizes community, collaboration, shared interest, harmony, the public good, and avoiding embarrassment
law of conservation of energy
Energy in an ISOLATED system is ALWAYS conserved. Matter is not created nor destroyed in any chemical or physical change;
radiation
Energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles.
testing effect
Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning TEST+LEARN --> REHEARSE
epigenetic
Environmental factors that can switch expression of genes on or off eg. light, nutrition, temperature, presence of other species
Episodic vs source memory
Episodic memory has to do with ?s like what did I do last Friday night? where was I when twin towers fell? Source memory - who told me about twin towers falling? where did I learn about weed? like alain haha
Acid base equilibrium
Eq favors transfer of proton from stronger acid to stronger base (to form weaker acid and weaker base)
(Z score)*(SD) = ?
Error margin
Essential vs non essential a.a.
Essential - Body can't make Non-essential - Body can make
saponificaiton is what?
Ester → alcohol + acid salt
In Menstrual cycle, what is an example of positive feedback?
Estrogen & LH surge for ovulation
2nd law of thermodynamics
Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.
belief perseverance
Evidence clearly contradicts our view/belief but we still view or believe it. Don't change. ex: study shows trump will make great america again, but we still say F**** trump
Passive immunity is immunity generated when one receives antibodies from some outside source.
Ex: receiving an injection of antibodies. NOT vaccine or infection
Explicit vs implicit memory
Explicit memory - aka declarative needs CONSCIOUS, INTENTIONAL RECALL. Implicit memory - automatic, UNCONSCIOUS recall
sanctions
Expressions of approval or disapproval given to people for upholding or violating norms.
(Equation) Fgrav (Force of gravity, space)
F=Gm1m2/r²
(Trends) Size
F=kq1q2/r² Larger atoms are better at stabilizing charge. They don't form pi bonds and d-orbitals can contain more e-
(Equation) F (Force)
F=ma
(Equation) F (down inclined plane)
F=mgsinθ
(Equation) Magnetism
F=qvBsinθ force will be at a maximum when theta is 90 degrees theta is either 0 or 180 degrees the force will be zero θ - angle between V & B B-magnetic field Units of B = N*s/c8m or Kg/A*s²
(Equation) Freezing Point depression
FB is depressed when a NON VOLATILE solute (salt) is added Ex: ice road & salt, needs lower temp to freeze ∆T=kf*m*i ∆T is the change in freezing point of the solvent, kf - constant m - moLALITY not molarity i - # of ions formed per molecule Ex: Nacl - 2 Cacl2 - 3
(Equation) FB (Buoyant force)
FB=ρVg
(-) Charge = electrons (+) Charge = fewer electrons
FORGET ABOUT Positrons & Protons when it comes to circutis, electricity, current, etc
Menstrual cycle
FSH - matures ovum & follicle in ovary. LH - stimulates cells in ovaries to secrete ESTROGEN which tells uterine wall to proliferate & prepare for potential pregnancy. Also stimulates Surge of LH which triggers ovulation & develop corupus luteum. Corpus luteum secretes estrogen & progesterone → prepares 4 implantation NO FERTILIZATION, Corpus L. degrades. YES FERTILIZATION, Corpus L. continues to secrete est. & prog. to maintain pregnancy
Where does fertilization occur?
Fallopian tubes
If voltage increases and current remains stable, resistance will increase. T/F
False. Resistance is a permanent quality of the resistor itself (R=ρL/A)
agents of socialization
Family, mass media, peers, workplace, (religion, school, and government)
Fatty acids & glycogen differ in that?
Fatty acids are more reduced & more energy rich (cuz of its carbons)
ketogenesis
Fatty acids break down to make ketone = Ketogenesis (starvation) No carbs, low glucose. makes acetyl coA --> TCA occurs in the liver.
sensory bias & women these days?
Females have preference for certain trait and then males develop exaggeration of that trait
pragmatics
Field of study that emphasizes how language is used in specific situations to accomplish goals -ability to use language appropriately in any given social context.
G2
Final preparation phase. Cell checks for DNA errors and begins to form centrosomes. (Prepares for Mitosis)
microvilli
Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane of apical epithelial cells, increase surface area, aid in absorbtion, exist on every moist epithelia, but most dense in small intestine and kidney
villi
Fingerlike extensions of wall of Small Intes. that increase the surface area for absorption
encoding
First stage of the memory process; in it information is transformed or coded (a transduction process) into a form that can be processed further and stored
formula for kinetic friction?
Fk = μkmg
(Equation) Fs (Kinetic friction)
Fk=μkFn Fk=μkmgcosθ
(Equation) (lever) Fm=?
Fm=mg(L1/L2) Fm - force needed to do work w/ machine
(Equation) (ramp) Fm=?
Fm=mg(h/d) h- heigh of ramp d- distance along hypotenuse Fm - force needed to do work w/ machine
(Equation) (hydraulic lifts) Fm=?
Fm=mg(h1/h2) F = mg (A1/A2) h - distance traveled by large plunger & small plunger (respectively) A - cross-sectional areas of SMALL & larger plunger respectively
(Equation) (pulleys) Fm=?
Fm=mg/(# of ropes DIRECTLY lifting mass) Fm - force needed to do work w/ machine
(Equation) Fn (Normal force on an inclined plane)
Fn=mgcosθ
Newton's Third Law
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. ΣF12=ΣF21
Gamma (γ) emission
Form of radioactive decay that occurs when an unstable nucleus emits extremely high frequency electromagnetic radiation
Ionic
Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
∆G what does it represent? Is ΔG = 0 at equilibrium?
Free energy change as some present, NON-standard set of conditions. Can be measured anywhere, at any time during a reaction ΔG is not associated with standard conditions. ΔG can be calculated for a reaction at any point in time for any concentration of products and/or reactants. Yes, ΔG = 0 at equilibrium
∆G°' Does ΔG°' = 0 represent equilibrium?
Free energy change as standard physiological conditions, pH=7 Fixed, unchangeable value . ΔG°' = 0 does not represent equilibrium (-)ΔG°' so reactants free energy > products Thus run reaction towards products is favored
∆G°
Free energy change as standard set of conditions: 25 C, 1 atm, and [1M] of all species In the body, this is almost never the case
IMM (Mitochondria)
Freely permeable to small molecules [these molec in IMM] = [these molec in cytosol]
harmonic
Frequencies that are multiples of fundamental frequency.
psychoanalytic theory
Freud Dreams are an expression of our unconscious desires, thoughts, motivations. a way to virtually fullfil our wishes
genital stage
Freud's last stage of personality development, from the onset of puberty through adulthood, during which the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface (at puberty) and are often resolved during adolescence).
equilibrium means no acceleration, which means a constant velocity.
Friction should be thought of as opposing sliding.
(Equation) Fs (Static friction)
Fs=μsFn Fs=μsmgcosθ
(Equation) Fsp (Force of spring)
Fsp=kΔx
niche
Full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions
Post-translational modification
Further process of a newly translated primary protein structure into its secondary & tertiary structures (& sometimes even a quaternary structure) needed to make it fully functional
Net yield of gluconeogenesis
GDP, CO₂, 2 ADP, 3Pi, NAD⁺ Pyruvate → (Oxaloacetate) → Glucose
wobble
GGG to GGC doesn't change a.a. cuz of wobble
Galactose metabolism
Galactose → Glucose-1-P → Glucose-6-P G -1-P → G-6-P via phosphoglucomutase
Which of the following is spontaneous, galvanic or electrolytic?
Galvanic cell
Theories of intellegence
Garder "8 smarts" Galton "Nature, NOT nurture, Eugenics" Spearman = General intelligence Binet - Binet-simon Intellegence scale
Theories of identity development
Gender, moral, social, psychosexual, social
point mutation
Gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides.
tumor suppressor geners
Genes that code for proteins that monitor and check cell cycle progression. When these genes mutate, tumor suppressor proteins lose normal function
mcdonaldization
George Ritzer's term describing the spread of bureaucratic rationalization and the accompanying increases in efficiency and dehumanization.
endocrine
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
What are some examples of protein folding?
Globule - fully folded (R group on surface are polar or charged) Molten globule - partially loaded Molten - Fully unfolded a.k.a denautre
Which intermediate interconnects the metabolic pathways of glycolysis & pentose phosphaste pathway?
Glucose - 6- phosphate
What amino acid is involved with Long term potentiation? What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system? SSRI or serotonion/selective reuptake inhibitor are used for what? What are collectives
Glutamate - LTP..... GABA 1* Inhb NT .... Antidepressants. unplanned, temporary group (i.e. crowds and masses) which may result in social change
What are the approx & to mass of glycogen in liver & skeletal muscle tissues, respectively? A. 10% to 90% C. 10% & 2 %
Glycogen is mostly found in the liver, where it can account for up to 10% of liver mass, as well as in the skeletal muscle where it accounts for only about 2% of the skeletal muscle mass.
Questions regarding skeletal muscle: S.M. Store this sugar in large amounts? Required a lot of O₂ so they have what molecule to store oxygen? In what phase are S.M. cells frozen ?
Glycogen; Myoglobin - holds 1 O₂ molecule G₀ phase - don't divide similar to neurons
Alkali metals
Group 1 (s block), 1 e- in valence; very reactive, soft, silver, shiny, low density; Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, Francium
Strong bases
Group 1A Hydroxides (NaOH, KOH), NH2-, H-, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2, Na2O, CaO
Alkaline earth metals
Group 2 (s block), 2 e- in valence soft, silver-y metals... less metallic than group 1; Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium, Radium
(Ox state) Any elemental atom
Group 5 = -3 Group 6 = -2 Group 7 = -1 H w/ nonmetal = +1
Illusion of unanimity
Group think - member think everyone is agreeing
Transition metals
Groups 3-12 (d-block), 1-2 (sometimes 3) electrons in the outer energy level, less reactive than alkali-earth metals, shiny, good conductor of thermal energy and electrical current, high density. 38 elements
Performance bias
Groups are difft in terms of actual care or treatment provided Ex: Dr. is more careful with patients involved in a study vs those who are not
Beta sheets
H bond between ALL carbonyl in 1 row and amide H in adjacent row. ALL residues involve H bonding! R groups are directed perpendicular to the plan of the Beta sheet, on BOTH sides, assume PLEATED conformation
ionization of water
H(+) + OH(-), involves the transffer of a proton from one water molecule to another to produce a hydroxid e ion and a hydronium ion
Bicarb equation
H2O + CO2 <-> H2CO3 <-> HCO3- + H+
Bicarbonate
HCO₃ ⁻
Strong acids
HI, HBr, HCl, HNO3, HClO4, HClO3, H2SO4, H3O+
B-cell
HUMORAL immunity, mature in BONE marrow. B-cells produce antibodies, T-cells do not.
Cilia
Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion
What are some requirements for Half-reactions to really occur?
Half-reactions always come in pairs—one reduction half-reaction plus one oxidation half-reaction
cognitive theory (hall), how does it relate to dreams?
Hall Dreams are visualization of our thoughts & perceptions about 5 things: 1. our self 2. others 3. world around us 4. morals 5. conflict
Hematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis "formation of RBC occurs in the red bone marrow NOT YELLOWthat fills the pockets of spongy bone.
Lymph nodes
High conc of B and T cells, filter blood for pathogens
You get a melting point for crystals to determine purity. Does High MP indicate more pure or less?
Higher MP- better purity. lower MP - impurity & broaden range
Vacuum filtration
Hirsch or Buchner funnel. faster than gravity filtration.
Four possible outcomes of signal detection
Hit, Miss, false hit, false miss
Sliding clamp
Holds DNA polymerase in place during strand extension
juxtacrine
Hormone released by a cell interacts with appropriate receptor on physically adjacent cell. Hormone doesn't travel through any extracellular fluid.
self-identity
How i define myself: "i am a future doctor, i am a bad ass" Who do i think i am? MY IDEA OF WHO I AM
Common fate (Gestalt)
Humans tend to perceive elements moving in the same direction as being more related than elements that are stationary or that move in different directions.
Saponification
Hydrolysis of ESter→ alchol + acid salt
Proteins in stomach undergo ________, catalyzed by enzyme _________ which begins as ________, an ex of zymogen What is a zymogen?
Hydrolysis; pepsin; pepsinogen
Hydrophobic core
Hydrophobic side chains fold into the inside of globular protein to escape water, helps stabilize
internal locus of control
I control my lifes outcome
(Equation) Current : Current flows OPPOSITE of the direction of electron flow
I=∆q/∆t (I flows from + to −) (e⁻ flows from − to +)
macrophage "custodians" are they adaptive or innate immunity? Can they present antigens? Who recognizes the antigen?
INNATE IMMUNITY, WBC, monocyte →macrophage. Eat pathogens & debris. present antigens from pathogens on cell membrane which are Recognized by B-CELLS, T-CELLS
natural killer
INNATE immunity, WBC, kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells; infected cells, cancerous cells
In heat curve do phase changes have to do with inter or intra molecular forces?
INTERmolecular forces not INTRAmolecular forces
Stanford-Binet IQ test
IQ=100x(mental age/chronological age)
Four types of fluid flow
Ideal and non-viscous (assumed for the MCAT fluid near wall or center of pipe has same velocity), Poiseuille flow, Laminar flow(parallel flow, center flows faster than outer EX: blood vessel), Turbulence
0th law of thermodynamics
If two systems are in thermodynamic equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
Whats priming effect?
If you present one word first that is similar to the 2nd it will be recognized faster. Ex: 1. doctor then the 2nd is nurse you recognize it faster. Dr. is Primer and nurse is Target
Acquisition
In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.
discrimination
In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
conditioned response
In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).
unconditioned response
In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
malate-aspartate shuttle
In heart, muscle, and liver. Problem: NADH can't enter mitochondria to participate in ETC Solution: use malate shuttle, NADH donates 2 e- to OAA → malate →matrix via MALATEαKETOGLUTARATE ANTIPORTER Asparate → cytosol via GLUTAMATE ASPARTATE shuttle
gender
In psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female.
Effects on rate: Increase [react], increase [prod], increase [cat], increase Ea, increase Ts, increase temp
Increase [react] - Increase rate Increase [prod] - Decrease rate Increase [cat] - decrease Ea, Increase rate Increase Ea - decrease rate Increase Ts - decrease rate Increase Temp - increase rate
relearning
Increased lerning efficiency when reinforcing an existing memory
How does increasing temperature in an exothermic reaction change Keq?
Increases it which shifts the equilibrium to the left making more reactants.
positive reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
negative reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)
top-down processing
Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.
Cognition = ?
Information processing theroy
Infrasound vs ultrasound
Infrasound - humans can't detect super LOW frequency . Elephants can do this Ultrasound - frequency too HIGH to be detected by humans. Dogs can do this
Competitive inhibitor
Inhibitor binds AT activity site, overcome by inc. substrate Vmax = NO change Km= Increases
Uncompetitive inhibitor
Inhibitor binds ONLY w/ E-S complex Vmax =Decreases Km = Decreases
Noncompetitive inhibitor
Inhibitor binds away from active site Vmax = Decreases Km =NO CHANGE
Irreversible inhibitor
Inhibitor binds covalently to enzyme/active site -->disabling enzyme for a while or 4ever
Mixed inhibitor
Inhibitor has unequal affinity for E-S and E, Vmax = Decreases Km=decreases if inhibitor = inc. affinity for E-S over E Km = Increases if inhibitor = Inc. affinity for E over E-S
Dermis: describe the dermis and is what type of tissue is it? muscular or connective
Inner layer of skin, vascular, sebaceous glands (oil), sudor glands (sweat) , nerves. Connective tissue
benign
Innocuous;harmless;kindly;not cancerous
Intensity
Intensity = Power/Unit of area (unit: W/m²) The intensity of any sound or mechanical wave is DIRECTLY proportional to the amplitude & frequency squared I≈ A²f² light waves, I≈A² not f (With problems concerning sound waves originating from a single source, use A=4πr² to determine the surface area of the growing sphere)
(Equation) Intensity (decibels)
Intensity in decibels = pic equation β- intensity of sound in W/m² I - intensity of the sound wave I₀ - is the threshold of human hearing. ALWAYS given
Cohesive force
Intermolecular forces among the molecules of the liquid
The greater the electronegativity difference between two bonded atoms, the greater the percentage of _____ in the bond
Ionic character
H - NMR example
Isopropanol
why do bonds form?
It decreases potential energy and increases stability
Heisenberg uncertainty principle
It is impossible to determine simultaneously both the position and velocity of an electron or any other particle.
fads
Items or activities that are very popular for a short time Ex: nintendo 64
theories of emotion
James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Schachter-Singer
hypnosis
John Milton from the valley! basically hypnotize and can get memories, control pain, stop unwanted behavior (addiction, lose weight)
What does the slope or diagnol NOT horizontal lines represent in a heat curve diagram?
Joule/change in temperature, or Heat Capacity
Adherens junction
Junctional complex where plasma membranes get very close together and are glued by interactions between proteins that span each membrane and connect the cytoskeleton of each cell
Bernoulli's Equation Conservation of energy principle for fluids
K=P+ρgh+½ρV² (P-general pressure ρgh-fluid pressure (potential energy) ½ρV² - (kinetic energy If Vfluid increases, P decreases BOTH gases and liquids are considered fluids)
Evaporation occurs when the _______ of any single molecules exceeds the ______ forces experienced by that MOLecule
KE; intermolecular
(Equation) Kinetic Energy? energy of motion
KE=½mV²
electromagnetic spectrum
KNOW IMAGE WELL All of the waves on the electromagnetic spectrum travel at the same speed in a vacuum
Pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) when you see PPP THINK: PPP = 1) NADPH synthesis & 2) Ribose-5-phosphate (R5-P)
KNow image well, forget about enzyme !!! in sugar pool uses transketolase / transaldolase ALL reactions are reversible
Enzymes don't impact what?
Keq, % yield, yield
Law of mass action
Keq=[prod]^x/[react]^y
What are some examples of secondary structures?
Keratin- found in hair/nails - alpha helice Fibroin - makes up colcha - beta sheet
ketolysis
Ketolysis = convert ketone bodies to Acetyl CoA for energy where? Heart & brain. NOT liverWhen blood glucose is low, β-oxidation and ketogenesis occur in the liver. Ketone bodies are transported out of the liver to key tissues, where they can be used for energy through ketolysis. The brain (and CNS) in particular relies on ketone bodies when glucose is not abundant. Most other tissues and organs can use fatty acids for energy when glucose is low, but the CNS relies on glucose primarily, and ketone bodies during periods of starvation, for fuel.
Ketolysis
Ketolysis is the utilization of ketone bodies by converting them to acetyl CoA for energy. This occurs in organs other than the liver (mainly the heart and brain). The liver is lacking an essential enzyme for the utilization of ketone bodies for energy.
competitive inhibition
Km increases, Vmax unchanged
solubility product constant (Ksp) vs solubility
Ksp - represents teh equillibrium of a solid and its products. EX; the higher the Ksp, the more soluble the compound is. TEMP only changes this Solubility is a measure of "how many" of a solute can be dissolved in a given solute Ex: BaCl₂ breaks to Ba²⁺ & 2Cl⁻.
What is Ksp in dissolving equillibrium?
Ksp is just a number equal to the ratio of products over reactants at equilibrium. AB → A + B, Ksp = [A][B],
(Equation) Ksp=?
Ksp=k[p₁][p₂]/[r₁][r₂]
(Chromatography) The first substance "out" will be the _______ polar.
LEAST
QB name?: "The author asserts that adoption is a benefit to society generally. Which aspect of the author's argument was most supported by example?"
LEAST/MOST supported 4
what does endoderm give rise to?
LET PULL liver, endocrine,( thryroid, parathryoid), pancreas, urinary bladder, lungs, GI tract
Null (H0) Hypothesis
Lack of relationship or group difference NO statistically significant differences between groups. testing for correlation or causation - NO RELATIONSHIP
Lactic Acid fermentation
Lactate is made & is final e- acceptor
Michaelis Constant Km
Large Km = low affinity of E-S Small Km = High Affinity of E-S
axial vs equatorial
Large branches are more stable at equatorial position.
Whe you see water absorption or vitamin absorption, THINK _______
Large intestine Vitamisn like K, thiamin, riboflavin & B12
carrying capacity
Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support
Modeling
Learning by imitating others; copying or not copying behavior.
Latent learning
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. - LIMIT on the applicability of associate learning (various cognitions - ABSENT conditioning, still result in learning)
Something that is statistically significant will be ________ due to random chance
Least,
Socialization
Lifelong process of learning to be a member of society; also the passing of those skills
point charge field
Like real gravity or gravity in space. uses (r) for distance
lacteal
Located in the Villi of the small intestine absorbs fat and fat soluable vitamins, single lymphatic vessel
E1 reaction
Look at your print out and memorize chart.
(Mass spec) mass to charge ratio
M/Z
(Equation) Two lens system magnification
M=m₁m₂
(Equation) magnification
M=−di/do=hi/ho
What does mesoderm give rise to?
MD BRICK muscle, dermis, blood & bone, reproducive organs, connective tissue & cartilage, kidney All Internal organs EXCEPT liver & pancreas
mechanical energy
ME = KE + PE ME is ALWAYS conserved in absence of non-conservatice forces (don't store energy, ANY type of friction force)
What 3 cells present antigens?
Macrophages - present red flag, see by B & T cells B-cells - presents red flag, Helpter T cells see and bind to it → stimulates B cell to divide into Plasma & Memory B cell Dendritic cells - red flag experts, highest conc. in skin.
QB name?: "The central thrust of the passage is:"
Main idea 2
Chief cells
Make & secrete zymogen pepsinogen
grignard synthesis
Make alcohol by adding RmgX a.k.a RmgBR a.k.a. Organometallic compound . RESULT = inc. # of carbons Can also work for C=N, S=O, N=O
synthesis of alkyl amines; what do you use to make it?
Make alkylamine from amine & alkyl halide ammonia NH3 attacks via SN2 halide base abstracts H
Independent variable
Manipulated, predictor, cause, x-axis
(Influence of social factors on identity formation) mirroring-imitation
Matching behavior characteristics of another person or group
Standard deviation
Measure amount of variance in population - 1 SD = 68% of the population - 2 SD = 95% of the population - 3 SD = 99% of the population
Dependent variable
Measured, outcome, effect, y-axis
Micro-sleeps occur in states of sleep deprivation and are instances of 'sleep' that last only a few seconds.
Melatonin serves as a signal which 1) helps one get to sleep and 2) helps one stay asleep
tight junction
Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid
Information processing theory
Memories and info obtained during the day are consolidated during sleep. dreaming is the cerebral cortex associating images/meaning with this consolidation process
Law of segregation
Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete
If a female has low levels of estrogen/progesterone what will it cause?
Menopause
LOOK AT YOUR DESKTOP background. Also pre mrna becomes mRNA when intronsare removed & poly a tail & 5 cap is added (can leave cell). Germ cells mutations are heritable, somatic cells are NOT
Mental alertness, healing, muscle mass Non-polar aliphatic
Self-schemas
Mental representations that people form of themselves; my cognitive framework about myself "i am premed so i make good friends w/ other premed" "how will i act based on my schemas?" HOW MY IDENTITY FACILITATES CATEGORIZATION OF NEW INFORMATION
cognitive prejudice
Mental, what people believe to be true; i.e. stereotypes
strain theory (deviance)
Merton's theory that deviance occurs when a society does not give all its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals
Metals vs. Nonmetals
Metals: Elements that are good conductors of electric current and heat. Nonmetals: Group of elements that may be solids, liquids, or gases at room temp and tend to be poor conductors of heat and electricity, and NOT malleable, ductile, or lustrous
Meiosis I
Metaphase
Work function
Minimum amount of photon energy required to emit an electron from a certain metal. This quantity, denoted by W, is used to calculate the residual kinetic energy of an electron emitted by a metal, given by KE = hf - W. hf is the energy of a photon,
Location of Oxidative phosphorylation
Mitochondrial matrix
Embryology: What is cleavage?
Mitosis w/o change in size
Manganate
MnO₄ ²⁻
Permanganate
MnO₄ ⁻
molecular vs empirical formula
Molecular is basically showing exactly the # of each atom present in compound Empirical is simply the factoring of molecular formula.
Which of the following best describes the propagation of a sound wave at the molecular level?
Molecules pushed outward from the source collide with neighboring molecules, pushing those molecules forward as the original molecules bounce back toward the source
Amine basicity order
Most basic to least 2⁰>1⁰>Tertiary>ammonia amines attached to aromatic ring are less basic than normal amines why? donate their electron pair into the ring forming a conjugated system with the ring.
phosphatidyl
Most common phospholipid (where hydrophilic head is linked to rest of lipid through phosphate group) in cell membranes.
(Mass spec) base peak
Most common/stable fragment; exists at 100% relative abundance Tallest peak.
GLUT4 is the insulin - sensitive glucose transporter responsible for the UPTAKE of glucose from the blood.
Muscle cells lack the GLU2 transporter enzyme, which in hepatic cells allows glycogen-derived glucose to be released into the bloodstream for use by other cells
Maggie May Does Not Smoke: Hardy weinberg requires no:
Mutation Migration (genetic) Drift Nonrandom mating Selection
frameshift mutation
Mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide
external locus of control
My life is controlled by external factors
self-image
My mental picture of my personal characterisitcs; physical & self-knowledge "people think im funny"; MY APPEARANCE
Sarcomere
Myosin = thick filaments. Actin (microfilaments) = thin myosin protein has both a head moiety and a tail moiety. The globular heads, also called "crossbridges," Myosin heads will bind to actin unless tropomyosinc blocks it. The Z, M, H, I, WILL SHORTEN during contraction. A band DOES NOT CHANGE length.
Peptides are written, read & synthesized from _____ terminus to ____-terminus
N to C
Fermentation is IMPORTANT because it regenerates ________ so that glycolysis can continue
NAD+
Electron transport chain : redox steps
NADH is reducing agnet, its oxidized as it reduces complex I; complex I then acts as reducing agent for complex 3
Why is NADPH or R5-P (product from PPP) so important?
NADPH - 1. needed to make Glutathione (antioxidant) 2. used as reducing agent (NADPH → NADP+) R5-P : used to make nucleotides
Redox molecules
NAD⁺/NADH, NADP⁺/NADPH, FAD/FADH₂, FMN/FMNH₂, semiquinone, ubiquinone, cytochrome
(IR) Amine
NH 3300 cm⁻¹ broad, SHALLOW (different from alcohol/amide, but similar)
(IR) Amide
NH (w/ C=O) 3300 cm⁻¹ broad DEEP (different from alcohol/amine, but similar)
Ammonium
NH₄ ⁺
Is it ever okay to go back to the passage?
NO
Facilitated diffusion (no ATP or coupling)
NO ATP REQUIRED Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels - i.e. Osmosis
Simple diffusion (no ATP or coupling)
NO ATP required
Questions regarding smooth muscle: Is S.m. arranged in sarcomeres?
NO; DOesn't use same sliding mechanism as skeletal/cardiac uses calmodulin instead of troponin etc
innate immunity
NON-SPecific attack of pathogens, PRESENT at birth, not acquired in any way
eye contact, gestures, body language, etc.
NON-VERBAL
Does addition of Cl- chloride ion to a carboxylic acid make acid chloride?
NOOO why? it can attack but kicked off to reform the acid.
Is there temperature change during a phase change in heat curve?
NOOOO, temp does not change DURING a phase change
Are Colloids a type of solution?
NOOOO, their solvents w/ undissolved solute particles. Scatter light, solutions don't Ex: paint, dust in air
Benzoyl chloride
NOT aicd chloride.
Sensation vs perception?
NOT equivalent! so why is that? Sensation = physiological process like sensory receptor cells and A. potentials Perception = psychological process like making sense of the signal, has to do with experience
Nitrite
NO₂ ⁻
Nitrate
NO₃ ⁻
Reduction synthesis of alcohol
NaBH4 ONLY reduces aldehyde & ketones, LiAlH4/h2/pressure reduces the 2 above and carboxylic acid & esters
When you see Galton think:
Nature, NOT Nurture. loved the idea of eugenics
feature detector
Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement
efferent neuron
Nerves that carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands. Also called motor neurons.
Alzheimer's Disease (AD)
Neuro disease Characterized by memory loss, impaired cognition, language deterioration usually >65 late stage: loss of judgment, confusion, drastic mood and personality changes
afferent neurons
Neurons that transmit messages from sense organs to the central nervous system
IMPORTANT!!! ALL compounds that contain this are SOLUBLE!!!!
Nitrate (NO₃⁻), Ammonium (NH₄⁺), ALL alki metals
Virtual image
No light reaches the image Ex: image formed behind a mirror... its not really there!
Insulator
Non metal material, allows current flow at High voltages and protects us from being shocked
Methionine, Met, M
Non-polar Essential in protein synthesis, initiate translation of mRNA
Proline, Pro, P
Non-polar aliphatic Imino acid Collagen degradation
Glycine, Gly, G VERY IMPORTANT .. its a NT inhibitor
Non-polar aliphatic inhibitory NT of Brain stem and RETINA or eye transform toxic -->nontoxic stuff
Phenylalanine, Phe, F
Non-polar aromatic substrate recognition messes up brain cells,
coenzyme
Non-protein NOT attached to enzyme but still needed for enzyme to work EX: NAD
Isoleucine, Ile, I
Non-reactive C-β branched non-polar aliphatic stimulate brain"high"
enantiomer
Non-superimposable mirror images. have at least 1 chiral center
prosthetic group
Nonprotein ARE permanently attached to enzyme(covalently) for it to function
Intelligence follows a ____________ distribution
Normal a.k.a Guassian
proto-oncogenesis
Normal genes that code for normal proteins used in cell division
folkways
Norms for routine or casual interaction
incomplete penetrance
Not all individuals with a mutant genotype show the mutant phenotype.
(IR) Alcohol
OH 3300 cm⁻¹ broad, separate from CH (different from amine/amide, but similar)
Physiological markers of alzeimers disease
OUTSIDE THE CELL: In between CNS neurons, β-amyloids, portions of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) - normally degreaded - aggregate into β-amyloid plaques INSIDE THE CELL: Tau (τ) proteins (structural, associated with microtubules), undergoes hyperphosphorylation.which causes the modified τ proteins to aggregate into insoluble neurofibrillary tangles BRAIN: Temporofrontal and frontal cortex decrease in size; ventricle size increases; size of hippocampus decreases
Tenants of Social Cognitive Theory
Observational learning, self-efficacy, situational influences, and cognitive processes
Case-Control study
Observational/Retrospective; Two existing groups differing in outcome are identified and compared on the basis of come causal attribute. (i.e. pts who have the disease and pts who don't show the disease, but both grew up next to the same chemical plant at different points in time) observational study of individuals in the population w ith a condition present, and comparison of that group to a control group of persons without the disease in that same population (i.e., reference group).
automatic learning
Occurs with no conscious effort (e.g. learning to get to the classroom) Produces implicit memory- hard to state (e.g. how to ride a bike)
sp3d2
Octahedral, square pyramidal, square planar17%s, 50%p, 33%d
f2 generation
Offspring resulting from interbreeding of the hybrid F1 generation.
Amyloid precursor protein (APP)
One of the genetic causes for Alzheimer's; autosomal genetic type causes mutations on this which causes incorrect cleavage of β-amyloid proteins
self-esteem
One's feelings of high or low self-worth; valuation; MY VALUE
Open vs closed vs isolated.. think of soup and container
Open System = both mass and energy can be exchanged with the surroundings; Closed System = energy, but not mass, can be exchanged. Isolated System = neither mass nor energy can be exchanged.
Is the Human body a open or closed system? Is Cellular & molecular level open or closed?
Open, they can exchange Mass & energy w/ environment cell - closed - Can exchange energy but NOT mass
opioids/opiates
Opiates have analgesic properties and act on the opioid system in the brain. get it via IV or smoking Feel euphoria; affect motility of smooth muscle, regulation of temperature, HR, and respiration.
What is optic nerve? What is optic chiasm?
Optic nerve is 2 separate fibers, 1 carries info from left visual of the eye the other carries info from right half of same visual eye Optic chiasm - is where optic nerves cross
Tissue organization
Organ system -> Organ -> tissue -> cell
primacy effect
Other things being equal, information presented first usually has the most influence
mass hysteria
Outbreak of irrational behavior that is spread by social contagion
epidermis
Outer layer of skin, avascular, dead keratinized cells
A ring w/2 double bonds and carbonyl group is very oxidizing or reducing?
Oxidizing...
Anaerobic glycolysis a.k.a fermentation IMPORTANT
O₂ is not present so bacteria use this and so does our body. so fermentation (ethanol or lactic acid) both use up NADH and create NAD⁺ which is used by glycolysis to make ATP. No o2 present the TCA cycle won't work good so why waste the NADH produced by glycolysis.
(Equation) Optical power
P=1/f
unless told otherwise, assume that ALL gases are ideal & start out at STP (standard temp. & pressure)
P=1atm V=22 L n=1 mol R=0.08 L*atm/mol*K OR 8 J/mol*K T=273 K (0°C)
(Equation) P (General Pressure)
P=F/A (in Pascals)
(Equation) Electrical power
P=IV Voltage X current ; use for AC circuits
(Equation) two lens system power
P=p₁+p₂
(Equation) P (fluid pressure)
P=ρgh
Formation of Acid Chlorides What 3 reagents easily make acid chlorides?
PCl3, PCl5 & SOCl2
atoms that can accept +8 e-
PCl₅, SF₆, PO₄³⁻, SO₄²⁻
(Equation) PEgrav (Pot energy of a gravitational field in space)
PE=(-)Gm1m2/r²
(Equation) PEgrav (Pot energy of a gravitational field on Earth)
PE=mgh
(Equation) PEelectrical=?
PEel= kqq/r PEel=qεd (q - charge, ∈-elec field, d - dist) PEel=qV (V-electric potential, q - charge)
(Equation) PEel (Elastic potential energy)
PEel=½kΔx²
(Equation) PEelastic=?
PEelastic=½kx² Potential energy stored as a result of deformation of an elastic object, such as the stretching of a spring
Phosphate
PO₄ ³⁻
(Equation) Ideal gas law
PV=nRT
What are some symptoms of menopause?
Pain - during sexual intercourse Whole body: fatigue, night sweats, osteoporosis, hot flashes, or sweating Sleep: early awakening or insomnia Menstrual: absence of menstruation or irregular menstruation Hair: dryness or loss of hair Also common: anxiety, dry skin, irritability, moodiness, reduced sex drive, or vaginal dryness
p1 generation
Parental generation; each parent was pure for a given trait.
QB name?: "If passage information is correct, when buying anew home one should always:"
Passage COUNSEL 3
typicality effect
People reach decisions faster when an item is a typical member of a category, rather than an unusual one (i.e. robin is bird vs. penguin is bird)
self-serving bias
People's tendency to take credit for their successes but downplay responsibility for their failures
Lanthanides
Period 6, 4f series, Lanthanum to Lutetium, Have irregularities in the 4f and 5d sublevels. Lose 3 electrons to form 3+ ions. Not readily available in nature, little commercial use.
Actinides
Period 7, 5f series, radioactive. Uranium and thorium occur in nature, rest are synthetic
What impact enzyme activity?
Ph - too much change alters structure --> mess up E-S complex Temp - slowly inc. temp.. no big deal, drastically -Yes -->break enzyme Low substrate - fast reaction High substrate - slow reaction
Outer ear
Pinna (earlobe) and auditory canal
gap junction
Points that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to another with special membrane proteins. Also called communicating junctions.
Cysteine, Cys, C
Polar Intermolecular bonds hair
Serine, Ser, S
Polar Uncharged DNA/RNA synthesis fat metabolism
Glutamine, Gln, Q
Polar Uncharged gets rid of excess ammonia, helps mind to relaxxxxx
Tyrosine, Tyr, Y
Polar aromatic L-dopa precursor, supresses hunger
Tryptophan, Try, W
Polar aromatic niacin and serotonin produces Vit B3 (peanuts)
Threonine, Thr, T
Polar uncharged liver function helps collagen formation
what is positive cooperativity in the case of hmg or enzymes?
Positive cooperativity, as seen in hemoglobin binding, indicates that after one ligand binds this increases the affinity of the substrate for additional ligands.
interpersonal attraction
Positive feelings toward another.
Alternative Hypothesis
Presence of a relationship or group difference idifference between groups. testing for correlation or causation - IS RELATIONSHIP
Pascal's Law
Pressure is rapidly and equally distributed throughout an enclosure filled with fluid provided all internal structures are continuous
peer pressure
Pressure you feel when others try to make you do something. (+) and (-) pressure exist
cultural relativism
Principle that people's beliefs and activities should be interpreted in terms of their own culture
Gestalt principles
Principles that describe the brain's organization of sensory information into meaningful units and patterns.
glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle
Problem: NADH can't eneter mitochondria to participate in ETC .. soltion see picNADH donates 2 e- to DHAP→ G3P
Exocytosis
Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
survival of the fittest
Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection
convection
Process by which, in a fluid being heated, the warmer part of the mass will rise and the cooler portions will sink.
Arrhenius acid
Produces H+ ions when dissolved in water
Proline
Proline is found in turns; helps form beta turns ;acts as N source
Female eggs begin meiosis as a female fetus (not born) but are arrested in what phase of meiosis cycle? A. Metaphase I B. Prophase I C. Anaphase I D. Telophase I
Prophase I, ITS not until puberty & menstruation when meiosis I is completed Meiosis II won't complete unless fertilized by sperm.
__________ synthesis is the most common human-body example of amine acting as a nucleophile
Protein; attacks the carbonyl carbon of another amino acid to form a peptide bond.
Bronsted-Lowry base
Proton acceptor
atomic weight
Protons + Neutrons
Reaction quotient : Q in equillibrium
Provides the same information as K except the reaction is not at equilibrium. K is the constant taken at equilibrium, Q is the constant taken at any other point. (reaction quotient) If K < Q reaction will proceed to the left or reactants if K > Q reaction will proceed to the right or products
(Equation) Ptotal
Ptotal=P₁+P2+...+Pⁿ adding more P1 doesn't impact the other gases partial pressure
QB name?: "The author would be most likely to support which of the following laws regarding the arrest and prosecution of drug dealers?"
Public Policy 3
Are Guanine & Adenine purines or pyridines?
Pure As Gold: Guanine and Adenine are Purines.
When you see PDH complex THINK: highway between glycolysis & citric acid cycle What does PDH convert what to what?
Pyruvate to acetyl-CoA acetyl-CoA is 1st substrate of Citric Acid cycle
(Equation) Combined gas law
P₁V₁/T₁=P₂V₂/T₂
(Equation) Q (Flow rate)
Q=AV
Dipole depends on q CHARGE & r DISTANC!!!! nothing to do with atomic number ,Standard Error of the Mean
Quantification of how precisely the mean represents the true mean SEM decreases as sample size increases
absolute configuration ( R or S)
R is clock wise. S is counter clock wise. Assign based on MW, Higher MW - priority, lighter-lowest and send it to the back.
(Constant) R (Ideal gas law)
R=0.08 L*atm/mol*K R=8 J/mol*K
(Equation) formula for resistance
R=ρL/A ρ-resistivity, L - length, A - cross-sec area (temperature dependence) - start at room temp, an inc. in temp → linear inc. in ρ .....ONLY way (resistance between two elements in a circuit are considered to be perfect conductors; R=0)
ROH + SOCl2 gives _____?
RCl
When you see: NADH/NAD+ FADH2/FAD, FMNH2/FMN, SEMIQUINONE, Ubiquinone or cytochrome, THINK:
REDOX!
paradoxical sleep
REM sleep alertness, HR, Breathing, & EEG are that of being awake but one's muscles are paralyzed.
QB name?: "The author's most likely motivation for quoting Madame LeCroix in the first paragraph was to:"
RHETORICAL device 7
What does ectoderm give rise to?
RT LINE retina (lens of eye), tooth enamel, ( lining of nose, mouse, anus) , inner ear, nervous system (central,peripheral & autonomic), epidermis (nails) PITUITARY gland
(Equation) Range=?
Range=Vx*t
Reaction X, ΔG = -30.78 kJ. Reaction Y, ΔG = 22.5. Which is closer to equilibrium?
Reaction Y is closer to equilibrium.
isomerase
Rearrangements [G6P to F6P] epimerases
Types of retrieval
Recall, Recognition, relearning
primary auditory cortex
Receives and processes sounds from both ears.
spontaneous recovery
Recurrence of an extinguished conditioned response, usually following a rest period
oxidoreductase
Redox reactions -
The greater the modulus, the faster the string will spring back to its original shape
Remember that for harmonics with similar ends (both closed or both open) the 2nd harmonic wavelength always equals the length of the string or pipe.
prospective memory
Remembering information about doing something in the future; includes memory for intentions.
RNase
Removes RNA primers from DNA
Types of heuristics
Representative, availability, anchoring & adjustment
pre-screening/advertising
Researchers select who they want in their study based on populations results in an unrepresentative sample. EX: ads asking for volunteers for the same study that are worded as "Volunteers needed for an obesity study," or "Volunteers needed for a weightloss study" will likely elicit different volunteers
velocity is zero in this equation, the force becomes zero.
Resistance is only affected by temperature, or by the dimensions of the conduit according to R = pL/A, where p is resistivity, a measure o f the natural resistance of the material, L is the length of the wire and A is the cross-sectional area of the wire.
____________ (______________) limits rotation in amide
Resonance (Double Bond Character) Prevents rotation
Binet
Responsible for Binet-Simon intelligence scale - mental vs. chronological age
implicit memory
Retention independent of conscious recollection. automatic, unconscious recall, usually of skills, procedure, or conditioned responses
(Paper/TLC) Rf = ?
Rf = (distance traveled by component) / (distance traveled by solvent) used to identify a sample; stationary phase = silica or alumina (polar), mobile phase = non polar LEAST POLAR travels higher Ex R= .9 (nonpolar) , POLAR travels less Ex R= .1 least polar species will have the highest Rf value
whats levorotatory?
Rotates plane-polarized light to the left (counterclockwise) - or l. TO rotate even more just add conc.
Rounding
Round everything!
What is the function of SA node in heart?
SA node (pacemaker) for the heart. Act. Pot. for each heart beat originates in the SA node, not with a nerve from the nervous system. Nerves only have do with fast or slow heart beats. Vagus nerve slows down HR Sympathetic nerve ↑
(Equation) SG (Specific Gravity)
SG=Dsubstance/Dh20
Sulfate
SO₄ ²⁻
QB name?: "Suppose that 100 years from now, archaeologists discover a city in Peru that appeared to be peaceful. How would the author respond to this claim?"
SUPPOSE that 8
Control group
Same as identical treatment group, except for the treatment
James- Lange theory of emotion, where arousal is followed by emotions.
Schater-Singer theory of emotion, which involves the interpretation of arousal prior to the perceived emotions
memory B cells
Secondary immune-system components that have an affinity for a particular antigen.
Parietal cells
Secrete HCl → pH =2 of stomach & converts pepsinogen → pepsin (active enzyme) HCl denatures protein in stomach
intracrine
Secretion of hormones inside the same cell
What is the ejaculation pathway for sperm? "SEVEN UP"
Seminiferous tubules Epididymis Vas deferens Ejaculatory duct (seminal vesicle, prostate, bubourethral) Urethra Penis
Jose walks into a club and smells lots of smoke and beer but after a while he doesn't. Why is that?
Sensory Adaptation. Your olfactory starts getting used to it
Sensory memory
Sensory memory is where memories are stored just prior to be converted to short term memory, and allows for recall of sensory information after the stimulus has ceased. ;;;A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less. ABSENT REPETITION: 200 - 500 milliseconds (1/5 - 1/2 second)Ex: look at something look away and forget
Types of Memory
Sensory, working, short-term, Long-term (LTM), procedural, episodic, semantic
batteries series or parallel
Series: add directly Parallel: Total Voltage = high V of any battery in parallel
informal social control
Shame, smile, critism or disapproval , NO written rules
one-shot game
Simultaneous move game that is not repeated
sticky ends
Single stranded ends of DNA left after cutting with enzymes
origin of replication
Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides.
relative configuration
Sitting at dinner table, across you see jose but you have no idea who is sitting next to you.. edward or jasmin.
co-dominance
Situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism
Lipid digestion begins in the ___________
Small intestine (duodenum), ends in small intestine. Triglycerides (pic) break into Fatty acids, go across membrane and reform triglycerides. lipids ENTER LACTEAL NOT blood stream. to travel in blood they need 1. protein carriet; albumin 2. form micelle or chylomicron
formal social control
Social control that is carried out by authorized agents like Govt, police, military. boss LAWS
primary reinforcement
Something necessary for psychological or physical survival that is used as a reward EX: chick twerks give her pizza
4th quantum number
Spin Quantum Number; ms (signified by -½ or +½), designates spin of e- in the orbital
Hidden curriculum
Standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools Social pressure concerning norms, folkways, mores
Whats Substrate-level phosphorylation? Where does it occur?
Steal Phosphate from substrate put it on ADP → ATP EXERGONIC reaction Cytosol - glycolysis - ATP is formed Matrix of mitocho - Citric acid cycle - GTP is formed
diastereomers
Stereoisomers that are NOOOT mirror images of each other.
point charge vs constant elec. field in terms of strength?
Stregth of elec. field in point CHANGES w/ distance Stregth of elec. field in constant field is CONSTANT
Wave velocity in diff mediums
String - ↑tension will ↑ velocity. ↑mass (thicker) will ↓ velocity but Tension stays same Sound in gas - v∼sqrt (T) velocity depends on temp Sound in solid - waves are faster than gas
Disulfide bonds EX: covalent bond
Strongest type of protein folding interaction, occurs between 2 cysteine ... what determines curly hair or straight hair
chromosomal translocation
Structural Chromosomal abnormalities, occurs when a chromosome piece ends up in a completely different, non-homologous chromosome Misplaced
Quantum mechanics
Study of physics at the atomic level where energy is quantized in discrete, rather than continuous, levels.
Dielectric
Substance between two plates of a capacitor (can be just air). ↑ Dielectric means ↑ capacitance ALWAYS be a insulator
GGM: Go Grand Ma! - Glucose + Glucose --> Maltose GFS: Go Father Son! - GGL: Go Good Luck! - Glucose + Galactose --> Lactose
Sucrose = glucose+fructose (A)
brush border
Surface of a cell covered with microvilli. increases surface area of a cell for absorption
There are 3 kinds of lymphocytes, what are they?
T & B cells, NK cells
thymus, what matures here?
T cells acquire immunocompetency, differentiate, and mature
cell-mediated immunity
T-cell immunity (all T-cells matching a self-protein are destroyed) leaving only cell that will recognize invaders
(Equation) T (Period: Pendulums and SHM)
T=2π√(m/k) (spring) T=2π√(L/g) (pendulum)
(Equation) T=? Torque formulas torque "turning power" use water & arm example
T=FL USE THIS ONE FIRST O.k. T=mgL T=Frsinθ (Only use when force applied is not perpendicular to r) L - lever arm r - distc. bet. force & point of rotation rsinθ = L ALWAYS r = L when θ =90 water & arm example, hold water out its more torque
(Equation) FT (Force of tension)
T=Frsinθ
(Equation) T(torque)
T=Frsinθ
Does the citric acid cycle use oxidative phosphorylation or substrate level phosphorylation?
TCA uses substrate level phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in ATP synthase in the ETP. ADP + Pi → ATP through the generation of a proton gradient by transporting electrons
Standing wave animation
THIS WAVE SHOWS NO NET TRANSPORT OF ENERGY AND DOES NOT ITSELF PROPAGATE just bounces up and down
Negative punishment
Take away a phone to stop bad behavior
ENamines & enols alter in solution in structures. What can describe this?
Tautomerization
Establishing causation
Temporality, strength, consistency, specificity, plausibility, dose-response relationship, testable by experiment, coherence, analogy
Iron law of oligarchy
Tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people
Dyssomnia
Term for sleep disorders; includes insomnia, sleep apnea & narcolepsy
true-breeding
Term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate
Examples of equillibrium
Terminal velocity - sky diving Constant velocity Obj at rest
Accuracy - correvt value precision - reproductive reliability - results are consistent and repeatable
Test-Retest reliability - consistenly can redo the test later Inter rater reliability - boxing , judges have similar observations.
sp3
Tetrahedral, trional PYRamidal or bent (109.5) 25%s, 75%p
Newton's Second Law
The "force exerted on an object equals its mass times the acceleration produced" is a description of: ΣF=ma
social identity
The "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships.
What is positive cooperativity? hint: hemoglobin
The 1st O to bind to hmg has low binding affinity but the 2nd 3rd and 4th O attach the affinity inc. However, when droppin off O the last one to bind it he slowest to release cuz of high affinity.
QB name?: "The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements?"
The AUTHOR WOULD AGREE/DISAGREE 3
template strand
The DNA strand that provides the template for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript.
anti-sense strand
The DNA strand that serves as the template for synthesis of mRNA. It is complementary to the sense strand.
sense strand
The DNA strand which is always represented on paper. The strand is always the one running from the 5' to the 3'. mRNA is identical to the strand except Thymine is replaced with Uracil.
QB name?: "Passage information implies that Monet would have sold more paintings during his lifetime if he had:"
The Passage IMPLIES that 12
acid and conjugate base
The STRONGER the acid the WEAKER the conj base
Sarcomere contracted vs relaxed? Which will shorten? not shorten?
The Z, M, H, I, WILL SHORTEN during contraction. A band DOES NOT CHANGE length.
gallbladder
The ___________ STORES and concentrates bile produced by the liver, and is stimulated to contract by cholecystokin (CCK).
genetic compatibility
The ability of genes present in some sperm to complement the genes present in some eggs, resulting in an increased likelihood of the development of superior offspring.
Heat capacity
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a specified amount of a substance by 1°C or 1 K.
impression management
The attempt by people to get others to see them as they want to be seen
bond length
The average distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms
Quanta
The bundle of electromagnetic energy that is absorbed or emitted by matter; SET VALUE
controlled processing
The carrying out of a cognitive task with a deliberate allocation of cognitive resources. Typically, controlled processing occurs on difficult and/or unfamiliar tasks requiring attention and is under conscious control
Capillary Action
The combined force of attraction among water molecules and with the molecules of surrounding materials
What is condosity? Why would we expect a 2M solution of KCl to have a condosity more than 2 Nacl? What is the expected Condosity of 3M LiCl?
The condosity of a solution is defined as the molar concentration of sodium chloride that has the same specific electrical conductance as the solution. because K is more metallic than Na and will therefore be a better conductor. little lower than 3M because Li is less metallic than Na.
Condosity
The condosity of a solution is the concentration (molarity) of an NaCl solution that will conduct electricity exactly as well as the solution in question.
Sensation
The detection of environmental stimuli by sensory receptors, conversion of that stimuli to an electrical impulse to the CNS
conduction
The direct transfer of heat from one substance to another substance that it is touching.
secondary socialization
The dynamic whereby socialization continues throughout our lives
Yerkes-Dodson Law of social facilitation
The effect of another persons presence on one's performance. Typically we perform simple or well-learned tasks better in front of others
semantic encoding
The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words. strongest, most enduring memories.
category size effect
The finding that members of smaller categories are classified more quickly than members of larger categories. (i.e. poodle is a dog vs. poodle is a mammal)
Heat of Combustion
The higher the energy of the molecule (i.e. less stable) the higher the heat of combustion
Threshold
The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
molar mass
The mass in grams of 1 mol of a substance.
Vaccum distillation
The mixture to be separated is heated to a boil The vacuum lowers the atmospheric pressure within the distillation tube The distilled liquid is cooled in a collecting arm
rRNA
The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins froms the structure of ribosomes. Ribosomes coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to mRNA codons; also called ribosomal RNA.
∆Hrxn
The overall change in enthalpy in a reaction
Equivalence point
The point during a titration when the number of H+ ions and OH- ions are equal. This is at the middle of the steepest part of the titration curve.
What is Vapor pressure?
The pressure exerted by the gas in equilibrium with a solid or liquid in a closed container at a given temperature is called the vapor pressure.
1st law of thermodynamics
The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
primary socialization
The process by which children learn the cultural norms of the society into which they are born. Primary socialization occurs largely in the family
role exit
The process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity
perceptual organization
The processes that put sensory information together to give the perception of a coherent scene over the whole visual field.
parallel processing
The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.
Oxidative phosphorylation where does it occur?
The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain mitochondrial matrix
Area under the peak of H NMR tells you what?
The ratio of H for that part Ex: one is 2 units the other is 6 so it is 3x as much H on it
Isoelectric points can be estimated from the pKs of an amino acid. For neutral side chains, the isoelectric point = (pKa1 + pKa2)/2. For acidic side chains, the isoelectric point = (pKa1 + pKaR)/2. For basic side chains, the isoelectric point = (pKa2 + pKR)/2 WHATS long-term memory?
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. ABSENT REPETITION: Theoretically permanent
Surface tension
The result of an inward pull among the molecules of a liquid that brings the molecules on the surface closer together Result of LDF
vestibular sense
The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance.
kinesthetic sense
The sense of body position and movement of body parts relative to each other.
Displacement
The shortest distance between point A and point B
collective behavior
The spontaneous behavior of a group of people responding to similar stimuli when social norms are absetn, unclear, or in conflict with one another NEITHER NORMATIVE NOR DEVIANT
standard state
The standard thermodynamic conditions (often 1 atm or 1 bar and 25 degrees Celsius) chosen for substances when listing or comparing thermodynamic date.
S
The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.
fundamental attribution error
The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
H-NMR , what do peaks represent?
The type of H there are
Aldol condensation
Theres 2 ways to do this 1. Basic- Aldol is final product (top pic) 2. Acidic - Aldol is intermediate, final product is α,β UNSATURATED aldehyde/keton ITS ELECTROPHILE
Alcohol inhibits the conversion of thiamine to it's active form, _____________.
Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
Robert K. Merton's Deviance Typology
Think of week and car
individualistic culture
This culture looks to government to maintain a stable society but with minimum intervention in the lives of the people
In order to increase yield...1) Start with more reactants 2) Shift equilibrium to the right
This will increase quantity of yield NOT percent yield. ONLY work if you add more of limiting reagent. Adding nonlimiting reagent wont do crap
intermediate filament
Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments
Differential association theory (deviance)
Through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, and techniques for deviant behavior (esp. criminal)
solution formation, what is needs to happen for this to occur?
To make a solution, solvent & solute intermolecular forces (IF) must be broken then new ones are formed (solvent+solute) (-)∆Hsolution = exothermic, lower VP, so NEW IF are stronger/stable than the sume of borken old ones (+) ∆Hsolution = New IF < stable than old ones
deductive reasoning
Top-Down reasoning: brain experience is used. EX: you see fire and won't touch cuz its hot so you avoid it
Tosyl -Cl +ROH gives ____?
Tosyl-OR + HCl
transferase
Transfer of functional groups, such as an amino group, acetyl group, or phosphate group
stage three sleep
Transitional, EEG is theta waves but delta start to appear
Transverse vs longitudinal
Transverse Ex: electromagnetic & string wave Longitudinal Ex: sound & P-wave earquakes Transverse waves do oscillate or displace the medium perpendicular to the direction of propagation, while longitudinal waves displace the medium parallel to the direction of propagation.
sp3d
Trigonal bipyramidal, seesaw, T shape, linear (90/120 or 180) 20%s, 60%p, 20%d
sp2
Trigonal planar or bent (120) 33% s, 66%p
What does the pancreas secrete as digestive enzymes? Where are they emptied?
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, pancreatic amylase, lipase, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease empty into duodenum
Signal Detection Theory
Tumor is signal response Physician treating it or not;;;;;Signal detection theory provides a precise language and graphic notation for analyzing decision making in the presence of uncertainty. By comparing real performance with ideal performance (the IDEAL OBSERVER), we can gain intuitions about the factors that degraded performance (when real performance was not equivalent to that predicted by the ideal case).
Type 1 error
Type I Error = Claimed difference between groups when none existed (rejected H0 but should NOT have done so).
Type 2 error
Type II Error = Did not claim a difference between groups when one DID exist (should have rejected H0 but did not do so
Integral proteins
Typically transmembrane proteins with hydrophobic regions that completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane. - All IMPs are integral, but not all integral proteins are IMPs
(Equation) PE stored by Capacitor
U=½QV (Use this formula to derive the other two)
Stop codon
UAA, UAG, UGA
heuristic judgments
UNCONSCIOUS determination of the source based on clues or short-cuts associated with the memory
(Equation) PEcapacitor=Ucap=?
Ucap=½QV Ucap=½CV² Ucap=Q²/(2C) Q- charge sotred V - voltage on capacitor
QB name?: "Which of the following social dilemmas was not addressed by the passage?"
Unresolved (keyword: NOT) 1
saturated vs unsaturated vs supersaturated
Unsaturated - more solute dissolves. ion product < ksp saturated- NO more solute dissolves. ion product = ksp Super saturated - unstable, crystals form. ion product > ksp w/o precipitation
How do you protect alcohol from other reactions?
Use TMS or MOM (methoxy-methyl ether) to remove these just use acidification
Hill coefficient
Used to quantify cooperativity. LOOK at graph and see where it crosses Y -axis that will be your hill coefficient
(Equation) voltage
V=Ed=Kq/r Voltage - the amount of potential energy a system is capable of storing per unit charge against an electric field
(Equation) Ohm's law
V=IR V- voltage I - current R - Resistance Warning: ↑ V will not ↑ R only I
(Equation) wave speed formula KNOW THIS ONE WITH YOUR HEART!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
V=λf
(Equation) V (Velocity at the bottom of an inclined plane)
V=√(2gh) V=√(2ax)
Language of any kind =
VERBAL
(Equation) Vavg (Average velocity)
Vavg=(V1+V2)/2
Pinacol rearrangement
Vic diols → single ketone or aldehyde. It requires a vic-diol and involves the spontaneous disassociation of one of the protonated alcohols followed by a methyl shift. Following the methyl shift, the other a lco hol's hydrogen is abstracted and the electrons condense to form a carbonyl and quench the carbocation.
Pinacol rearrangement(Polyhydroxyl Alcohols... wtf is this?
Vic-diol + hot acid → ketone or aldehyde. Tri-subs → aldehyde Tetra → ketone
Michaelis-Menten Equation
Vo=Vmax[S]/(Km+[S])
Electrical Potentials (E°) "wants electrons" What is the most common half reaction? hint: (aq) (s)
Volts, present in "half-reaction" Aqueous metal ion (cation) is reduced to form a (solid) metal Exceptions to metal ions: O2, H2O, H2
Raoult's Law -gives Vp of solution
Vp w/ Non-volatile solute = XVp° Vp w/ volatile solute = Vptotal = XVp°solvent +XVp°solute X - mole fraction Vp° - Vp of solvent before addition
(Equation) W (Work)
W=Fdcosθ
(Equation) work-energy theorum
W=KEf-KEi
(Equation) PV work
W=P∆V
QB name?: "Which of the following statements, if true, would support the author's claim?"
WEAKENS/STRENGTHENS 10
WARNING ON convex lens
When the object is inside the focal point it produces a negative, virtual, upright image Ex: magnifying glass
friction does—change KE into internal energy.
When there is no rotation, THERE IS NO NET TORQUE.
Dishabituation (learning)
When we repeatedly experience a stimulus, we eventually get used to it, and stop responding the same way we did when we first encountered it. We become habituated to it and stop paying attention until we are given a new stimulus. And then when we are once again given the original stimulus, we respond to it with a renewed interest. Our previous habituation to it has been reversed. That is called dishabituation. EX: PICKABOO
Proactive interference?
When your old memories mess up with your new ones is known as? Ex: Get a new phone but its hard to remember because of old phone
appraisal model of emotional expression
Whether we experience stress depends on our cognitive appraisal of the event and the resources we have to deal with it
color shift & doppler effect D.E.
White light → BLUE if D.E. causes ↑ f so ↓ λlength white light → RED if D.E. causes ↓f so ↑λ length
primary alkyl halide
X = F, Cl, Br, or I
(Equation) X (horizontal distance)
X=½at²
Ethanol fermentation
YEAST, ehtanol is made & is final e- acceptor unique cuz pyruvate (3C) → ethanol (2C)
Will a non-competitive inhibitor constantly inhibit a reaction regardless of substrate concentration?
YESSS
Can Polar & non-polar gases easily form homogenous mixtures?
YESSSS
cytotoxic T Lymphocytes -Adaptive NK cells - Innate
Yeast and algae are eukaryotic organisms, Bacteria are prokaryotes =performing transcription and translation simultaneously
Are galvanic & electrolytic cell different in ∆G sign?
Yes, galvanic cells are spontaneous while electrolytic cells are not.
Bystander effect
You don't help a person because others are around "should i or someone else will help?"
Foot in the door technique
You say yes to first question then you are asked a bigger offer ex: coworker ask you to fill in a day of work... yes then she asks "what about a week"
(Trends) Zeffective
Zeff decreases as Atoms increase in size, and the valence electrons are more "screened" from the effects of the nucleus.
physiological effects of stress: CHILDHOOD
[ABUSE, uncared, EXPOSURE TO VIOLENCE]=avoidance of intimacy, attachment issues, poor school performance, increased risk of disorders [DIVORCE/MARITAL CONFLICT]=increased life stress as an adult, more family conflict, lack of social support networks, increased propensity for learned helplessness [WAR/TERRORISM]=PTSD, depression
physiological effects of stress: ADULTHOOD
[MAJOR]=frequently precedes first episode of depression [GENERAL LIFE STRESS]=depression, anxiety disorders, increased substance abuse. [TRAUMA]=PTSD, ASD acute stress disorder
vector
a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to artificially carry foreign genetic material into another cell, where it can be replicated and/or expressed.
Social learning theory (a.k.a. observational learning)
a behavior is learned primarily through modeling or observation.
Sn2 reaction
a bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction (Primary and secondary alkyl halides undergo SN2 reactions. Although there is competition for secondary alkyl halides between SN1 and SN2. If it is a good nucleophile then in undergoes SN2, if it is an okay nucleophile such as H2O then it undergoes SN1)
Empirical formula
a chemical formula showing the ratio of elements in a compound rather than the total number of atoms
E2 reaction
a concerted elimination reaction involving a transition state where the base is abstracting a proton at the same time that the leaving group is leaving. The anti-coplanar transition state is generally preferred. Zaitsev orientation is usually preferred unless the base or the leaving group is unusually bulky.
what are coordinate covalent bonds?
a covalent bond in which one atom contributes both bonding electrons
malignancy
a dangerous cancerous growth that sheds cells into body fluids and spreads to new locations to start new cancer colonies
obstacle evaluation
a dudes ability in problems-solving does NOT depend on how smart (cognitive development) but rather on the level of problem itself.
What is function of epiglottis?
a flap that allows air to trachea. food to esophagus
plasma cell
a fully differentiated B cell that produces a single type of antibody.
Lac Operon
a gene system whose operator gene and three structural genes control lactose metabolism in E. coli
curve of forgetting
a graph showing a distinct pattern in which forgetting is very fast within the first hour after learning a list and then tapers off gradually
Desireable Difficulties
a learning task that requires a considerable but desirable amount of effort, thereby improving long-term performance by including difficulties in studying EX:
What is a chelator?
a ligand that"tie up" a metal ion, and would be expected to inactivate the enzyme
Long term depression
a long term decrease in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by stimulation of the terminal button while the postsynaptic membrane is hyperpolarized or only slightly depolarized
Calorimeter
a measuring instrument that determines quantities of heat
fisherian runaway hypothesis
a model by which runaway inter-sexual selection could lead to sexually dimorphic male ornamentation based upon female choice and a preference for "attractive" but otherwise non-adaptive traits in male mates.
Bronsted-Lowry acid
a molecule or ion that is a proton donor
role-playing effects
a person acting out a role is likely to internalize the attitudes associated with that role
dipole moment
a property of a molecule whose charge distribution can be represented by a center of positive charge and a center of negative charge
self-protein
a protein on the surface of antigen presenting cells that hold a foreign antigen and display it to helper t cells
Ka
a quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution. Large Ka -> small pKa -> strong acid
Kb
a quantitative measure of the strength of an base in solution. Large Kb -> small pKb -> strong base
learning
a relatively long lasting change in behvaior resulting from experience
Wernicke's Encephalopathy
a result of chronic ETOH use on the nervous system, characterized by: *ataxia, ocular signs and confusion*
prisoner dilemma
a situation where people choose between cooperative act and a competitive act that benefits themselves but hurts others - rational, self-interested beings will actually choose to confess, even though mutual cooperation between the prisoners (both prisoners remaining silent) can result in an overall better solution.
in group
a social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty
out group
a social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition
evolutionary bottleneck
a species faces a crisis so severe that a shift is caused in the allelic frequencies of the survivors
Endosymbiotic
a theory that states that certain kinds of prokaryotes began living inside of larger cells and evolved into the organelles of modern-day eukaryotes
actin filament
a thin type of protein filament composed of actin proteins that forms part of the cytoskeleton and supports the plasma membrane and plays a key role in cell strength, shape and movement
lytic cycle
a viral reproductive cycle in which copies of a virus are made within a host cell, which then bursts open, releasing new viruses
lysogenic
a viral reproductive cycle in which the viral DNA is added to the host cell's DNA and is copied along with the host cell's DNA
non-zero sum game
a win win game. don't add up to zero. Everyone gains
Zwitterion
a.a. has + and - charge functional group cancel out and --> neutral ion NOTE: ALL a.a. exist as zwitterion at pH of 7.4 except for charged ones.
(Mass spec) The height of each peak gives the relative ___________ of that fragment
abundance
internalization
accept norms (values) made by group/people
protein denaturing agents
acid, heat, urea, mercaptoethanol acid(used in electrophoresis) & heat (impossible to refold protein, extreme pH) to refold, slowly denature 1st, then slowly remove agent
salt bridges
acidic and basic _R groups undergo neutralization reaction --> salt
Under what conditions do Epoxides react via SN1 or SN2? hint basic or acidic
acidic conditions, epoxides open in an "SN1 like" basic conditions, epoxides open in an "SN2 like"
α-Hydrogens acidity IMPORtant
acidic due to resonance stabilization of the conjugate base
α-Hydrogens acidity whats so unique about 1,3dicarbonyl
acidic due to resonance stabilization of the conjugate base. In 1,3 dicarb middle carbon is EVEN MORE acidic IT CAN act as H bond donor ultra-acidic alpha protons on the carbon between the two carbonyl carbons—double resonance stabilization!
conditioning processes
acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization
self-perception theory
actions influence attitude; people infer attitudes by seeing own behavior
Marijuana (weed)
acts on the endocannibinoid NT system. - mild euphoria, sedation (calm), -inc. appetite.
barbiturates/benzodiazepines
acts on the endocannibinoid NT system. get mild euphoria, sedation, and increased appetite. Marijuana's is controversy among the scientists.
actual self vs ought self vs ideal self
actual "who i am" ought self "who i can be" ideal self "who i wish i could be"
How does the common ion effect impact a saturated solution?
adding a common ion will cause precipitate to form
aldehydes and ketones undergo nucleophilic ___________
addition
Aldehyde & ketone undergo nucleophilic _________ Carboxylic acid/amides/ester/anhydridres undergo nucleophilic ________________
addition; cuz they lack a good leaving group substitution; cuz they have a good l.g.
ATP structure?
adenosie + ribose + 3 phosphates
Yellow Bone marrow produces _______ tisue
adiopose
Aerobic vs anaerobic respiration Which do humans use?
aerobic - uses Oxygen Ex: Citric acid cycle & electron transport Anaerobic - no oxygen use EX: fermentation, glycolysis, lactic acid cycle in muscles. Humans use aerobic respiration to make majority of ATP. Also anaerobic respiration in our muscles during exercise that results in a buildup of lactic acid.
Dynamic steady state a.k.a homeostasis
aka homeostasis; body tries to main constant internal environment. The body is NOT in Equilibrium w/ surrounding. Equillibirum is NOT the same as steady state. if you were in equi you'll be dead
General adaptation syndrome GAS
alarm stage --> resistance stage --> exhaustion stage
Aldehyde & Ketone: Structure? Nomenclature?
aldehyde name end in (-al) Ketone name end in (-one) If their side groups Ketone (-oxo) Aldehyde (-oxo) electrophiles
List the following according to increasing acidity? Carboxylic acid, alcohol, water, aldehyde
aldehydes, alcohols, water, carboxylic acids
syn/anti addition
alkene can become alkanes / H2 and metal catalyst.
peripheral nervous system? what is civil inattention?
all nerves that are not part of the brain or spinal cord. civil inattention - in public you ignore strangers, ignoring offensive sounds and smells from bathroom stalls
how current actually passes through a wire. The first electron to enter the wire will displace an electron in the valence shell of the first atom it encounters. The electron displaced will then displace an electron in a neighboring atom, and so on
all waves SLOW DOWN when they hit a denser medium.
states of Consciousness
alterness, sleep, dreaming, hypnosis, meditation, drug-altered
Sound production
always made in vibrating medium, is mechanic wave, CANNOT propagate in vacuum
Whats more acidic amine or amide?
amine, has more electron density
∆Hcombustion
amount of energy needed to combust 1 mole substance
telomerase
an enzyme that adds nucleotides to telomeres, especially in cancer cells. The enzyme includes a molecule of RNA that serves as a template for new telomere segments.
Primer (memory)
an implicit memory effect in which exposure to one stimulus influences a response to another stimulus. i.e "Doctor" primes "nurse"
THINK of FIELD as:
an invisible influence that can exert a force on a mass or charge
oxidation ALWAYS occurs at the _____ and reduction at the ______ regardless of the type of cell.
anode ; cathode
Humoral = ____________ Cell mediated = ______________
antibodies and primary/secondary response self-attack of diseased cells
chirality
any atom attached to 4 diff substituents must be chiral.
aliphatic
any compound not in a form of ring
Kirchoff's 2nd rule
any cyclic circuit, V= 0 (sum of all voltage drops in each resistor = total V of battery
(Influence of groups on identity formation) reference group
any gruop to which a person usually compares himself to
Limiting reagent
any reactant that is used up first in a chemical reaction; it determines the amount of product that can be formed in the reaction
What is a catalyst?
any substnace that increases reaction rate w/o being consumed in the process.
cofactor
anything that helps enzyme function ex: coenzyme & prosthetic groups EX: Fe-S help transport e-
glycolipids (amphipathic)
are lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic bond
large group
as group size increase, lengevity also increases. Intimacy, loyolaty, bonding, responsibility, level of individual contribution, and consensus all decline. Most stable.
peg word system
associating an idea with a peg word; (ex. one is a bun, two is a shoe, three is a tree...I want to remember to buy carrots at the store, so I image a carrot-flavored bun.)
constant electric field
assumed Earth gravity Uses (d) for distance FInd this in between 2 plates of parallel capacitor. VOLTAGE is not constant.
OIL RIG
atoms; oxidation is losing electons, Reduction is GAINING electrons. lose e-s = reducing agent accept e-s = Oxidizing agent
social cognitive theory of attitude change
attitude change bcause of observational learning. Bandura had factors that produced learning --> change
prejudice = __________, discrimination = _____________
attitude, behavior
Functional attitudes theory
attitudes serve 3 positive functions: 1.knowledge, 2. ego-expressive = way to express our self-identity 3. adaptive - adpt to society
prostaglandin (hydrophobic)
autocrine and paracrine functions thru body Not same as endocrine hormones cuz produced and released thru the body Act locally so don't really travel via blood
narcolepsy very important!!!
autoimmune attack of neurons that release hypocretin (hor. regul. sleep/wake cycle). Symptoms: cataplexy, severe day time sleepness REM is reach super fast within 5 minutes. normal is 1.5 hr
How do you estimate pI (sisoelectric point) for basic?
average pKA amine & pKa basic R group
How do you estimate pI (sisoelectric point) for neutral?
average pKa amine & pKa Carboxyl
How do you estimate pI (sisoelectric point) for acidic?
average pKa of acidic R group & pKa carboxyl
(Equation) ax (acceleration of a particle on an inclined plane)
ax=Fx/m
arcuate fasciculus
axons that connects Wernicke's area with Broca's area; damage causes conduction aphasia (individual mixes the sounds in words)
Fermentation (anaerobic glycolysis)
bact mainly use this to metabolize glucose, Animals use it in prolong exercise (O₂ debt) Erythrocytes why? lack the cellular machinery so its only route to produce energy
How does bacteria use transformation?
bacteria picks up pieces of DNA from environment and incorporates into their genes
social construction model of emotional expression
barriers and prejudice are caused by society and define disability
Amines can act as either ________ or ___________
bases or nucleophiles 1⁰ & 2⁰ = nucleophiles 3⁰ = bases
Reactivity (low stability favors ___ over nucleophilicty
basicity. If it has full - chrage it willl act as a base!!
Granulocytes - BEN
basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil all have visible granules recruit to inflammation & infection, don't live in tissue
Lipid digestion, absorption
begins in SI (duodenum via bile and lipase) and is complete by the end of the SI. CANNOT begin prior to SI. TAGs are broken town into FA, transported across the membrane, then reformed into TAGs. Lipids enter Lacteals by binding to protein (albumin) or formed into chylomicron/micelle
Carbohydrate digestion, absorption. Where does it start? End? Where do they enter?
begins in mouth (Salivary amylase), and is complete by the end of the SI. Carbs are broken down entirely into their monomers (i.e. glucose, fructose, etc.) BEFORE absorption; they enter the blood stream (NOT LACTEAL) and travel to the liver via hepatic portal vein
Punishment discourages __________ Reinforcement encourages _________
behavior behavior
incentive theory
behavior is motivated by a desire to obtain rewards or to avoid punishments
drive reduction theory
behavior is motivated by desire to eliminate something bad Primary drives - physiological needs for survival (e.g. food, water, and sex). Secondary drives - do it to earn (e.g. money, social status, and fame). ex: hunger / thirst
instinct theory (motivation)
behavior is motivated by evolutionary instincts . Ex: animals migrate Baby cries for food
Medical ethics
beneficience - do good nonmaleficience - do no harm autonomy - Justice - equal treatment
Brain waves
beta - awake and alert alpha - very relaxed, meditating theta - light sleep delta - deep sleep
What emulsifies fats? and where is it made? where is it stored?
bile; liver-made, gall bladder - stored emulsifie - separate fat to cover more area for enzyme digestion PHYSICAL DIGESTION
Bacteria reproduce via ___________-
binary fission NOT mitosis or meiosis, colonies grow EXPONENTIALLY
lipids are _______ and ____
biomolecules; hydrophobic
What does p53 protein do? Whats G1 phase do? S phase? G2 phase?
blocks the cell cycle if the DNA is damaged. If the damage is real bad apoptosis (cell death) will occur. G1 - makes Proteins; No Dividing... S phase - Replicate DNA in nucleus.... G2 phase - prepares for division
inductive reasoning
bottom up reasoning , senses to brain. specific observations -->generalizations Ex: touch fire, pain goes from skin to brain, brain tells you to get away
Bottom-up
bottom-up: senses->brain integration; top-down: construct perceptions drawing on experience and expectation
Korsakoff's syndrome HOBOS
brain disorder causes by THIAMINE deficiency, which is a result from Chronic Alcohol Abuse. Alcohol stops the making of thiamine to its active form -> thiamine pyrophosphate So when your drunk you vomit and to much vomiting causes inflamed gastrointestinal linings which leads to bad eating happens -> thiamine deficiency. Also wernickes encephalopathy I S A SMALLER VERSION OF THIS. It is treatable by vitamin injections and stop alcholo drinking.
limbic system
brain region tied to EMOTION/MOTIVATION ventral prefrontal cortex also involved L prefrontal processes--> + emotion R prefrontal --> - emotion
Age related physical changes (late adulthood)
brain shrinks, neural plasticity dec. (ability to fit new memories, connections,motor skills) frontal lobe, corpus callosum lose neurons at fastest rate cerebellum loses 25% of neurons
Chemical digestion
breakdown of bonds via digestive enzymes
Reactivity of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes
c-c < c≡c < c=c
1 glucose molecule gives you _______ atp? A. 20 B. 40 C. 36 D. 80
c. 36
(Equation) Heat capacity
c=q∆T
oxidation of tertiary alcohol
can't be oxidized further
Digestion begins in mouth w/ physical & chemical digestion of ______ ONLY w/ enzyme ______
carbohyrates; α amylase via hydrolysis
ribonuclease & deoxyribonuclease function?
catalyze the hydrolysis of RNA & DNA respectively.→ nucleotides
pancreatic amylase function?
catalyzes the hydrolysis of carbohydrates
lipase function?
catalyzes the hydrolysis of fats
Reduction always occurs at the _____ and oxidation at the _______.
cathode ; anode
(Naming inorganic molecules) General ionic compounds
cation first, then anion
Alanine, Ala, A
causes sugar consuming during exercise. non-polar(hydrophobic) aliphatic
What is totipotent?
cells can become any type of cell in body, even placental or extraembryonic. Ex: 1st cells of division after fertilization
What is multipotent?
cells can become into more than 1 cell type Ex: adult stem cells & cord blood stem cells
confabulation
cesar does this he makes up a false memory but it is very detailed . Usually found in Alzheimers or korsakoffs
dissonance theory of attitude change
change attitude to reduce cognitive dissonance (2 attitudes conflict)
Obedience
change behavior because authority commands BEHAVIOR change EX: "put your hands behind your back"
Compliance
change behavior because you were asked or directed by another person EX: friend asks "can you do me a favor"
conformity
change behavior to "fit in" or "go along" with group of people
elaboration-likelihood model
change your attitude to persuade someone 2 ways: central & peripheral route
electrons are separated by a battery and piled up on the negative side, or anode. Electrons flow, as one would expect, from high to low concentration, or from the negative to the positive terminal.
charge on an electron is -1.6 x 10-19C.
electrostatic interactions, how do they impact protein stabilization?
charged -R groups encourage folding and stabilize protein in folded state
a battery has _______energy
chemical
strecker synthesis
chemical reactions that synthesize an amino acid from an aldehyde or ketone...uses KCN/NH4CL
nativist theory of language
child's brain is born with the capacity to learn language
learning theory of language
children imitate what they see and hear,and learn from punishment and reinforcement
just-world hypothesis
claim that our attributions and behaviors are shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the world is fair and all things happen for a reason
lyase
cleavage/formation of double bond NO water so NO hydrolysis
switches
closed - elec. pass open - no e- flow
inner ear
cochlea, vestibule, semicicular canals, vestibulocochlear nerve
polygenic
combined effect of two or more genes on a single character
Centriole
composed mainly of a protein called tubulin. Centrioles are involved in the organization of the mitotic spindle and in the completion of cytokinesis. organizing microtubules in the cytoplasm.
attention
concentrate on 1 thing, forget everything else around you
divided attention
concentrate on many things at same time. EX: driving & txt
specific real area bias
conduct study in a specific area that doesn't represent sample of population being studied EX: a study of U.S. eating habits conducted at the gym leaves out all those that don't BAD cuz they eat healthier
modifier link (semantic networks)
connect concept to its properties
Superordinate link (semantic networks)
connect the concept to a category name, indicating the concept is a member of that larger class
What type of tissue is cartilage?
connective, composed of collagen
rule-based processing
conscious and intentional, driven by BOTH the event (stimulus) experienced, AND by language, cognition, or formal reasoning - LIMITS applicability of associative learning
In the absence of nonconservative forces (friction, drag, air resistance, etc.), mechanical energy is always ___________.
conserved
Constructive interference vs destructive
constructive - add amplitudes → inc. intesntiy & brightness Destructive - cancle amplitudes→ 0 ampli & no light Ex: 180⁰ out of phase
When contracted, how do ciliary muscle impact power of human eye?
contracted ciliary muscles→ more curved lens→ shorter focal point→ more powerful lens. nearsighted > farsighted in power of lens EX: squint your eyes see better
A bat & bird both have wings. This is an example of Convergent or divergent evolution?
convergent
Lens of the human eye is a ___________ lens, and always produces a ___ image.
converging PRI
What type of lens do humans & magnifying glass have?
converging lens. creates real image of the object onto the retina.
gabriel synthesis
converts a primary alkyl halide to primary amine (sn2, lone pair of ammonia and halide good LG)
What is a Galvanic cell?
converts chemical to electrical energy by using ANY 2 metals, regardless of their reduction potential Current can be created
Convexity (Gestalt)
convex rather than concave patterns will tend to be perceived as figures
critical angle
critical angle is the angle of incidence for which the angle of refraction will be 90°
Influences on CD (cognitive thinking)
culture, heredity, environment, biology
kirchoff's 1st rule
current into a node = current out of node
trypsin
cuts proteins up on CARBOXYL side of a.a. ex: Arginine & Lysine
chymotrypsin
cuts up proteins at large hydrophobic side groups like -Tryptophan -Tyrosine -Phenylalanine
epoxide
cyclic ethers in 3 ring. very reactive cuz of ring strain
cycloalkane what is ring strain?
cycloalkanes w <6 carbons inc. ring strain. Bycyclic ring strain > monocyclic
Location of Substrate level phosphorylation
cytosol, but also in matrix of mitochondria
analysis of stimuli
decision-making, stimuli are changed & analyzed by brain,
Increase intermolecular attractions will ________ pressure in real gases. Inc. movlecular Volume will _____ volume in real gases
decrease, increase
Habituation (learning)
decreased response to a stimulus after the stimulus has been presented multiple times - unconscious/innate EX: you have a neighbor whose dark barks chingos after a while you pay no attention. you have a decrease in response
stage two sleep
deeper sleep, EEG is theta waves w/ sleep spindle & K complexes.
Drug types
depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, pain killers, marijuana (stimulant, depressant, and/or hallucinogen)
(H-NMR) downfield = __________
deshielded
Piage stage: formal operational
develop the ability to think about abstract concepts, and logically test hypotheses. strategy & planning
Functional theorists (deviance)
deviance is not necessarily negative; necessary for social order. Helps clarify the boundaries of social normals and plays positive role in initiating social change.
detection bias
diff in groups caused by inconsistency in the way they are detected or diagnosed
Alternate splicing
different exons can be combined to make nique protiens in different times
Heating curve
different phases of same substance have different heat capacities. X axis can also be time L to G line is longer why? well S to L some intermolecular forces must be broken from L to G ALL must be broken Ex: H bonds
(Extraction) The separation depends on the target molecule having ____________ solubility in the two solvents.
differential; uses "like dissolves like" to separate compounds based on difference in polarity Polar target will stay in polar layer. same goes to nonpolar product
sleep apnea
difficulty breathing while asleep
The majority of all __________ and ___________ occurs in the small intestine
digestion, absorption
whats a geminal (gem-) (cis)?
diol with 2 hydroxyl groups on same carbon
whats a vicinal (vic-) (trans)?
diols with 2 hydroxyl groups on adjacent carbon
(IR) A bond with no ________ will not be detected by IR
dipole
five mechanisms for choosing a mate
direct phenotypic benefits, sensory bias, fisherian runaway hypothesis, indicator traits, genetic compatibilty
Velocity (definition)
displacement per unit time
Proline Turns
disrupt 2nd struc (when found internally) Contribute tertiary struc.
Unlike skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles continue _____________ after differentiation.
dividing
automatic processing
does not require attention ex: 3 years of driving now you can txt or talk w/ passenger or shooting free throws like nothing
distress "bad stress"
doing bad in school, lose job, bills, divorce
nucleophile
donate electrons to another atom. They are attracted to positive charge, a nucleus, (protons and neutrons). In protic solvents and situations with different attacking atoms, its strength correlates to size. In aprotic solvents with the same attacking atom, its strength corresponds to basicity.
Drug addiction stimulates a ___________-based reward pathway in the limbic system of the brain
dopamine addiction impacts VTA & nucleus accumbes in brain
vaccines
dose of a disabled or destroyed pathogen used to stimulate a long-term immune defense against the pathogen. A weakened form of the virus is given to the person so their immune system can build up immunity to the virus.
(Bond strength and length) reactivity
double > triple > single
keto enol tautomerization Which is more stable, the keto or enol tautomer? Why?
double bond is switched from the C-O bond to the bond between the carbonyl carbon and the α-C Keto - more stable cuz carbonyl bonds are much shorter and stronger than alkene bonds
Problem solving theory, how is it related to dreams?
draems are a way for mind to solve problems encountered while awake. dreaming solves problems better than wake mind.
social identity theory
dudes get pride & self esteem from their group membership so they tri to INCREASE the status of their group (in group) and will hate Outgroups EX: BYU & RGV
digestion occurs primarily in the ___________
duodenum
Electron transport chain
each NADH→ 3 ATP each FADH₂ → 2 ATP Q = ubiquinone I pumps 4 H⁺ (protons) NADH - 10 H⁺ pumped (I-4, III-4, IV-2) FADH₂ - 6 H⁺ pumped (II-0, III-4, IV-2) 1 ATP = 3 H⁺
unambiguous genetic code
each codon encodes precisely one amino acid
semi-conservative
each replicated DNA molecule consists of one original "parent" strand plus one newly syntehsized complementary "daughter" strand
Erikson's theory of psychosocial development "look at your journal "
each stage shows conflict between person needs vs social demands: Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. shame and doubt initiative vs. guilt industry vs. inferiority identity vs. role confusion intimacy vs. isolation generativity vs. stagnation integrity vs. despair
alcohol (depressant)
effects on all sorts of NT systems. -depressant drug because of it can agonize GABA neurotransmission (barbiturates & benzodiazepens do this also) low doses= minor mood changes and mild impairment of coordination high doses= result in unconsciousness too much alcohol and barbiturates can cause death. alcohol + benzo or barbi = messed up (-) stuff
Deep (Semantic) processing
elaborative rehearsal; involves a more meaningful analysis (e.g. images, thinking, associations etc.) of the meaning and context of information and leads to better recall.
a spring has _____________ energy
elastic potential
two separated charges contain __________ energy
electrical potential
nervous system signalling
electrical potentials, cascades - i.e. GABA and NMDA
Which one required external voltage source to work, electrolytic or galvanic cell?
electrolytic
To release light as a photon, what needs to happen to the electron?
electron drops "relaxs" to a lower energy level.
photoelectric effect
electrons are ejected when light's frequency reaches a threshold
Amines with 4 substituents act as _____________ Ex: ammonium
electrophiles
Anhydrides are excellent ___________
electrophiles
Good Gestalt (Gestalt)
elements tend to be grouped together if they are parts of a pattern which is a good Gestalt, meaning as simple, orderly, balanced, unified, coherent, regular, etc as possible, given the input.
Past experience (Gestalt)
elements tend to be grouped together if they were together often in the past experience of the observer.
Frequent ________, characteristic of alcoholics, leads to inflamed intestinal linings and poor eating habits, contributing to vitamin deficiency
emesis
riots
emotional and violent disturbances of the peace by a crowd that lacks a central focus
James-Lange
emotions arise from physiological arousal. ex: fear from bear or seeing your crush
Schachter-Singer
emotions have 2 factors:1. physiological component 2. cognitive component. Here, physiological arousal is interpreted in context which leads to the emotional experience.
Tautomerization
enamine & imine change via proton shift
(Add. of amines to Carbonyls) 2° amines yield ____________ (Add. of amines to Carbonyls) 1° amines yield ____________
enamines; imines;
acid chlorides are the _______________ of the COOH derivative
end in "-oyl chloride" most reactive
Key features of COOH (carboxylic acid)
end with "-oic acid" 1) Resonance stabilization 2) Induction (to predict acidity, examine the stability of the conjugate base) 3) Hydrogen bonding
AMP → cAMP transition is ___________
endergonic
Pancreas function
endo (glucagon& insulin)/exocrine (digestive enzymes) gland secrete bicarbonate, neutralizes so pH 2 --> pH 6 for intestine
Chemical energy
energy contained within chemical bonds - energy stored/released due to separation or flow of e- (battery)
Heat energy
energy dissipated as heat EX: collision or current carrying wire - a form of energy that is transferred by a difference in temperature.
induced-fit theory
enzyme stabilizes the transition state of the substrate, causing a reduction in the activation energy of the transition state
restriction endonuclease
enzymes that recognize specific sequences of nucleotides and cleave strands of DNA into fragments wherever those sequences occur
cognitive bias
error in thinking, inaccurate, fail to consider all options or consequences
All _____________ and ____________ are made in the bone marrow via hematopoiesis
erythrocytes, leukocytes
Transesterification
ester + alcohol → diff ester. NEEDS acid catalysis
Triacylglycerols & phospholipids are BOTH _________
esters = f.a. + glycerol
Adaptive role of emotion
evolution-based, via natural selection. ex: disgust
Balanced fulcrums
ex of equilibrium Objcs floating in water
personal events
ex of stressor - new job, being late, traffic etc.
cataclysmic events
ex of stressor = animal attack, bad weather , war CATASTROPHIC
Zimbardo prison study
ex: of role playing Half of the subjects were assigned to be guards other prisoners,"pretend became real", Prisoners acted like prisoners - Had to stay in prison 24/7, Study had to be terminated after 6 days
Standard conditions & STP are not the same thing!!
ex: temp is 0 for STP, 25C for Standard conditions
role of emotion in prejudice
exacerbated; inhibit judgment perceiver - emotion can drive prejudicial fears, anger, etc. recipient - emotion can be caused by prejudice
exclusion bias
exclusion of an entire group from the population EX: a study about childhood education that does not survey any homeschooled children.
(Influence of groups on identity formation) culture and socialization
expectations, norms of one's culture, along with the accompanying socialization, provide a strong driving force during identity formation
cognitive dissonance theory
experience tension when 2 attitudes conflict w/ each other.
Surface Proteins
exposed surface capsid or envelope proteins (glycoproteins for attachment) - signalling, connection
locus of control and self
external - more prone to low self esteem and even depression internal - happier, high self-esteem
A closer object requires a stronger, more powerful lens and very powerful lenses have very short focal lengths.
eye ALWAYS forms PRI images
Quantum mechanic designations
e⁻ fill up a certain "probability" in space - n → principle (street) - l → azimuthal (address) - ml → magnetism (room) - ms → spin/orientation (roommate)
charge of e-
e⁻=1.6x10⁻¹⁹ C
inclined plane
f is friction
(Equation) (mirror) focal point
f=½r MIRRORS ONLY
behavioral response
facial expression/body language = express emotion
stage one sleep
falling asleep, EEG is alpha and theta waves
Farad vs faraday
farad the SI unit of electrical capacitance, equal to the capacitance of a capacitor in which one coulomb of charge causes a potential difference of one volt. faraday is the magnitude of electric charge per mole of electrons.
Jean Piaget
father of developmetal psych; cognitive theory
G-cells secrete the peptide hormone Gastrin into the bloodstream NOT into the gastric pit. This makes them an endocrine gland
fats don't begin being digested until the duodenum (where they first encounter lipase and bile)
(Equation) Beat frequency
fbeat=|f₁-f₂|
WHat are some universal emotions
fear, anger, happiness, surprise, joy, disgust, sadness
spleen function
filters blood, High conc. of WBCs & plateletes, Stores lots of blood; break & recycles old RBCs
mores
fixed customs or manners; moral attitudes
Types of reinforcement schedules: hint 4 of them FVFV
fixed ratio - a response is reinforced only after a specific # of responses. Ex: grades get all A's = money variable ratio - a response is reinforced after an unpredictable # of responses EX: slot machine, play until you win fixed interval = 1st reponse is rewarded only after a an amount of time has passed Ex: Weekly paycheck Variable interval - reponse is rewarded after UNPREDICTABLE TIME Ex: Check email every now and then
RIBOSOMES ARE MADE IN NUCLEOLUS!!! PCR you need to know DNA sequence & length of gene to determine elongation tiime! ALSO Glycogen metabolism ; feeder pathway for glycolysis
focus on glycogen phosphorylase and phosphoglucomutase PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASE does not require ATP compared to hexokinase so G-1-P here is better than the one made from glycolysis (uses 1 atp) produces more ATP
selective attention
focus on one thing and ignore others
standard temperature and pressure (STP)
for a gas, the temperature of 0 Celsius and pressure 1.00 atmosphere
Adhesive force
forces between the liquid molecules and their container
Characteristics of a Bureauocracy
formal hierarchical structure, management by rules, organization by functional specialty, either an "up-focused" or "in-focused" mission, purposely impersonal, emplyment based on technical qualifications, number of management/professional staff is always increasing (Parkinson)
acetoacetic ester synthesis; what does it form?
formation of ketone froma β keto ester How? 1. Base abstracts α H, leaving a CARBANION 2. carbanion attacks an alkyl halid R-X, which adds R group to α C 3. Hot acid loses -COOR group
What is the function of Proline in secondary structures?
found at the ENDDDD, Proline introduces KINK/TURN which is used in beta sheets to turn 180 and a new neighboring row
Promiscuity
frequent casual sex w/ diff partners
Smooth ER
functions in lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification. carries out the metabolism of carbohydrates, drug detoxification, attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins, and steroid metabolism.[10] In muscle cells, it regulates calcium ion concentration.
A species with + E˚ is more likely to ________ than are H ions. A species with a - E˚ is less likely to _______ than are H ions.
gain electrons (i.e., be reduced); gain electrons
lactose
galactose+glucose (B)
Henry's law : The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the ______ over that ________.
gas, liquid so if you dec. pressure gas ability to dissolve dec.
feminist theory
gender inequalities in society and to work to overcome them.
Spearman's General intelligence
general intelligence a.k.a (g factor)= bedrock from which all other forms of intelligence are created
Intelligence is influence by both ____ & ______
genetic; environmental factors
Positive reinforcement
give a reward, or positive stimulus being added, in response to the desired behavior Ex: work and get paid $$
anchoring & adjustment
give high priority to 1st piece of info received and/or putting other info around it for example if a list of possible sentences given to a jury, they will be anchored by the first option.
maltose
glucose+glucose (A)
Glucagon stimulates _______________, in the liver, insulin stimulates _______________ in liver
glycogenolysis - breakdown of glycogen → glucose in bood glycogenesis - making of glycogen for storage Liver makes glucose from lactate, glycerol, a.a. a process called GLUCOneogenesis
Mesylates & Tosylates are ___ leaving groups?
good, react w/ any nucleophile
Eustress "good stress"
graduating, wedding, new job
neutrophil
granulocyte, WBC, 1st to respond to infection & inflmmation by chemotaxis. live for 5 days, MOST abundant "never let monkey eat bananas" pus is dead neutrophils
basophil
granulocyte, have histamine → inflammation & allergic response.
any object with height has ___________ energy
gravitational potential
water in a tank has ___________ energy and _________ energy of the molecules
gravitational potential; kinetic
Filtration: separating out a liquid from a solid So gravity vs vaccum?
gravity filtration - solvent is the desired product Vaccum - solid is the desired product
groupthink
group members seek consensus despite their individual doubts. WILL make wrong decisicions
Proximity (Gestalt)
group nearby figures together - horizontal lines of dots
Group Polarization
groups will make extreme decisions while individuals wont so much
Illusion of invulnerability
groupthink - "members become very optimistic and do risk take a lot " "we can't be harmed"
Mindguards
groupthink - a dude who discourages any idea being expressed .
Pressure to conform
groupthink - if you question you are disloyal or traitors
Self-Censorhip
groupthink - members hide their fear or doubts
stereotyping
groupthink -members considers outsider DEVILSSS muahahaha
Illusion of morality (unquestioned beliefs)
groupthink -members ignore moral problems & consequences
Rationalization
groupthink -members ignore warning signs, don't reconsider their beliefs
What is Cell potential or E° cell? Half-reaction requirements?
half reaction E° + half reaction E° = E°cell - H.R. always come in pairs: 1 reduction H.R. + 1 oxidation H.R. E° for any oxidation H.R. is simply the (-) of the lowest possible E° the reduction H.R.
Continuity (Gestalt)
happens when eye is compelled to move through one object and continue to another obj.;;;;; we perceive smooth, continuous patterns, rather than discontinuous ones - squiggly line example
Specific real area biased
happens when the sampling for a study occurs at one location, leaving out all other populations Ex: at a gym or university
insomnia
hard falling or staying asleep
optic disc or blind spot
has no photoreceptors because all of the axons of the retinal ganglion cells project through the rear of the eye
electrophiless
have + charge, always get attacked
Alcohols
have -OH, -Ol in name like butanol, cyclohexanol. MP ↑ w/ ↑ polarity & H bonding BP ↑ w/ ↑ MW BP↓ w/↑ branching <acidic than water, acidity ↑ from tertiary to primary
If something is has high oxidation potential (lose electrons), how does this impact reduction potential?
have a low reduction potential. If a compound is less likely to be reduced, it is more likely to be oxidized.
emotional interference
heightened emotions WRT one memory can simultaneously increase the strength of the LTM trace for that concept AND decrease the strength of other memories occuring immediately before or at the same time as the emotional event
the liver and pancreas are part of the endoderm.
hematopoiesis occurs in teh spongy bone dermis is connective tissue
Do strong oxidizing agents have high or low reduction potential E°?
high
Sliding filament mechanism
high energy = straight occurs in ATP hydrolysis low energy = bent, Ca++ binds to tropinin, releasing the "clamp" of tropomyosin. Then myosin will bind to actin. NO ATP - muscle is stuck in contracted position a.ka rigor mortis NO CA++ - DON"T get rigor mortis but can't contract "flaccidity"
saturated fats have (higher? or lower?) freezing points than unsaturated fats
higher
Higher pitch sounds have _____ lower pitch sounds have _______
higher frequencies lower frequencies
For total internal reflection to occur, light must be passing from a _________ index medium to a ________ index medium
higher, lower
WT organisms do not carry the mutation, represented as +/+. A +/- symbol represents a heterozygote, may still work, but will experience reduced expression compared to WT. a -/- symbol indicates two mutant genes and therefore no functional protein expression.
histamine induces inflammation.
Spreading activation (think electric spreading)
how semantic networks process recall events 1° -> 2° ->3°
self-presentation
how we present or display ourselves to society
(Equation) Doppler effect
http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/sat2/physics/chapter17section6.rhtml fD = f x (c/c-Vs) If the source and receiver move towards each other (and one is stationary), the observed frequency increases. If the source and receiver move away from each other (and one is stationary), the observed frequency decreases. vs - relative velocity c - 3X10⁸ ms for light c - 340 m/s for sound f = frequency of source sound/light fD = frequency perceived by target
right hand rule KNOW It
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PVignrHljXQ top is used to get mag. force bottom is used to get it for wire https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eK1Ar5WPJj8
When you see "B-cells" or "antibody" THINK of __________________________
humoral immunity
Biological and sociological motivators
hunger, sex drive, substance addiction
saponification
hydrolysis of ester ex: triglycerides, phospholipids
hydrolase
hydrolysis so break bond
What is amphipathic? give 4 exampels?
hydrophobic & hydrophilic properties ex: F.a. phospholipids sphingolipids, glycolipids
geometric diastereomers
i.e. trans vs. cis. Cis isomers have dipole moment & steric hindrance. TRANS DON'T have dipole or steric.
threshold of conscious perception
idea that you are either fully conscious or not conscious at all (can't be partly conscious); when as stimulus activates enough neurons to a sufficient extent, the activity magnifies & extends over much of the brain but if a stimulus fails to reach that level the patten fades away
identity
identity = self-identity + group identity (culture or race) HOW I AM DEFINED BY MYSELF, OTHERS, AND VARIOUS SITUATIONS ex: i am mexican. i am premed student WHO I AM
secondary appraisal
if threat is bad(stressful), then you use resources to deal with it
Near sighted
image is formed IN FRONT of retina
deindividuation
immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values. EX: soldier shoot anyone
Emotional memory
implicit (unconscious; sense memory) "felt again", explicit (conscious)
chromosomal duplication
important source of genetic variation; if a gene is duplicated, the new copy can undergo mutation without affecting the function of the original copy
attribute substitution
in decision making, a situation in which people do not know the answer to a question. In this case, they substitute an answer to a similar but easier question
If no Ca is present, we get __________
inability to contract a.k.a. flaccidity
Whats a zymogen?
inactive enzyme precursor, used in animals to PREVENT enzyme activity during manufacture and transport Ex: chymotrypsinogen
Atomic orbital theory
incorporates wave-like behavior of particles/atoms in describing bonding behavior bonding=combination of atomic orbitals
Resonance will ___ the stability of conjugate base therefore inc. ___-
increase , incrase acidity
altruism (sociological)
indicates that altruism can be selfish
suppressor T-cells (regulatory T-cells)
inhibit body's own immune system, prevent autoimmune disease, "turn off' after infection is cleared
primary appraisal
initial evaluation of threat. Judge it as : irrelevant, good, bad (stressful)
Physiological response to stressors
initial response=SNS sitmualtion
Think of innate immune response as SHOTGUN. isn't specific to target, fires quickly w/o wasting time trying to aim perfectly. Adaptive - sniper - needs time to prepare attack, very specific target more effective
innate - complement, neutrophil & macrophage , NK cell Adaptive - lymphocytes (B & T cells).
what are minerals like calcium, iron, used for?
inorganic, eaten, necessary for bone formation, ion gradients, oxygen transport (iron-containing heme), muscle contraction (calcium), ATP processing (magnesium), production of stomach acid (chlorine), etc.
basic model of emotional expression
input -> process -> output
physical properties of alkanes
insol in H20 (nonpolar), low density, oils/gases gasoline, B.P. & MP inc. w/ inc. chain length/MW BP dec. but MP inc. w/ inc. branching
Theories of motivation
instinct, arousal, drive reduction, needs-based, Maslow, ERG, self-determination, incentive, cognitive :extrinisic vs. intrinsic, expectancy-value
causes of forgetting
insufficient repetition, reliance on maintenance rehearsal rather than elaborative rehearsal, interference
meditation
intentional to improve focus or overalll well being PRAYER,
Keto-enol tautomerism
interconversion of keto and enol tautomers
2nd messenger
intracellular molecules that translate the signal from 1st messenger into an intracellular response; generated by the binding of a chemical (hormone or neurotransmitter) to a plasma membrane receptor (i.e. cAMP)
intuition is trusting ones gut feeling
intrapersonal intelligence is re la te d to o ne 's ability to be aware of their own emotions, not those of others
Gluconeogenesis vs glycolysis The 4 enzymes specific to gluconeogeneiss replace 3 glycolytic enzymes which all catalyze _________ reactions
irreversible reactions. Those three steps that are replaced are all phosphorylation reactions
masses
is a crowd but with SAME concern & beliefs ex; catholics
Type 2 Error
is a false negative, null hypothesis is false and you fail to reject it, ex: Null hypothesis (H0): two medications are equally effective. Ex: researcher concludes that the medications are the same when, in fact, they are different. ex; fire without an alarm
reticular activating system
is associated w/ arousal
Eastern blot
is similar to the western blot but it is for post-transational modifications, probes bind to lipids, carbohydrates and phosphates,
Isoelectric point:
is the pH at which a molecule carries no net charge. Similar to equivalence point (starting solute is neutralized by titrant)
Negative reinforcement
is the removal of an unpleasant stimulus as the result of a given behavior, making behavior more common in future Ex: Before - morning alarm clock Behavior - turn it off after - alarm noise stops
genetic imprinting
is when expression of genetic traits is determined by weather the trait is inherited from the mother or the father.
What is State dependent learning
is where the learning environment affects recall. For instance, 2 scuba divers. 1. learns in a pool and the other in the ocean when they both go to the ocean . the ocean guy will do better
What is Lateral geniculate nucleus LGN?
its part of thalamus, its like a RELAY CENTER between optic nerve and visual cortex of the occipital lobe
absorption occurs primarily in the _________ and the ___________ of small intestine
jejunum, ileum
Protecting ketones/aldehydes from reaction
just convert them to acetal or ketal
(Decarboxylation) The carboxylate ion usually retakes the H from the base, forming a _________________
keto-enol tautomer
kinesins move from ____ to ___ Dyneins move from ___ to ___
kinesin - - to + or center of cell to outisde Dynein is opposite + to - or outside to inside
any moving object has ___________ energy
kinetic
wernicke's area
language comprehension. Damage creates inability to comprehend language; usually in the left temporal lobe
interactionist
language development is both biological and social. interaction between the developing child and linguistically knowledgeable adults
Think of metals as:
large atoms w/ loose electrons. They are Lustrous (shiny), Ductile (thin wires won't break), malleable and good conductors for heat and electricity. they FORM ionic bonds w/ non metals
attitude
learned tendency to evaluate stimuli in a particular way
language development theories
learning (environmental or behaviorist), nativist (biological), interactionist
Why is hofmann degradation important?
lets you add amine to a tertiary carbon
(Equation) Effusion and Diffusion aka Graham's law
light gasses diffuse of effuse quickly ; heavy diffuse/effuse slowly E1/E2=(√mass₂/mass₁) E - effusion(pic) or diffusion rate MW- molecular weight
plane polarized light
light with all electric fields oriented in the same direction that results when a device is used to screen out all photons not having an electric field in one particular directio
long bone
like femur
activation-synthesis theory
limbic system suddenly fires, mimicks incoming stimuli. Cerebal cortex tries to synthesize and intrepret this --> dreaming
sp
linear(180( 50% s, 50%p
Pepsin and gastric lipase are both active at low pH - stomach Chymotrypsin is active at Ph-7 - small instestine
lipase acts on fats, NOT protein
Gas Chromatography IMPORTANT
liquid-stationary phase; mixture is dissolve in a heated gas then flows thru. BP & polarity determine when they come out. height of the peak - abundance of that component. lowest bp elute first, followed sequentially by those with higher boiling points.
approaches to PS: trial and error
literally try and fail, need options ex: try out a chick if she sucks then go to next one
mast cells, what activates them? what do they secrete?
live in tissues, activated by allergens/antigens →release histamine. ALLERGIC REACTIONS like anaphylactic shock
Batteries
long line is + terminal, Short line is (-) terminal
Cohort study
longitudinal; Uses common factors in populations to evaluate risk factors and correlation (i.e. Does x lead to y? Find people who exhibit x and people who don't and monitor the prevalence of y in both populations) EXAMPLES: Smokers were three times more likely to develop lung cancer before the age of 50, than non-smokers; a statistically significant correlation (r = 0.84, p < 0.01) exists between socioeconomic status and frequency of pre-term births
Decarboxylation of β keto acid
lose CO2
attenuation
lose intensity of wave as it passes thru something cuz of reflection & absorbtion Ex: water
both high self -esteem and biased messages inhibit attitude change.
low self-esteem and biased messages inhibit attitude change
More stable the compound, the ________ Hcombustion
lower
How do impurities impact the melting point of a sample?
lower melting point than literature value Mel. poi. range will broader than l.v.
absolute threshold
lowest level of a stimulus that an organism can detect
Where are sperm made? Where are they stored & nurtured?
made in seminiferous tubules Stored & nurtured - epididymis Haploids, lots of mitochondria
Teritary quantum number
magnetic quantum number, "m," tells which orbital the electron is on orientation in space
G-cells
make & secrete Gastrin → released into BLOOD→stimulate chief/parietal cells
mucous neck cells function? what do they secrete?
make & secrete mucus, an alkaline which protects from corrosion from super acidity of stomach.
Acetyl-CoA
makes 12 ATP
Integumentary system makes what vitamin?
makes Vit D
Converging a.k.a Convex (+)
makes a + , real, inverted image. (PRI) Positive means its on same side as observer if object is inside the focal point will make a NVU
mannose
mannose is epimer of glucose
A (element symbols)
mass number (protons and neutrons)
Physical digestion
mastication stomach churning emulsification (breaking up) of fats by bile
Overmatching
matching for a confound that is a result of exposure
algorithms
math formulas, step by step
T-cell
mature in thymus & participate in immune response. recognize and bind antigens via a "Tcell Receptor" (TCR) not found on B-cells.
Pendulums PE is maximum at ____ height KE is maximum at ______ of the pendulum arc
max bottom
Normal, age-related memory loss
max brain size in 20s, decreases from there sharpest decline -> episodic, source memory little/no decline -> semantic/implicit memory (including procedural)
standing wave
max destructive interfer. -waves cancel - create node max constructive interf. - wave add up - form antinode nodes or antinodes don't move,
IR spectroscopy, how does it work?
measures the vibrations of atoms, used to find functional groups Ex: bond has dipole, put some IR radiation, begins to vibrate and it will absorb some IR energy → pops out on machine
pinacol rearrangement
mechanism
Mechanical waves require a _______ to move
medium that is stiff not liquid or gas; transfer energy ONLY
Electromagnetics waves don't require a ____________.
medium, work in vaccum; transfer energy & momentum TRANSVERSE ONLY
What is emotional interference?
memories are stronger with intense emotion, while weak when memories happen JUST prior or just after the event. so you can't remember shit before an accident or after.
heightened emotional states
memories encoded are normally retrieved more easily
Flashbulb memories
memories that correspond to an emotional event and involve vivid recall of the contextual details associated with the memory. For instance where one was when the memory occurred, who they were with, or the source associated with the memory
rote memory
memorize stuff based on repetition
a drop in hormone levels causes __________ in women
menstruation
Barriers to effective problem solving or decision making
mental set, functional fixedness , cognitive bias
Semiconductor
metalloid, material that is 1/2 insulator 1/2 conductor.
Selection bias
method used to select participants is not truly random
(Equation) Fair (terminal velocity)
mg=Fair
Tau (τ) protein
microtubular protein, when messed up leads to Alzheimer's disease
What in the hell is hydroxyapatite?
mineral makes up bone and the matrix of teeth.
hybridization
mixing of higher and lower energy e⁻ orbitals to form "hybrid" orbitals with intermediate energy
What are some things to avoid in extraction?
mixing too hard; reactive solvents; high boiling point
Which of these is affected by Temperature, molality or Molarity
molaRITY is impacted, molality is NOT affected by temperature
(Mass spec) parent peak a.k.a molecular ion peak
molecular weight of original molecule minus 1 e-
amphoteric
molecule or ion that can react as an acid as well as a base. The word is derived from the Greek word amphoteroi (ἀμφότεροι) meaning "both". Many metals (such as copper, zinc, tin, lead, aluminium, and beryllium) form amphoteric oxides or hydroxides.
anomers
molecules differ orientation at the anomeric carbon of a ring structure.
polymerization
mono -->di-->polysaccharides
The power delivered to a resistor in a current carrying wire is dissipated as heat. Reducing the resistance will thus decrease the heat
more current flows through the resistor with less resistance and less through the resistor with more resistance.
direct phenotypic benefits
more likely to care for offspring
degenerative genetic code
more than one codon codes for same amino aci
secure attachement
most healthy attach. Child: child can be comforted by mom & stranger but prefers mom Adult: good relationship w/ wife
Column chromatography:
most non-polar substances will elute first, followed by increasingly more polar substances.
Freud's theory of psychosexual development
most of peoples personaliest form during early childhood years
conformational isomer
most similar. same molecule only at different points in their rotation. show them with newmans projections. NOT TRUE ISOMER
Yellow bone marrow
mostly fat, spongy bone is filled w/ red bone marrow. compact bone is organized into osteons, has Haversion canals and canaliculi.
broca's area
motor aspects of speech
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the _______ Protein digestion begins in the _________
mouth carbs;by salivary amylase, break into monomers stomach proteins; break into peptides & a.a. BOTH carbs/proteins: - break down BEFORE absorption -enter blood stream NOT lacteal, - travel to liver - complete by end of small intestine
electron configuration: cations
move BACK one box in the periodic table for each e- missing
electron configuration: anions
move FORWARD one box on the periodic table for each extra e- present
Changing Elec. field CREATE magnetic fields, Changing magnetic fields CREATE electric fields
move in anyway charged particle change →elec.field→magnetic field ex's: nuclei w/ odd # Electrons, current Bar magnets
Quaternary protein
multiple folded proteins into a multi-subunit complex EX: HEMOGLOBIN
Valine, Val, V
muscle maintenance non-polar aliphatic
Tendons attach what to what? Ligaments attach what to what?
muscle to bone; bone to bone
(Naming inorganic molecules) Transition metals
must have Roman numeral signifiers showing oxidation state
Skeletal muscle anatomy
myofibrils are proteins composed of actin & myosin fibers interconnected in repeating units called sarcomeres.
cardiac muscle utilizes ___________ and ___________ for contraction
myoglobin, mitochondria
Questions regarding cardiac muscle: Does it use Hemoglobin or myoclobin? What organelle is in abundance? How are cardiac muscle cells/fibers connected? Do cardiac cells divide or frozen?
myoglobin; mitochondria - prevent fatigue intercalated discs w/ gap junctions. divide
You Iram Flores have an eye condition that is known as what?
myopia aka nearsightedness
(Equation) index of refraction and Snell's Law
n=c/v n₁sinθ₁=n₂sinθ₂ frequency doesn't change from medium to medium λ does change
behavioral response to stress
negative behavior ; drinking
emotional response to stress
negative moods and emotions ; anger
Stimulus types
neutral, conditioned, unconditioned
Machines ___________ the amount of work
never reduce/change, only change force needed to accomp. that work
smooth muscle
non-striated, 1 nucleus, involuntary
physical properties of alcohols
nuc or lewis acid, ↑ BP with ↑ MW ↓ BP with ↑ branching increase MP w/ inc. polarity, H-bonding
Sn1 reaction
nucleophilic substitution reaction (3° & 2° alkyl halides undergo SN1 reactions. 1° never do.)
Z (element symbols)
number of protons
avogadro's number
number of representative particles in a mole, 6.02 X 10^23
The frequency of any harmonic is equal to ____________
n×(fundamental frequency)
Piages stage: sensorimotor
object permanence - knowing that an object still exists, even if it is hidden. EX: toy under blanket, baby knows its still there
equilibrium ex's Also: solve problems by setting forces = to each other and solve for unknown variables
object rest = static equillibrium obj moving at constate velocity - dynamic Net force = 0 accec = 0
Obligate aerobe vs facultative aerobe Which one are you?
obligate aerobes - MUST use aerobic res can't survive w/o Oxygen. obligate anaerobes - MUST use anaerobic respiration Can't survive w/ oxygen present. "Facultative" - will use any aerobic/anaerobic res depending on situation Facultative anaerobes prefer anaerobic facultative aerobes prefer aerobic.
ring flip
occurs in cyclohexane (unsub) when one chair to another axial --> equitorial
Chromosomal inversion
occurs when a chromosomes reattaches to its original, but in reverse direction
Good Continuation (Gestalt)
occurs when the eye is compelled to move through one object and continue to another object.
Beat frequency
occurs when two waves with close to the same frequency interfere
(H-NMR) An atom must have either an ____ atomic number or an ___ mass number to register on an NMR (aka MRI) Ex: Which of the following will NOT be detected by MRI machine? H, oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine
odd, odd Oxygen, has even mass It is the transition of a nucleus from "with" the fie ld to "against it" that resonates with the radio energy creating an absorbance
Matrix (Mitochondria)
on the inside (think Neo)
opponent-process theory
one emotion is experienced, the other is suppressed. ex: drug initially produces pleasurable feelings, but then a negative emotional experience occurs. Eventually, the drug user takes drugs not for their pleasurable effects, but to avoid withdrawal symptoms.
waxes (hydrophobic)
one f.a. linked to an alcohol; functions as a waterproof coating on many biological surfaces such as apples and other fruits.
β-tubulin
one of the monomeric globular proteins which associate to form the dimer, α,β-tubulin, the basis of microfilaments.
sequential move game
one player takes an action before another player. second mover observes the action of the first player before moving
intuition
one's "gut feeling" based on previous experience, mental set
role of culture in attribution
one's culture will impact the kinds of attributions one is most likely to make
emotion
one's mood, feelings, and reactions to circumstances
Whats another way to call an immature egg?
oocyte
How does temperature and vapor pressure impact solubility of gas in liquid?
opposite from S to L: ↑ temp will ↓ solubility why? ↓ temp will ↑ solubility ↑ VP of gas X over a liquid ↑ solutibility of gas X in that liquid
How to calculate number of isomers?
optically active stereo isomers = 2^n n = # of chiral center
stages of Freud's theory of psychosexual development
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvOoYX45G_0
Confounding variables
outside thing that affects the variables being studied. Ex: placebo effect
Directional hypothesis
p > α, we CANNOT reject H0 p < 0.05 or α, reject H0. H0 is statistically significant
Nondirectional hypothesis
p > α/2 we CANNOT reject H0 p < α/2, reject H0
pH levels in mitochondria
pH cyto = 7.4 pH matrix = 7.7 pH IMM = 6.8
half equivalence point
pH=pKa because there's equal amounts of acid and base
Henderson Hasselbalch equation
pH=pka+log[base/acid] Used in titration based problems that relates the pH or pOH of a solution to the pK and the ratio of the dissociated species.
hardy weinberg equation
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 p + q = 1 DIf from real life. How? 1. Large population 2. NO mutation, immigration/emigration 3. Random mating 5. NO natural selection The terms p and q NEVER refer to a number or fraction of individuals— they do NOT refer to genotypes. Rather, p and q refer to the percentage of each allele present as a fraction of all of the alleles in the population. The term p2 represents the fraction of individuals who have the homozygous dominant genotype (TT). The term q2 represents the fraction of individuals with the homozygous recessive genotype (tt). The term 2pq represents the fraction of individuals with the heterozygous genotype (Tt). In other words, p and q represent the fractions of p and q alleles in the population. The terms q2, 2pq, and q2 all represent fractions of individuals with each possible genotype
visual cortex
part of the occipital lobe responsible for processing visual stimuli
Men's reproductive system
penis- excretes & ejaculates thru urethra testicles - make, nurture, & store sperm scrotum - thick skin surrounds your balls keeps temp at 35C Sperm-haploid gametes. seminiferous tubules - makes sperm epididymis - nurture, matured & stored until ejaculation.
arousal theory (motivation)
people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and mental activation. ex:final exam weeks in college. You want to get out of school and relax BUT then you get bored and want to come back to school
Berkson's Fallacy
people in study are LESS HEALTHY than the general population
healthy user bias
people in study are healthier than the general population
self-selection bias
people in study choose to participate or NOT, determine the level of involvement EX: surveys
Demand characteristics
people see "interpret" the experiments purpose & influence the outcome by changing behavior
foot-in-door phenomenon
people who agree 1st to small request are more likely to agree to a bigger one.
Is gastrin a peptide or steroid? Where would its receptor be located?
peptide hormone →soluble in blood, w/o carrier molecule →needs membrane recptor, can't dissolve non-polar of plasma membrane.
thinking
perceive stimuli, encode it, and store the info for later use
Self-serving bias
person attributes personal successes to internal factors and personal failures to external factors
alertness
person is awake, conscious, and capable of processing info. neural pathway = reticular formation of the brain stem stimulates the prefrontal cortex to maintain alertness (loss of reticular function=COMA!!!!!!!!!
Phosphoryl group transfers
phosphate is transferred onto another molecule, NOT released as Pi Ex: glycolysis
Whats neuroplasticity?
physical changes seen in brain
Long term memory is always the result of _____ changes, where short term memories are suspected to be the result of __________ changes
physical, chemical
Work is + or - chemistry vs physics
physics-if F & displacement go in same direction = work is positive (e.g., pushing a barbell up). If F & d are in opposite directions = work is negative (e.g., lowering a barbell). In physics & chemistry - work done on system = + Work done by system = -
Cannon-Bard
physiological arousal and emotional experience occur at the same time. Fear is felt at the same time sympathetic NS kicks in.
physiological experience
physiological changes in HR, BP, breathing, and skin temp in the individual experiencing the emotion ex: mad you get hot
Asparagine, Asn, N
polar uncharged CNS homeostasis (emotion)
LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE
polar solutes are soluble in polar solvents, non w/ non polar
Polygenic vs pleiotropy
polygenic - many genes give 1 phenotype. Pleiotropy - 1 gene, many phenotypes
hydrolysis of glycosidic linkage
polymer(n)+H₂O→Polymer(n-1)+monomer
The joints formed by muscles & bones in body are Exs of hinegs w/ a ________ lever system which are a mechanical ___________
pooor; disadvantage
Does a Galvanic cell have a (+) or (-) Voltage V ?
positive
Gram POsitive vs gram negative bacteria
positive - thick cell wall, single cell membrane, stain purple, From endospores (sleep & don't have sex) Negative - thin cell wall, 2 cell memrbaes, DON"T make endospore, stain pink
+ vs =- controls
positive control - group given a treatment with a known outcome negative control - group that does not receive any condition or treatment,
Differences in level of detail
positive memories usually include more accompanying detail compared to negative memories
Positive vs. negative recall
positive remembered/retained more easily, unless you have depression older adults show a stronger recall bias for positive vs. negative memories (i.e. good ol' days)
processes that contribute to prejudice
power, prestige, class
Serial-position effect
presentation order/positioning impact recall see also primacy effect and recency effect
Primary vs secondary response
primary - 1st time exposed & react to pathogen. lasts 10 days, have symptoms secondary - exposed to same pathogen 2nd time. STarts super fast 1 - 2 days. proliferates faster
Protein structures
primary: a.a. sequence secondary: alpha-helice & Beta sheets tertiary: geometric, 3-D folding of secondary Quaternary: multiple folded proteins into a multi-subunit complex EX: HEMOGLOBIN
classic games
prisoner dilemma, hawk-dove game
managing stress
problem solving approach, emotional approach (see it in a good way)
situational modification
problem solving experiences from past can be used to solve new problems
Age related Memory changes
procedural/semantic = Stable Overall mem - declines working mem - declines real bad
Phagocytosis
process in which phagocytes engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debris
liver
produces bile, stores glucose for immediate use by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses.
The Ion product a.k.a solubility product
product > ksp = precipitate will form product < or = Ksp then NO precipitate product = Ksp solution is saturated
trypsin & chymotrypsin function?
protease - cuts protein at specific a.a. sequence
What are some general functions of bone?
protect, mineral storage, regular blood mineral concentration, make RBC
The stomach is the first site of _______ digestion
protein
What is a conjugated protein a.k.a holoenzyme?
protein has cofactors
What is a simple protein a.k.a apoenzyme?
protein w/ only a.a. NO cofactors or prosthetic groups
SDS page is used for what?
proteins; denatures & puts a (-) charge to separate according to mass
Positron emission
proton changed to a neutron
positron emission
proton is changed into a neutron via expulsion of a positron
metal-affinity chromatography
purifies a protein with an affinity tag ex: HIS-tag would bind to Ni2+
Sublimation in lab?
purify substance by exposing it to very low temp & pressure, collect condensate on a cold finger
schemas
put info in categories and relate them to each. people notice things that fit into their schema more.
(Equation) Specific Heat Capacity
q=mc∆T
dimers are ex of ________; What do silent mutation do?
quaternary structure; nothing, don't cause a.a. change
Correlation coefficient
r^2 a measure of correlation 1.0 = perfect correlation
Decibel system
ranks intensity of sound according to human hearing range. j Ex: sound 10X more intense is rated as 10 decibels higher Ex; sound 100X more intense is 20 decibels higher Ex: sound 1000X is 30 decibels higher
REM sleep
rapid eye moemnt, occurs between other stages, 1st REM are short , longest before waking up MOST VIVID DREAMS OCCUR HERE
Stronger semantic connections fire more _________ than weak semantic connections
rapidly
source monitoring errors
recall erros in which the source of the memory is inaccurately identified, sometimes called source amnesia;;;;;occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source
dispersion a.k.a refraction
red light bends the least, and violet light bends the most
Inflammatory response, what are some signs?
redness, heat, pain, swelling, lose function injury or bacteria invade, (macrophages, mast cells & dendritic cells) activate & release histamines/leukotriens/prostaglandin →↑ blood flow, create heat & redness. ↑ permeability of veins & lymph vessels → swelling"edema" → pain
How do you differentiate between a reducing and non reducing sugar?
reducing - have aldehyde non-reducing - no aldehyde
semi-discontinuous
refers to how DNA must use okazaki fragments to synthesize lagging strand
When waves pass between mediums the frequency NEVER changes.
reflector is "ideal" there should be no loss of energy or intensity to the wave as it bounces off the reflector.
Amides
relace "oic" w/ "amide" Ex: benzoic acid → benzamide Very stable, carbonyl are unreactive
attitude influences behavior
remove outside world, attitude will guide behavior. Stronger attitude --> stronger & faster it wil determine behavior
What are some way to separate compounds better in extraction? remember ; polar (aqueous) & non-polar (organic)
repeat; fractional extraction Add acid to protonate product (adds formal charge and increases solubility in the aqueous layer) Add base to deprotonate product (abstract protons to create a negatively charged species—with the identical impact upon solubility)
hydrophobicity
repel water; hydrophobic stuff are nonpolar and cannot H bond to water
(Naming inorganic molecules) Monoatomic
replace last syllable with "-ide"
Equipotential lines
represent areas of = voltage (electrical potential)
base rate fallacy
representativeness heuristics are used in error. individuals fail to take into account general information when dealing with specific cases. l belief that statistics don't apply in a situation, but they do ex; Only 6% of applicants make it into this school, but my son is brilliant! They are certainly going to accept him!
γ-tubulin
required for microtubule nucleation and located in the centrosomes.
controlled processing
requires attention EX: first driving a car
explicit memory (declarative)
requires conscious, intentional recall
Experimenter bias
researcher introduces errors in a study due to the expecations he has. Ex: confirmation bias - listen to what you want, ignore things you don't Reporting bias - report certain things, leave out other things
Observer bias
researchers know the goal of the study and influence their observations
eosinophil
respond to parasitic infenction. release granules w/ peroxidase or killer enzymes.
sleep
rest and reduced consciousness circadian rhythms Cortisol high - awake cortisol low - sleep pineal gland releases melatonin when dark
alertness with a brain region, THINK: Reticular Formation
reticular formation communicates with the thalamus and cerebral cortex to regulate what information comes to our consciousness and regulates states of consciousness such as alertness and sleep.
when you see Gluconeogenesis, THINK: gluconeogenesis = LIVER, fasting, need to increase blood sugar
revere of glycolysis. pyruvate → glucose
(UV Spec) The greater the degree of conjugation, the farther to the _______ the species will absorb.
right (i.e. at a higher wavelength)
Layers of the retina
rods, cones, bipolar cells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve fibers
Working memory is the primary memory limitation to problem solving
rote memory is associated with recall of facts,
syntax
rules of grammar or sentences.
How many "rooms" are there in s, p, d, f orbitals?
s has 1 room (2 e-) p has 3 rooms (6 e-) d has 5 rooms (10e-) f has 7 rooms (14e-) each room has 2 e- .
Automatic spreading activation
said to occur when the primer is a (insert category name) and the target is an example within that category
In Voltaic cell(galvanic), what is the function of salt bridge?
salt bridge has ions like in this pic NO3 & K+ that neutralize the buildup of charge and allow electron flow to happen. that is from lower to higher reduc. potent.
bond dissociation energy
same as bond energy
What is an Electrolytic cell? what are the signs on anode/cathode? Is cell potential (-) or (+)?
same as galvanic but elecs flow opposite direction & external voltage is applied (+) anode = Oxidation (-) cathode = Reduction species w/ lower reduction potential will be REDUCED! E°cell or cell potential is ALWAYS --- Negative external voltage (Vbattery) + (-) cell potential E°cell = +++++
isomer
same formula but different structures.
stereoisomers
same mol. form. and connectivity but different in 3-d. Stereoisomers include geometric isomers, diastereomers, enantiomers, conformational isomers, and meso compounds.
structural isomer
same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.
Concave mirror
same rules as converging lenses
convex mirror
same rules as diverging lenses
Gas chromatograph GC
sample vaporizable & computer does analysis Those with the lowest bp/polar elute first, followed sequentially by those with higher boiling points. least polar substance passing thru the stationary phase first
Berkson's fallacy
sampling bias that results from selecting both the observed and control population from a hospital setting control could be different outside
Smooth muscle is not arranged in ___________
sarcomeres
Saturated vs unsaturated fats
saturated - no d.b. unsaturated - has d.b.
Newton's third law
says that the force of object 1 on object 2 is ALWAYS equal and opposite to the force of object 2 on object 1
What are goblet cells, what do they secrete?
secrete mucous found in intestines & respiratory tract
attachment types
secure, ambivalent, avoidant, disorganized
shaping (operant conditioning)
securing desired behaviour through reinforcement of it and of behaviours leading up to it
confirmation bias
seek info that agrees w/ our view and care less about outside stuff that contradicts ex: see bernie as cool president, F*** trump
When you see "cell mediated" think ____ When you see "humoral" think _________
self-attack of diseased cells antibodies & primary/secondary response
When sperm are ejaculated, seminal vescle, prostate gland, & bulbourethral gland all secrete stuff? What do they secrete and why?
seminal vesicles = fructose & alkaline make semen basic. Alakine - helps neutralize the acidic environment of vagina. Fructose - gives nutrients to sperm. vas deferens = proteases prostate gland = secretions protect sperm, live longer. bulbourethral glands (a.k.a., Cowper's glands)= secretes "pre-ejaculate" that lubricates and neutralizes any acidic urine in the urethra before arrival of semen. Semen = sperm + fluids
Jose Luis walks into a club and there is lots of music and people screaming but then he finds a girl and starts talking to her. At this moment he no longer hears loud music of screams . Why?
sensory habituation
How does extraction work?
separate 2 stuff, uses 2 liquids, polar (aqueous) & non-polar (organic) Target molecule needs to have diffe solubility in 2 solvents
What is the function of digestion?
separate food molecules from each other (physical) & break them up into singles for absorption (chemical) → energy, carbon & a.a.
Gravity filtration
separate solid from a liquid by passing it through fluted filtration paper (increases filtration area)
Whats distillation?
seperate liquids based on differences in their boiliing points BP; lowest BP vaporizes 1st & is collected as distillate.
temperature vs reaction rate
sharp decline is associated with the temperature at which the enzymes begin to be denatured.
(H-NMR) NMR differences are caused by the degree to which each nucleus is _________ by neighboring hydrogens.
shielded
Hoffmann Degradation ___________ the length of the carbon chain, what is converted to what?
shortens cuz of decarboxylation 1⁰ amides react good w/ Cl₂ or Br₂ to make 1⁰ amines
Superconductor
shows 00000 resistance to e- flow
Gabriel synthesis avoids the ______________ of alkyl amine synthesis What does it form? from what?
side products; Form 1⁰ amine from 1⁰ alkyl halide Phthalimide (full (-) N on ring) attacks alkyl halide via SN2
(Trends) Families of elements are ________.
similar
simple vs vacuum vs fractional distillation?
simple - BPs are >25C apart vaccum; lowest BP > 125 C helps to lower BP & work it better Fractional disstilation ; Bps are <25 apart
(Bond strength and length) stability
single > double > triple
plietropy
single genes can affect multiple characteristics
Whats the difference between a single unit "unitary" or "visceral compared to a multi-unit smooth muscle types?
single-unit, innervated by a single nerve and contract simultaneously as a single group. most common smooth muscle unit in most organs & blood vessels, etcs A multi-unit innervated by multiple nerves & doesn't act as a single unit. more precise control , RARE Ex: aorta, retina
emotion and the autonomic nervous system (ANS): Physiological merkers of emotion
skin temperature (low=fear, high=anger), skin conductivity (gen SNS stimulation) HR (high=anger, fear, low=happiness) BP (high=anger, fear, sadness, happiness)
examples of areas that practice innate immunity
skin, stomach acid, enzymes in mucous and saliva, digestive enzymes, blood chemicals, fevers, inflammation, and macrophages
sommambulism
sleepwalking
dementia
slowly losing thinking ability and memory
Think of non-metals as...
small atoms w TIGHT held electrons. lower melting points than metals, form covalent bonds w/ nonmetals
dyad
smallest possible group, tend to be emotional and unstable; dissolves if one person leaves
terpene (hydrophobic)
smell strong
Human ear anatomy
so heres the functions: The ext. aud. canal funnels sound waves into the ear and cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate. The three ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) move because of the vibration of the tympanic membrane. The stapes actually presses into the oval window of the cochlea. Inner hair cells along the basilar membrane of the fluid-filled cochlea are distended as a result, and this is transduced into neural impulses that travel to the brain for processing.
STORY TIME!!!! yupii, digestion story
so you eat a burger 1st mouth breaks it up & mixes w/ saliva with α-amylase enzyme which begins carbs digestion & lubrication for easy swallowing. 2nd pharnx ensures bolus goes to esophagus or larynx thats all it does (no digestion or addition) 3rd epiglottis(cartilage) folds over the larynx to prevent food from going down the wind pipe. 4th esophagus uses peristalsis(smooth muscle contration) to push down bolus to stomach (NO digestion or addition). 5th bolus passes cardiac sphincter into stomach where physical dig. continous. In stomach, chief cells secrete pepsinogen → pepsin due to acidic pH=2. Parietal secrete HCL → pH=2. THou acidic, stomach protects itself from it w/ mucus coating. Pepsin catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins. Then chyme(1/2digested) passesthe pyloric sphincter and into upper part of small int. a.ka duodenum The common bile & pancreatic duct both dump into the duodenum. so duodenum receives bile from the liver/gallbladder & bicarbonate & 6 digestive enzymes from pancreas 1. trypsin (protein), 2. chymotrypsin (protein) 3. pancreatic amylase (carbohydrates) 4. lipase (fats) 5. ribonuclease (RNA) 6. deoxyribonuclease (DNA) bicarbonate pH2 → 6 necessary for 6 enzyme to function. chyme moves to jejunum then ileium. duodenum - digestion, jejunum/ileium - absoprtion of food NOT water SI has villi which ↑ surface area for absoption Each villi have microvilli, villi have blood vessel & single lymph vessel a.k.a lacteal. Fats enter lacteal while carbs/proteins enter blood vessel ileum → large intestine (ABSORBS water & vitamins. LI a.k.a colon has ascending, transverse, & descending, sigmoid colon. . Bacteria in colon secrete vitamin K, thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamin B12. rectum - stores shit
misinformation effect
so you have an accident and bust out wrong info;;;;; A memory-distortion in which a person's existing memories can be altered if the person is exposed to misleading information. ex; if asked about a car crash.. if ? says "smashed' vs "bumped" people who heard smashed would think broken windows, or worse accident
Recrystallization is what?
solid product is separated from solvent, it can be dissolved in a hot solvent to purify it; solvent cools, product will precipitate out, leaving impurities behind
Ksp
solubility product constant 1. leave out pure liquids & solids 2. TEMP is the ONLY thing that changes this!!! 3. can only be seen in SATURATED solution. cuz its in equillibirum
definitions of solute, solvent, & solution
solution - homogenous mixture of 2 or more compounds in same phase Solute is dissolved in solvent
What is the difference between specific heat capacity & heat capacity?
specific heat capacity - J/Kg/°C Heat capacity - J/C°
Acquired immunity
specific to one virus, bacteria, or other pathogen (humoral and cell mediated) B cell produce ONLY 1 antibody, which recgonize & bind to ONLY 1 antigen. if it binds it will differentiate into a PLASMA cell & MEMORY B Cell.
metastasis
spread of cancer or tumor from 1 part of body to another
the maximum _______friction force will always be greater than the ______ friction force.... If a conjugated double bond system gets longer, what will happen to wave length of visible light?
static; kinetic; it will get longer
Ion-Exchange chromatography
stationary phase is coated w/ cations or anions. mixture is passed and opposite charged ions stick to it. Use salt to remove target that are stuck
Research method: quantitative vs qualitative
statistically or mathematically based; narrative or words based on . Mixed method is both
elements of social interaction
status, role, social group, networks, organizations
amphetamine, cocaine, ecstacy
stimulate CNS, feel euphoria (super excited) super energitic. Inc. Heart & respiratory rates = acute stress response Amphetamine & cocaine act as agonists of the monoamine NT effects dopamine activity; research interest. Block reuptake of dopamine from synapse but amphetamine causes additional release of dopamine into the synapse.
Memory
storage, retrieval of information
Capacitors
store energy & charge, by holding elec. on plates
Gallbladder
stores/conc bile, but does NOT produce it bile is made in liver
cardiac muscle; is it striated? how many nucleus? volutnary or involuntary?
striated, 1 nucleus, involuntary Same sliding filament as Skeletal muscle
skeletal muscle
striated, multinucleated, voluntary
5 features of carbonyls
stronger than alkenes 1) Partial + charge on carbonyl carbon - electrophile 2) α-H 3) e⁻ donating/withdrawing groups greatly affect reactivity of C=O with a nucleophile ; donating - decrease reactivity withdrawing - increase reactivity 4) Steric hindrance decreases reactivity 5) Planar stereochemistry (sp²)
H-bonds
strongest intermolecular attraction, also encourages folding and stabilizes folded protein
Rough ER
studded with protein-manufacturing ribosomes giving it a "rough" appearance. forms large double membrane sheets that are located near, and continuous with, the outer layer of the nuclear envelope. works in concert with the Golgi complex to target new proteins to their proper destinations.
morphology
studies the structure of words. ex: In language, you study how prefixes and suffixes added to a word change its meaning.
semantics
study of meaning in language.For example, "destination" and "last stop" technically mean the same thing, but students of semantics analyze their subtle shades of meaning.
subjective experience (cognitive resonance) how does it relate to mood?
subjective interpretation of mood or feeling experienced by individual Ex: the pain of a headache
components of emotion
subjective, physicological, behavioral
Consequences of operant conditioning
subjects voluntary choose to perform or avoid a behavior because they associate it with a positive or negative consequence
COOH, amides, esters, and anhydrides undergo nucleophilic _____________
substitution
cataplexy
sudden periods of muscle paralysis where person remains fully conscious & aware
State-dependent learning
superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in the same physiological or psychological state as it was during encoding
state-dependent learning
superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in the same physiological or psychological state as it was during encoding
ovulation requires a ______ in hormone levels, while menstruation requires ___________
surge, decline
Secondary quantum number
symbol = l; tells which sublevel the electron is on and determines the shape of the orbital; sublevels are repetitively numbered and also lettered
Principle quantum number
symbolized by n, indicates the main energy level occupied by the electron
Symmetry (Gestalt)
symmetrical components will tend to group together
On an organism level, what stores more glycogen , Liver or skeletal muscle tissue? why?
tMuscle... there is more muscle tissue than liver tissue
(Equation) tair (time spent in air)
tair=2V/g (ONLY with round trip times)
(Influence of social factors on identity formation) role-taking
take a social role ex: "cops and robbers" game or "put yourself in their shoes"
Taste pathways
taste buds, brain stem, taste center in the thalamus
autocrine
term for hormones that act on same cells that secrete them
When you see the following, think equilibrium :
terminal velocity, constant velocity, objects at rest, balanced fulcrums/tension, buoyancy
t-test or Z-test
test statistic result of t test compared to a table of values to achieve a "p" value
Tertiary structure. What 6 interactions make this possible?
the 3-D shape of entire protein. 1. H bonding 2. disulfide bonds (2 cystein) EX: covalent bonds 3. hydrophobic/phillic interaction EX: intermolecular repulsion 4. Salt bridges - charge,charge interaction between a.a. acids 5. Van der wall like steric hindrance 6. Proline turns
Specific heat capacity
the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature OF ONE GRAM OF SUBSTANCE by one degree celcius
The doppler effect
the apparent change in the frequency of a wave caused by relative velocity between the source and the observer. The greaver the v = relative velocity, the greater teh shift in f or λ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h4OnBYrbCjY
Piages stage: concrete operational
the beginning of operational thought - child can work things out in their head (rather than physically. and conservation task - volume, math ex: 2 glasses 1-6 in 1-3 in. fill up 3 in w/ orange juice and dump it in 6 in.. ask "which has more" if they say same. they hit this stage.
extinction (operant conditioning)
the behavior stops when consequences stop (the child stops making good grades since there is no reward)
Archimedes principle
the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object
limited expressivity, how does it relate to disease?
the case in which various individuals all have the same genotype AND all of them have the disease phenotype (i.e., 100% penetrance), but individuals are impacted in varying degrees
mendelian ratio
the characteristics dominant-to-recessive phenotypic ratios that Mendel observed in his genetics experiments. For ex, the F2 generation in a monohybrid cross shows a ratio of 3:1; the F2 generation in a dihybrid cross shows a ratio of 9:3:3:1
Cellular junction
the connection between neighboring cells; holds cells together
test cross
the crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype
Internal energy
the energy associated with the random, disordered motion of molecules. usually in atomic/molecular scale. Ex: cup of water at molecular has a bunch of random motion of molecules. change this --> change temp
Bond energy
the energy required to break a chemical bond and form neutral isolated atoms
f1 generation
the first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms
In mass spectrometry, which fragment will hit last?
the fragment with the highest mass/charge ratio.
heat of combustion
the higher the energy of molecule (esss stable) the MORE the heat of combusion
Sound-proof booths are usually constructed of thick glass. Sound cannot be heard outside of the booth primarily because:
the intensity of the sound waves is decreased below the threshold of hearing due to reflection of sound waves off of the glass
Molecular cloning
the isolation and incorporation of a fragment of DNA into a vector where it can be replicated
3rd law of thermodynamics
the law that states that in order for motion to stop we have to reach absolute zero
difference threshold
the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference. (Also called just noticeable difference or jnd.)
whats dextrorotary?
the position of a drug molecule when light passes through it is bent to the RIGHT (clockwise) + or D
Biological predispositions
the presumed hereditary readiness of humans to learn certain skills, such as how to use language, or a readiness to behave in particular ways - LIMIT on the applicability of associate learning
combustion of alkane
the smaller the ring the more heat of combus. cuz its less stable. smaller boat - less stable - combust more. more ring strain is less stable
How does mass spectrometry work?
the species is first bombarded with energy breaking it into charged, ionized fragments. It is then accelerated down a curved tube through a magnetic field. Each fragment has a different mass to charge ration and is thus accelerated by the magnetic field to a different degree. At a given field strength, only one or very few fragments will hit the detector. The field strength must be varied to make sure each species hits the detector The external magnetic field is increased from very low to very high
coding strand
the strand of DNA that is not used for transcription and is identical in sequence to mRNA, except it contains uracil instead of thymine
anti-coding strand
the strand of DNA that the Poly reads. Opposite of the RNA transcript
phonology
the study of pronounciation
Spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
familiarity effect
the tendency of people to prefer a stimulus the more familiar they are with it
attribution
the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
lock and key theory
the unchanged substrate is stabilized, not the transition state
Visuospatial sketchpad
the visuospatial sketchpad is an element of working memory, and thus only retains information for 20-30 seconds.
psychological construction model of emotional expression
theoretical entities, or concepts, that enable one to discuss something that cannot be seen, touched, or measured directly
THINK OF BATTERIES AS: Electron pumps that push electrons onto the negative terminal of the battery.
this will push e- to + terminal Batteries cause a seperation in charge
When you see "average force " on the MCAT, it is a dead give away that it will be dealing with work (W = Favgdcos0).
to think of power a s P = ΔE/t (change in energy/time = power
asch conformity study
took something that was non-ambiguous; asked people to look at 3 lines and identify which line was the longest. when people did it individually, they said right answer. when the individuals were in groups, people conformed and said the wrong answer because everyone else in the group was saying it
the board is "perfectly balanced." Whenever you see this on the MCAT, you know the net torque must be zero.
torque/fulcrum/pivot point situations, if there is no rotation, there is NO NET TO RQUE
indicator traits
traits that provide information to members of the opposite sex about the health or fitness of the bearer
Auditory pathway
transmission pathway of an auditory impulse, in order, from the hair cells to the auditory cortex pinna -> auditory canal -> tympanic membrane -> ossicles -> oval window -> cochlea -> hair cells -> auditory nerve -> brain (auditory cortex, temporal lobe)
olfactory pathways
transmission pathway of an olfactory impulse, in order from the olfactory epithelium to higher-order brain centers (olfactory sensory neurons (epithelium), olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I), olfatory bulb (forebrain), higher-order brain centers (var: amygdala, hippocampus, orbitofronal cortex)
Esterification forms _________________ What can you do to get higher yield?
triacylglycerides ; use anhydride
approaches to problem solving
trial and error, algorithms, heuristics, intuition, deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning
(Bond strength and length) length
triple > double > single
(Bond strength and length) bond strength
triple, double, single
true-false effect
true statements are verified more quickly that false statements are negated
what is eugenics?
try to improve genetic make up in human race by preventing birth or killing stupid ones "bad genes" ex: spartans threw away babys who were dumb EX: hitler killed dumb people
polymorphisms
two or more versions of the same enzyme caused by single base mutation in DNA. Amino acid change in enzyme, enzyme function changes. Appear in certain ethnic groups. Impact pharmacotherapeutics.
constructive interference
two waves combine to make a wave with a larger amplitude IN PHASE
destructive interference
two waves combine to make a wave with a smaller amplitude : OUT OF PHASE
middle ear
tympanic membrane, malleus (inner), incus (lateral), stapes (medial)
Concentration cell
type of galvanic cell, (+E°→(-)G°→spontaneous) when 2 containers, same solution or same species w/ diff concentrations meaning HAVE SAME reduction potential. = one species is used so its both reduced/oxidized Use Nernst equation(picture) to calculate cell potential (E) under non-standard conditions E = E° - (.06/n) X log (products/reactants) n = moles of electrons transferred Ex: Fe3+ (aq) goes to Fe(s) = 3) E° = 0 for a conc. cell
Physiological response to chronic stress
ulcers, decreased immune system increased risk of heart disease, high blood pressure
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
automatic vs. controlled processing
unconscious vs ordered, conscious, and deliberate
2. W = fdcosθ or Favg = W/d what is the units = ?
units of work are: Joules = N*m or kg*m2/s2 when F & D same direction = 0 degrees F& D point opposite = 180 F& D are perpendicular = 90
Conservation of charge
universe ALWAYS has 0 net charge.
C6H5
unsatured w/ double bond
UV spectroscopy
use UV radiation on a molecule, e-s will absord it & "excite" to the next highest energy level. This is recorded on UV spectrum involves electron excitement.
Affinity chromatography
use salt to remove target
Representative Heuristic
use stereotypes to make decision/judgment
Availability heuristic
use the easiest solution to make a decision or judgement EX: see on tv shark attacks, you think their common. Go to beach, don't want to swim cuz of shark attack.
Ethonography
used by social scientists to get an in-depth and detailed explanation through a variety of observations through participating in various cultural events or settings.
Agarose Gel electrophoresis
used for DNA
root mean square current
used to get the average of current of (AC). the with out this you just get 0 so pay $0
implicit memory is an unconscious encoding of an emotion experience with an event,
using observational methods does not inherently make a study flawed.
good vaccine targets for bacteria and viruses should be membrane proteins, so that antibodies in the bloodstream can access the protein and form an immune response to them.
vaccines can be developed against bacteria
Female reproductive anatomy
vagina = birth canal & exit period cervix = allows exchange of fluids, dilates in child birth uterus = receives fertilized egg via implantation & nourishes develop. fetus. Uterine wall contractions are stimulated by oxytocin , eases childbirth. fallopian tubes = transport egg from ovary to uterus. Fertilization occurs here. ovariesare = release ova (eggs) on a regular 28-day cycle (on average). Secrete Estrogen & progesterone .
menopause symptoms
vaginal dryness, hot flashes, irregular or amenorrhea (abscence of menstruation), atrophy of breast tissue
root mean squared voltage
value of direct voltage that gives the same power output as the average power output of an A/C power supply.
Muscle tissue
vary with function and location 1) skeletal/striated (voluntary), 2) smooth muscle (involuntary, intestinal, or veinous), 3) cardiac muscle (involuntary, semi-striated)
bacteriophage
virus that affects bacteria
7 senses
vision, hearing, somatosensation (touch, texture, pressure, vibration, pain, stretching, temperature), taste, smell, kinesthetic, vestibular
three types of encoding
visual, acoustic, semantic
If a disease inhibits the function or large intestine what will happen?
vitamin deficiency, diarrhea/constipation (too little or too much water absorption)
volatile vs nonvolatile
volatile - compound is easily vaporize on room temperature EX: alcohol non-volatile - compound is not easily vaporize on room temperature eg; water, Salt, silver nitrate
There is a ______________ across any resistor when current passes through it.
voltage drop
Resistors - there is ALWAYS ___________ across any resisotr when current passes through it
voltage drop; current thru parallel resisotrs is ALWAYS inversely w/ resistance EX: one resistor has 2x resistance; it will get 1/2 current
THINK OF IDEAL GAS MOLECULES AS HAVING: NO _____ & NO _____ & ________ energy
volume; intermolecular forces; conserved energy all collisions of gas particles are perfectly elastic, random - energy is conserved
night terrors (pavor nocturnus)
wake up terrified; unlike nightmares, occur during Stage3- 4 sleep, symp: screaming, suddenly sit up, hyperstimulation of SNS
solvation layer
water surrounds a dissolved protein. if protein is hydrophobic --> water becomes more ordered --> dec. entropy. If its hydrophillic --> increase entropy --> contribute overall stability of folded protein
Closure (Gestalt)
we fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object - circle and triangle and pacman examples
synaptic pruning
weakest synapses are destroyed and the strongest (most used) get stronger;;;;A process whereby the synaptic connections in the brain that are frequently used are preserved, and those that are not are lost.
Alkenes are _____ electron ______ group?
weakly, withdrawing
What is gastrulation?
week 2, cells migrate to form 3 germ layers
What is neuralation?
week 3, notochords forms from mesoderm & makes ectoderm become neural plate →neural tube→spinal cord
overconfidence bias
were convinced we are right even thou we are wrong ex: convinced juan stole your money but it wan't juan thou
chromosomal deletion
when a portion of a chromosome breaks off
Social loafing
when you work in a group you do less crap
simultaneous move game
where players make their decisions at the same time as other players without knowing what choices the other players have made
Social similarity
widespread tendency for people to hire and promote persons similar to themselves
α-tubulin
with β-tubulins contributes to the heterodimer tubulin, the building blocks of the electron microscopically visible cell components, the microtubules.
resonance
withdrawal of electrons though p orbital overlap with neighboring pi bonds
examples of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
work hard to not get fired - extrinsic studying for the mcat - intrinsic volunteer and hope to get a job - both reading book - intrinsic
Information bias
wrong recordings
(Equation) Young's double slit experiment
x=λL/d x - distance between fringes λ - of light used d-distance between 2 slits L - distance between the "double slit" & final screen Constructive interference explains the light bands and destructive interference explains the dark bands , has nothing to do with refraction smallλ = more light & dark bands larger λ = less light & dark bands
Is acid a protein denaturing agent?
yes
Are amines capable of hydrogen bonding?
yes,
door in the face technique
you deny 1st offer but may accept 2nd EX: ?1 "may you buy this for a million bucks" ...no ?2 "can you buy coke" ... yes
expectancy value theory
you will put in more effort if you know you have a chance of success and reward is valuable
Piages stage: preoperational
young children are able to think about things symbolically. Imagination, start conversations
cocktail party effect
your focused on one thing but then something pop up and changes your attention ex: talking at party and someone out there says "iram"
(Influence of groups on identity formation) group membership
your group strongly shapes your identity ex: religion, ethnicity.
mental set
your usual way of thinking when it comes down to solving certain stuff.
Whenever you read "reduction potentials" "electrochemsitry" what equation should come into mind?
ΔG = -nFE n - # of moles of e-s transferred F-Faraday's constant E - emf of cell
Fundamental thermodynamic relation KNOW THIS WITH YOUR BRAIN
ΔG = ΔH - T ΔS "good honey taste sweet" +∆H +∆S Spontan. High T non- spontan. = low Temp -∆H -∆S spon = low T, non-spon = High T +∆H -∆S = + G Non-spon. at all T -∆H +∆S = -G Spon at all T
What is the formula for osmotic pressure?
Π= iMRT
Significance level (α)
α = 0.05, 0.01, 0.001 p < 0.05 means we're 95% confident that the results are actual/real rather than the result of random chance
(Equation) harmonic
λ=2L/n (string or pipe with matching ends, both nodes or both antinodes) Gives all harmonics n =1,2,3 λ=4L/n (one node and one anti-node, i.e. pipe open at one end only) gives only odd harmonics n = 1,3,5
(Equation) Osmotic pressure
π=iMRT M - solute in molaRITY, R-gas constant T - absolute temp More solute , more osmotic pressure. Water will go to higher osmotic pressure
Resistance
ρ-resistivity, L - length, A - cross-sec area (temperature dependence) - start at room temp, an inc. in temp → linear inc. in ρ .....ONLY way (resistance between two elements in a circuit are considered to be perfect conductors; R=0)
(Equation) Boiling Point elevation. How do you inc. BP?
↑ BP when you ad NON VOLATILE solute Ex: spaghetti & salt, add salt it cooks faster ∆T=kb m i kb - constant m - moLALITY not molarity i - # of ions formed per molecule Ex: Nacl - 2 Cacl2 - 3
Terminal velocity is the highest velocity attainable by an object as it falls through air. has 0 acceleration
↑ area = ↑terminal velocity
How does temperature, addition of volatie/nonvolatile impact vapor pressure? THINK of people and party
↑ temperature↑ vapor pressure. why? molecules go to gas phase Addition of a non-volatile solute & volatile ↓ vapor pressure. why? it covers exit ports on liquid layer. both have less VP, if they have more than solvent then it will ↑
How does plate area? plate thickness? distance bet. plates? strength of the dielectric & voltage? affect capacitance
↑plate area = ↑ capacitance why? more room to store e-'s ↑plate thickness no effect on C ↑distance = ↓ C ↑ stren. of dielectric = ↑ C ↑ V = ↑Q = no inc. C
(Equation) ∆E=_+_
∆E=W+Q
(equation) ∆G
∆G=∆G°' + RT×ln(Q) R- (8 J/mol/K or .08 L*atm/mol K ) T- temp Q - reaction quotient ∆G°' - fixed, unchangeable value ∆G - variable
(equation) ∆G°'
∆G°'=-RT×ln(Kεq)
(Equation) Relationship b/w Gibbs free energy and chemical energy
∆G°= -nFE° n = moles of elecs transferred in reaction F = faradays constant (+E°→(-)G°→spontaneous) happens in electron transport chain of human body, concentration cell (-E°→(+)G°→non-spontaneous) E° = (E°)reduced +oxidation reversed sign of (E°)
∆Hformation
∆Hformation is the heat formed from stable components.
Elements in standard state have ∆Hformation=_____
∆Hformation=0
(Equation) Fnet
∑F₁₂=∑F₂₁
Sin 45
√2/2 (0.7)
cos 45
√2/2 (0.7)
cos 30
√3/2 (0.9)
sin 60
√3/2 (0.9)
