PSYCH Ch. 8

Aiden and Rey live next to a busy highway. When they first moved, it was difficult to sleep with the noise of the traffic, but now they don't seem to notice, which is the result of

habituation

Nick wants to encourage his 6-year-old daughter, Anna, to help with family chores. He makes an outline of a rainbow with seven bands so that Anna can color in a band each time she does a chore. If she does seven chores in a week, coloring in the full rainbow, she gets $1. Nick's technique demonstrates which methods?

A token economy, positive reinforcement, and a fixed ratio schedule

Which of the following is an example of nonassociative learning?

Andrea recently learned how to drive a car. At first she found merging into highway traffic stressful, but now can do it with ease.

Martha wants to teach her dog Max the command, "Get beer, Max." This involves going to the refrigerator and opening it by pulling on a dishtowel tied to the handle, taking out a can of beer with his mouth, and bringing it to her dinner guest. Which of the following training methods is likely to work best?

Chaining and positive reinforcement

Sonia first trains her new dog by saying "good dog!" before giving him a food treat. She then trains her dog to sit and stay, saying "good dog!" when he provides the correct behavior, while continuing to periodically provide a food treat. Sonia is using which method(s)?

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning

What is a key distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning makes associations between two stimuli; operant conditioning associates a behavior with its consequence.

Mrs. Collora teaches social studies to junior high school students. Two boys in her class often loudly make jokes about the material being discussed. She has tried several techniques without success: (1) ignoring them; (2) encouraging and rewarding them for contributing to the class discussion; (3) removing their opportunities to participate in field trips; and (4) requiring them each to write an essay on proper behavior. In the order presented, list the operant conditioning principles she has applied to the situation.

Extinction, positive reinforcement, negative punishment, positive punishment

In which of the following examples is the person likely to show the highest and steadiest rate of response over time?

In hopes of winning a big jackpot, Penny plays the slot machines at a nearby casino.

Which of the following is an advantage of observational learning?

It expands learning capacity.

Why is the process of sensitization advantageous?

It improves reaction time.

Which of the following is a primary advantage of observational learning?

It transmits information across generations within families and cultures.

Which of the following is true regarding latent inhibition?

Learning associated with latent inhibition is slow, resulting in relatively poor learning.

As a gate creaks open, Oscar the puppy notices a cat heading into his yard. The cat hisses and scratches Oscar on the nose, causing Oscar to yelp in pain. Which outcome to this scenario portrays discrimination?

Now when Oscar sees the cat who scratched his nose he runs away, but he feels comfortable with the cat with whom he shares a home.

As a gate creaks open, Ollie the puppy notices a strange cat heading into the yard. The cat hisses and scratches Ollie on the nose, causing Ollie to yelp in pain. Which outcome to this scenario portrays higher order conditioning?

Now when hearing a gate creak, regardless of who is coming through it, Ollie runs away.

Which of the following would decrease the likelihood of acquisition?

The unconditioned stimulus is presented long after the conditioned stimulus.

Steve and Bethany both work full time. Because Steve usually arrives home first, he takes on the burden of cooking and cleaning, but he is becoming frustrated with the current division of chores. Which of the following learning approaches is likely to work best to increase Bethany's participation in the household duties?

Steve should ignore negative behaviors and reward positive behaviors, gradually increasing Bethany's participation in cooking and dish washing.

Fourth-grade teacher Maria promised her class a pizza party if everyone got an "A" on the next math test. This is an example of

a token economy

Cliff has a problem where he tends to speak without thinking, and this has caused him to lose friends and damage relationships at work. To reduce the frequency of this behavior, Cliff wears a rubber band that fit loosely around his wrist. Whenever he begins to speak without thinking, he "snaps" himself with the rubber band just hard enough to sting a little bit. This is an example of _____ therapy

aversion

Tim, who suffers from alcoholism, is prescribed disulfiram by his doctor to help halt his alcohol consumption. Disulfiram works by causing unpleasant physiological effects when even small amounts of alcohol are consumed. This type of treatment is best described as

counterconditioning

As a child, Jordan would jump excitedly when the Sponge Bob Square Pants theme song started playing on the television, receiving laughter and attention from adults for the excited jumping. Now that Jordan is a teenager, adults no longer direct laughter and attention at the excited jumping, and Jordan no longer reacts to the familiar theme song. This scenario illustrates the process of

extinction