Anatomy & Physiology - CH 19 Blood Vessels And Circulation

Where are chemoreceptors located? (Module 19.11A) a. They are located within the medulla oblongata and in the carotid and aortic bodies. b. They are primarily located in the skin and hypothalamus. c. They are located throughout the somatic and visceral systems of the body. d. They are located along the digestive tract, within the walls of the urinary bladder, in the carotid and aortic sinuses, and in the lungs. e. They are located within the medulla oblongata and the hypothalamus.

a. They are located within the medulla oblongata and in the carotid and aortic bodies

All of the following occur in response to hemorrhage except decrease in blood volume. increase in blood pressure. mobilization of the venous reserve. peripheral vasoconstriction. increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart.

increase in blood pressure

Blood pressure increases with all of the following except increased blood volume. peripheral resistance. cardiac output. parasympathetic innervation. force of cardiac contraction.

parasympathetic innervation.

Which of the following break(s) the rule that arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart? common carotid artery superior vena cava pulmonary arteries aorta pulmonary veins

pulmonary arteries

Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure except increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide). release of renin. decrease in blood volume. decreased peripheral resistance. reduced thirst.

release of renin

The fusion of the brachiocephalic veins forms the azygos vein. inferior vena cava. innominate vein. subclavian vein. superior vena cava.

superior vena cava

Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following except the length of a blood vessel. the flow characteristics. blood vessel diameter. the osmolarity of interstitial fluids. blood viscosity.

the osmolarity of interstitial fluids

Blood pressure is lowest in the veins. venules. arteries. arterioles. capillaries.

veins

In comparing a trained athlete to a non-athlete, which of these comparisons is false? The athlete has a lower resting heart rate. The athlete has a higher resting stroke volume. Both hearts weigh about the same. The athlete has a higher exercise stroke volume. The athlete has a higher exercise cardiac output.

Both hearts weigh about the same.

Identify the hormones responsible for short-term regulation of decreasing blood pressure and blood volume. (Module 19.10A) aldosterone and cortisol erythropoietin and thrombopoietin natriuretic peptides ADH and aldosterone epinephrine and norepinephrine

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

The blood vessel that supplies blood to the pancreas, the duodenum, and most of the large intestine is the celiac artery. superior mesenteric artery. renal artery. inferior mesenteric artery. gastric artery.

Superior mesenteric artery

All the vessels of the systemic arterial system originate from the: pulmonary trunk. aorta. superior vena cava. brachiocephalic trunk.

aorta

Which is greater: arterial pressure or venous pressure? (Module 19.5B) arterial pressure venous pressure

arterial pressure

Under what general conditions would fluid move into a capillary? (Module 19.8A) a. When capillary hydrostatic pressure is greater than blood colloid osmotic pressure. b. When blood colloid osmotic pressure is greater than capillary hydrostatic pressure. c. When capillary blood pressure is equal to blood colloid osmotic pressure. d. When blood colloid osmotic pressure approaches 0 mm Hg. e. When capillary hydrostatic pressure is equal to blood colloid osmotic pressure.

b. When blood colloid osmotic pressure is greater than capillary hydrostatic pressure.

The blood vessel that is formed by the joining of the vertebral arteries and supplies blood to the circle of Willis from the posterior side is the anterior communicating artery. ophthalmic artery. internal carotid artery. basilar artery. middle cerebral artery.

basilar artery

All of the following occur during exercise except vasodilation occurs to the active skeletal muscles. venous return increases. both cardiac output and stroke volume increase. blood flow to the brain stays relatively constant. blood flow to skin decreases.

blood flow to the skin decreases

The systemic circuit delivers oxygenated blood to ________ and returns blood to the ________. body organs; right atrium lungs; right ventricle body organs; left atrium lungs; left atrium lungs; right atrium

body organs; right atrium

What are blood islands, and from which cells do they form? (Module 19.14A) a. Blood islands are collections of blood cells that are formed from embryonic hematopoietic stem cells. b. Blood islands are primitive capillary networks formed from embryonic cells scattered within the yolk sac. c. Blood islands are aggregations of embryonic cells scattered within the yolk sac that form blood vessels and blood cells. d. Blood islands are primitive veins that are formed from hemangioblasts. e. Blood islands are primitive arteries that are formed from hemangioblasts.

c. Blood islands are aggregations of embryonic cells scattered within the yolk sac that form blood vessels and blood cells.

Describe the respiratory pump. (Module 19.12A) a. The respiratory pump is a mechanism by which contraction of the lungs propels blood through the thoracic cavity to the heart. b. The respiratory pump is a mechanism by which bronchoconstriction propels blood through the thoracic cavity to the heart. c. The respiratory pump is a mechanism by which a reduction of pressure in the thoracic cavity during inhalation assists venous return to the heart. d. The respiratory pump is a mechanism by which an increase in pressure in the thoracic cavity during exhalation pushes blood towards the heart. e. The respiratory pump is a mechanism by which alternating cycles of bronchiolar constriction and bronchiolar dilation propel blood towards the heart.

c. The respiratory pump is a mechanism by which a reduction of pressure in the thoracic cavity during inhalation assists venous return to the heart

Describe the roles of the natriuretic peptides. (Module 19.10C) a. The roles of these peptides are to trigger responses whose combined effects are to increase blood volume and increase blood pressure. b. The roles of these peptides are to trigger responses whose combined effects are to decrease blood volume and increase blood pressure. c. The roles of these peptides are to trigger responses whose combined effects are to decrease blood volume and decrease blood pressure. d. The roles of these peptides are to trigger responses whose combined effects are to increase blood volume and decrease blood pressure. e. The roles of these peptides are to trigger responses whose combined effects are complementary to angiotensin II.

c. The roles of these peptides are to trigger responses whose combined effects are to decrease blood volume and decrease blood pressure.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of venous valves? channeling blood away from the heart permit blood flow in one direction only channeling blood toward the heart preventing backflow of blood all of the above

channeling blood away from the heart

The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the concentration of plasma waste products. number of red blood cells. concentration of plasma glucose. concentration of plasma proteins. concentration of plasma sodium ions.

concentration of plasma proteins

How is blood pressure maintained in veins to counter the force of gravity? (Module 19.4B) a. Blood pressure is maintained in veins because the valves reduce the flow of blood as blood passes by. b. Blood pressure is maintained in veins by contractions of the smooth muscle in the walls of the veins that squeeze venous blood toward the heart and the presence of valves which prevent backflow of the blood. c. Blood pressure is maintained in veins because the heart pumps blood through the veins. d. Blood pressure is maintained in veins by the contractions of surrounding skeletal muscles that squeeze venous blood toward the heart and the presence of valves which prevent backflow of the blood. e. Blood pressure is maintained in veins by using the valves as pumps to push blood back toward the heart.

d. Blood pressure is maintained in veins by the contractions of surrounding skeletal muscles that squeeze venous blood toward the heart and the presence of valves which prevent backflow of the blood.

Why is it beneficial for capillary pressure to be very low? (Module 19.5C) a. It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low so that blood doesn't stay in the peripheral circulation too long before returning to the lungs. b. It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low to maintain peripheral resistance. c. It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low so that the valves are not damaged. d. It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low to allow time for diffusion between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid. e. It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low because it helps speed up the flow of blood into the venous system.

d. It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low to allow time for diffusion between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid.

Veins of the brain empty into coronary sinuses. carotid arteries. vertebral veins. the circle of Willis. the dural sinuses.

dural sinuses

Describe autoregulation as it relates to cardiovascular function. (Module 19.9B) a. Autoregulation is the blood flow to tissues sufficient to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients. b. Autoregulation involves changing respiratory rates to adjust the pH of blood reaching each tissue or organ. c. Autoregulation involves altering the oxygen content in the blood reaching each tissue or organ. d. Autoregulation is the control of blood composition. e. Autoregulation involves local factors changing the pattern of blood flow within capillary beds in response to chemical changes in interstitial fluids.

e. Autoregulation involves local factors changing the pattern of blood flow within capillary beds in response to chemical changes in interstitial fluids.

Blood moves forward through veins because of all of the following except a.valves in the veins preventing the backward flow of blood. b. the pressure in the veins is lower than in the arteries. c. valves permitting flow of blood in one direction only. d. skeletal muscle compression. e. pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein.

e. pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein

At the knee, the small saphenous and popliteal veins unite to form the ________ vein. internal iliac external iliac popliteal inferior vena cava femoral

femoral

The external iliac artery becomes the ________ artery as it enters the lower limbs. deep femoral tibial radial popliteal femoral

femoral

The blood vessel that supplies venous blood to the liver is the celiac trunk. hepatic portal vein. hepatic vein. common iliac vein. phrenic vein.

hepatic portal vein

Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue except increased hematocrit. increased blood pressure. relaxation of precapillary sphincters. decreased peripheral resistance. increased vessel diameter.

increased hematocrit

Each of the following will cause an increase in blood pressure except increased levels of aldosterone. increased levels of ADH (antidiuretic hormone). increased blood volume. increased levels of angiotensin II. increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide).

increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)

The two common iliac veins form the innominate vein. greater saphenous vein. femoral vein. hepatic portal vein. inferior vena cava.

inferior vena cava

The foramen ovale in the fetal heart is located in the right ventricle. left atrium. right atrium. interatrial septum. left ventricle.

interatrial septum

The umbilical arteries branch from the internal iliac arteries. celiac trunk. abdominal aorta. common iliac arteries. thoracic aorta.

internal iliac arteries

The vein in the arm commonly sampled for blood by venipuncture is the ulnar vein. median cubital vein. brachial vein. radial vein. cephalic vein.

median cubital vein

In a capillary bed, the bands of smooth muscle at the entrance to each capillary is called a(n) __________. thoroughfare channel collaterals precapillary sphincter ateriovenous anastomosis

precapillary sphincter

The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure. blood pulse critical closing mean arterial circulatory

pulse

Venoconstriction ________ the amount of blood within the venous system, which ________ the volume in the arterial and capillary systems. decreases; doubles reduces; increases increases; reduces doubles; decreases None of the answers is correct.

reduces; increases

The type of capillary that permits the free exchange of water and solutes as large as plasma proteins are the perforated capillaries. vasa vasorum. fenestrated capillaries. sinusoids. discontinuous capillaries.

sinusoids

The ________ collects blood from the entire small intestine and two-thirds of the large intestine. superior mesenteric vein gastro-epiploic vein inferior mesenteric vein celiac trunk intestinal vein

superior mesenteric vein

Vasculogenesis refers to the formation of arteries only. the growth of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels. the development of heart tissue. the formation of veins only. the formation of the first vessels.

the formation of the first vessels

Angiogenesis refers to the development of heart tissue. the growth of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels. the formation of veins only. the formation of the first vessels. the formation of arteries only.

the growth of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels

Branches off the aortic arch include all of the following except the right subclavian artery the left subclavian artery. the left common carotid artery. the brachiocephalic trunk. all of the stated vessels branch off the aortic arch.

the right subclavian artery

The vessel that passes through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae is the vertebral vein. facial vein. subclavian vein. internal jugular vein. external jugular vein.

vertebral vein

Arrange the structures in the following list in the order that blood will encounter as it flows from the heart back to the heart in the cardiovascular circuit. 1. venules 2. arterioles 3. capillaries 4. elastic arteries 5. medium veins 6. large veins 7. muscular arteries

4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6

Materials can move across capillary walls by filtration. reabsorption. diffusion. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

All of the answers are correct

Paul has a horrible chainsaw accident and cuts several major blood vessels in his head and neck. As a result of this injury, you would expect to observe all of the following except an increased secretion of renin by the kidneys. cold, clammy skin. an increase in cardiac output. an increased total peripheral resistance. an increased heart rate.

an increase in cardiac output

All of the veins listed are deep veins except anterior tibial. cephalic. femoral. internal jugular. superior vena cava.

cephalic

What effect does an increase in the respiratory rate have on CO2 levels? (Module 19.11C) decreases CO2 levels increases CO2 levels It will not affect CO2 levels.

decreasing CO2 levels

Define tissue perfusion. (Module 19.9A) a. Tissue perfusion is the tissue's response to changes in blood pressure to maintain its blood flow. b. Tissue perfusion is the measure of blood pressure that reaches each individual organ. c. Tissue perfusion is the control of blood flow to specific capillary beds. d. Tissue perfusion is a measure of the oxygen content in the blood reaching each tissue or organ. e. Tissue perfusion is blood flow to tissues sufficient to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients.

e. Tissue perfusion is blood flow to tissues sufficient to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients

In large arteries, the thick layer of elastic fibers is called the external elastic membrane. tunica externa. tunica intima. internal elastic membrane. tunica media.

Internal elastic membrane

Blood is pumped into the pulmonary circuit from the right atrium. left atrium. left ventricle. right ventricle.

Right ventricle

Describe the pattern of fetal blood flow to and from the placenta. (Module 19.24A) a. Deoxygenated blood flows from the fetus to the placenta through a pair of umbilical arteries, and oxygenated blood returns from the placenta in a single umbilical vein. b. Deoxygenated blood flows from the fetus to the placenta through a pair of umbilical veins, and oxygenated blood returns from the placenta in a single umbilical artery. c. Oxygenated blood flows from the fetus to the placenta through a pair of umbilical veins, and deoxygenated blood returns from the placenta in a single umbilical artery. d. Deoxygenated blood flows from the fetus to the placenta through a single umbilical vein, and oxygenated blood returns from the placenta through a pair of umbilical arteries. e. Oxygenated blood flows from the fetus to the placenta through a pair of umbilical arteries, and deoxygenated blood returns from the placenta in a single umbilical vein.

a. Deoxygenated blood flows from the fetus to the placenta through a pair of umbilical arteries, and oxygenated blood returns from the placenta in a single umbilical vein.

Which of the following is characteristic of a typical artery? a. thick tunica media, dominated by smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers b. absent internal elastic membrane of tunica intima c. usually flattened, or collapsed, general appearance in sectional view a. smooth endothelium

a. thick tunica media, dominated by smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers

Name the immediate and long-term problems related to hemorrhage. (Module 19.13B) a. The immediate problem related to hemorrhage is maintaining increased capillary permeability. The long-term problems related to hemorrhage is to restore normal peripheral blood flow. b. The immediate problem related to hemorrhage is restoring normal blood volume. The long-term problems related to hemorrhage is maintaining adequate blood pressure and peripheral blood flow. c. The immediate problem related to hemorrhage is maintaining maximum vasoconstriction. The long-term problems related to hemorrhage is skeletal muscle atrophy. d. The immediate problem related to hemorrhage is maintaining adequate blood pressure and peripheral blood flow. The long-term problems related to hemorrhage is to restore normal blood volume. e. The immediate problem related to hemorrhage is reduced blood clotting. The long-term problems related to hemorrhage is maintaining maximum vasoconstriction.

d. The immediate problem related to hemorrhage is maintaining adequate blood pressure and peripheral blood flow. The long-term problems related to hemorrhage is to restore normal blood volume.

Describe the distribution of total blood volume in the body. (Module 19.4C) a. The volume is divided into the systemic venous system (13%), systemic arterial system (64%), in the heart (7%), pulmonary circulation (9%), and systemic capillaries (7%). b. The volume is divided into the systemic venous system (50%), systemic arterial system (37%), in the heart (7%), pulmonary circulation (3%), and systemic capillaries (3%). c. The volume is divided into the systemic venous system (75%), systemic arterial system (5%), in the heart (5%), pulmonary circulation (5%), and systemic capillaries (10%). d. The volume is divided into the systemic venous system (64%), systemic arterial system (13%), in the heart (7%), pulmonary circulation (9%), and systemic capillaries (7%). e. The volume is divided into the systemic venous system (20%), systemic arterial system (20%), in the heart (20%), pulmonary circulation (20%), and systemic capillaries (20%)

d. The volume is divided into the systemic venous system (64%), systemic arterial system (13%), in the heart (7%), pulmonary circulation (9%), and systemic capillaries (7%).

Which of the following would have the greater effect on vascular resistance? doubling the length of a blood vessel decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel by 1/2 Neither would be greater.

decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel by 1/2

The fetal dorsal aorta later forms the adult ascending aorta. inferior vena cava. arch of the aorta. descending aorta. superior vena cava.

descending aorta

The ligamentum arteriosum is the remnant of the fetal ductus arteriosus. foramen ovalis. umbilical vein. umbilical arteries. ductus venosus.

ductus arteriosus