Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 4: Tissue
Simple columnar epithelium
can be found lining inner surface of the stomach, intestines, and some areas of the respiratory and reproductive tracts.
Intercalated disks
cardiac muscle fibers have faint cross striations (as in skeletal muscle) and thicker dark bands called________
Dendrites
carry impulses toward the cell body.
Chondrocyte
cartilage cell
Elastic cartilage
cartilage with elastic, as well as collagenous, fibers; provides elasticity and firmness, as in, for example, the cartilage of the external ear
Simple squamous epithelium
consists of a single layer of very thin and irregularly shaped cells.
Stratified squamous epithelium
consists of several layers of closely packed cells, an arrangement that makes this tissue especially adept at protection.
Muscle tissue
contracts to produce movement
Epithelial tissue
covers the body and its parts; lines various parts of the body; forms continuous sheets that contain no blood vessels; classified according to shape and arrangement
Stratified transitional epithelium
epithelial cells layered one on another, all of varying shape, capable of stretching without injury
Stratified squamous epithelium
epithelial cells layered one on another, the most superficial layer being flattened squamous cells
Collagen
principal organic constituent of connective tissue
Elastin
protein found in elastic fiber
Connective tissue
provides structural and functional support
Paleontologist
scientist that studies organisms that lived in the ancient past
Histologist
scientist that studies tissue structure and function
Cytologist
scientist who studies cells
Pathologist
scientist who studies disease processes
Exocrine
secreting into a duct; opposite of endocrine
Endocrine
secreting into the blood or tissue fluid rather than into a duct; opposite of exocrine
Gland
secreting structure
Nervous tissue
sense, conducts, and processes information
Goblet cell
specialized cell found in simple columnar epithelium that produces mucus
Osteon
structural unit of compact bone tissue made up of concentric layers (lamellae) of hard bone matrix and bone cells (osteocytes); also called haversian system
Glia
supporting cells of nervous tissue; also called neuroglia
attached to bones
Skeletal muscle is a. smooth b. involuntary c. identified under a microscope by branching muscle fibers d. attached to bones
helps from the walls of blood vessels and hollow organs
Smooth muscle- a. is found in the heart, b. produces voluntary body movements, c. has multiple nuclei per cell or d. helps form the walls of blood vessels and hollow organs
Haversian canal
the canal in the haversian system that contains a blood vessel; also called central canal
Haversian system
the circular arrangements of calcified matrix and cells that give bone its characteristic appearance
Basement membrane
the connective tissue layer of the serous membrane that holds and supports the epithelial cells
Fat tissue
adipose tissue; specialized to store lipids
Skeletal muscle tissue
also known as voluntary muscle; muscle under willed or voluntary control
Simple columnar cells
are arranged in a single layer lining the inner surface of the color or large intestine. These epithelial cells are taller than they are wide, and the nuclei are located toward the bottom of each cell.
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
are the three cell types common to blood.
Loose fibrous connective tissue
areolar connective tissue- type of connective tissue consisting of fibers and a variety of cells embedded in a loose matrix of soft, sticky gel; also called
Simple columnar epithelium
arrangement of columnar (taller than wide) epithelial cells in a single layer
Simple cuboidal epithelium
arrangement of cuboidal (tall as wide) epithelial cells in a single layer
Simple squamous epithelium
arrangement of squamous (flat) epithelial cells in a single layer
Dendrite
branching or treelike; a nerve cell process that transmits impulses toward the body
Matrix
the intracellular substance of a tissue; for example, the _____ of bone is calcified, whereas that of blood is liquid
Cell body
the main part of a neuron from which the dendrites and axons extend
Cardiac muscle tissue
the type of muscle tissue that makes up most of the heart wall
Fascia
It is mainly areolar tissue that makes the _____ of the body. It is the fibrous material that helps bind the skin, muscles, bones, and other organs of the body together.
Cancellous bone, spongy bone
Inside each bone is a type of bone called ____ or _____. The term ____refers to something that is made up of a lattice.
Brown fat
A special kind of adipose tissue called ______ actually burns its fuel when the body is cold to produce heat. This heat, along with shivering by muscles, helps restore homeostasis of body temperature.
Brown fat
A special kind of adipose tissue called ________ actually burns its fuel when the body is cold to produce heat.
Reticular tissue
A type of fibrous connective tissue called _________ has thin, delicate webs of collagen fibers called reticular fibers.
Cell body
All neurons are characterized by a _______ and two types of process 1) one axon, which transmits a nerve impulse away from the cell body, and 2.) one or more dendrites, which carry impulses toward the cell body.
Adipose tissue
All types of ______ also secrete hormones that help regulate metabolism and fuel storage in the body.
Transitional epithelium
An example is the wall of the urinary bladder. The ability of _________to stretch easily without damage keeps the bladder wall from tearing as urine fills the bladder.
blood
An example of a fluid form of connective tissue is a. water b. blood c. saline or d. perspiration
Skeletal muscles
Are attached to bones and, when contracted, produce voluntary and controlled body movements.
Muscle cells
Are the movement specialists of the body. They have a higher degree of contractility (ability to shorten or contract) than any other tissue cells.
Epithelial cells
Because _____ are packed close together with little or no intercellular material between them, they form continuous sheets that contain no blood vessels.
Simple squamous epithelium
Because of the thin structure of ______, substances can readily pass through its cells, making transport its special function.
Muscle tissue
Besides producing movement, _________ can also maintain contraction to provide stability- and even body heat. Unfortunately, injured muscle cells are often slow to heal and often are replaced by fibrous scar tissue if injured.
Hematopoietic tissue
Blood forming tissue is ________.
Goblet
Bubble-filled structures among simple columnar epithelial cells that produce mucus are ________ cells.
spongy bone
Cancellous bone is also referred to as a. osteons, b. haversian systems, c. cartilage, or d. spongy bone
Chondrocytes
Cartilage cells, which are called ______, are located in many tiny spaces distributed throughout the matrix-giving this tissue the appearance of Swiss cheese.
Bone
Compact and cancellous are which major type of connective tissue?
Osteons, haversian systems
Compact bone is made up of numerous structural building blocks called ____ or ______.
Haversian systems, osteons
Compact bone is made up of structural building blocks known as ________ or ________.
Dense fibrous connective tissue
Consists mainly of thick bundles of strong, white collagen fibers that are packed closely together. A few fiber-producing cells are scattered among the bundles.
Elastic cartilage
Contains few collagen fibers but large numbers of very fine elastic fibers that give the matrix material a high degree of flexibility. This type of cartilage is found in the external ear and in the voice box, or larynx.
Smooth muscle
Contraction of ______ in the tubes of the respiratory system, such as the bronchioles in the lungs, can impair breathing and result in asthma attacks and labored respiration.
Smooth muscle
Contractions of _____ propel material through the digestive tract and help regulate the diameter of blood vessels.
Collagen
Dense fibrous connective tissue consists mainly of thick bundles of strong, white ________ fibers that are packed closely together.
Adipose
Fat tissue
Cardiac muscle
Forms the wall of the heart, and the regular but involuntary contractions of _____ produce the heartbeat.
Exocrine, endocrine
Glands of the body may be classified as ______ if they release their secretion through a duct or as ______ if they release their secretion directly by diffusion into the bloodstream.
Endocrine
Glands that release their secretion into the bloodstream are known as ________.
Cartilage
Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic are which of the major types of connective tissue?
Simple, stratified
If categorized according to arrangement of cells, epithelial tissues can be classified as-1. ____ single layer of cells of the same shape. 2. ___ many layers of cells; named for the shape of cells in the outer layer.
Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional
If classified according to shape, epithelial cells are identified as 1. _______flat and scalelike 2. ________cube-shaped, 3. ____higher than they are wide, 4. ____ varying shapes that can stretch
Collagen, elastin
In loose fibrous connective tissue, some of the fibers are made of ________, a strong but flexible fibrous protein. Some are stretchy fibers made of rubbery ________ proteins. These elastic fibers help tissues return to a shorter length after having been stretched, as in the loose tissue beneath the skin.
Collagen
Is a protein that forms microscopic, twisted ropes within the matrix of many tissues. It gives a tissue flexible strength.
Reticular tissue
Is found in bone marrow, for example, where it helps support cells of the blood-forming hematopoietic tissue. It is also found in the spleen and lymph nodes, where it supports developing cells of the immune system.
Blood
Is perhaps the most unusual form of connective tissue because its matrix- blood plasma- is liquid. It has transportation and protective functions in the body.
Transitional epithelium
Is typically found in body areas subjected to stress and must be able to stretch. In many instances, up to 10 layers of differently shaped cells of varying sizes are present in the absence of stretching. When stretching occurs, the epithelial sheet expands, the number of cell layers decreases, and cell shape changes from roughly cuboidal to nearly squamous (flat) in appearance.
Spongy
Like a bath sponge, the lattice forms many interconnected hollow spaces-giving this bone type the name _________. These beams are nearly as hard as compact bone; however ____ bone cannot be compressed like a wet bath sponge. In fact, the crisscrossing pattern of the bony lattice adds strength-just like the crossed beams that often support roofs of buildings
Fibrous
Loose fibrous (areolar) adipose (fat) white and brown, reticular, and dense fibrous (both regular and irregular) are which major type of connective tissue?
Areolar tissue
Loose fibrous connective tissue is also called ________ ________.
Neurons
Nerve cells, or _______, which are the conducting units of the system.
special connecting and supporting cells of nervous tissue
Neuroglia are a. nerve cells b. a type of dendrites c. a type of axon d. special connecting and supporting cells of nervous tissue
White fat
Numerous vesicles have formed inside the adipose cells where large quantities of triglyceride lipids accumulate. These clear lipid-storage vesicles scatter light like so many snowflakes, giving ordinary adipose tissue a whitish appearance-giving it the alternate name _____. The triglycerides move into storage after a meal and out of storage as energy-producing nutrients are needed by other tissues.
Glands
Secretory cuboidal cells usually function in tubes or clusters of secretory cells commonly called _____
Simple cuboidal
Single layer of cells that are as tall as they are wide
Simple squamous
Single layer of flatten cells
Pseudostratified
Single layer of tall cells that wedge together to appear as if there are two or more layers.
Simple columnar
Single layer of tall, narrow cells
subjected to stress
Stratified transitional epithelium is typically found in body areas- a. subjected to stress b. requiring transport c. requiring protection d. requiring the formation of tubules
Goblet cells
The "open spaces" among the cells are ______ that produces mucus. The regular columnar-shaped cells specialize in absorption
Connective
The ____ tissues are mostly matrix with the cells few and far between.
Epithelial
The _____tissue have very little matrix because the cells are so closely connected to each other.
Fibrous, bone, cartilage, blood, hematopoietic tissue
The five major types of connective tissue in the body.
Matrix
The fluid material between the cells is called the ________.
Nervous tissue
The function of _______ is to provide rapid communication between body structures and control body functions.
Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue
The main kinds of tissues that compose the body's many organs are
Bone
The matrix fibers of ______ are encrusted with mineral crystals to give it the characteristics of reinforced concrete
Bone
The matrix of ____ is hard because it has a dense packing of collagen bundles encrusted with mineral crystals containing calcium. They are a storage area for calcium and provide support and protection for the body.
Hyaline cartilage
The most common type of cartilage in the body is called ____. It is found in the support rings of the respiratory tubes and covering the ends of bones that form joints.
Neurons, glia
The nervois tissue consists of two kinds of cells: nerve cells, or _____, which are the conducting units of the system, and the special connecting and supporting cells called glia or neuroglia.
Compact bone
The solid form of bone that makes up the outer walls of bones in the skeleton is called ____. It is made up of numerous structural building blocks called osteons or haversains systems.
Hematopoietic tissue, adipose
The spaces within cancellous bones are filled with blood-forming ________ or ________
fibrocartilage
The strongest and most durable type of cartilage is -a. hyaline, b. fibrocartilage, c. elastic, or d. chondrocyte
Fibrocartilage
The strongest and most durable type of cartilage. The matrix is rigid and filled with a dense packing of strong collagen fibers. ____ disks serve as shock absorbers between adjacent vertebrae and in the knee joint.
Cancellous
The term ______applies to this bone type because it is a chaotic lattice of branching beams.
Plasma
The thin watery matrix of blood- _____-has no fibers at all (except when forming a blood clot), which allows it to remain free-flowing,
Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage
The three major types of cartilage
Tendons, ligaments
The tissues of ____ and ____ is dense with strong, twisted fibers that give the matrix a thick, ropelike quality.
Matrix
The type and quality of the ________ and fibers between cells determine the qualities of each type of connective tissue.
Reticular
The word _____ means "netlike," and it aptly describes the netlike structure of this tissue.
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
There are three kinds of muscle tissues: ___muscle tissue, _____ muscle tissue, _______ muscle tissue.
Matrix
Tissues differ in the amount and kind of fluid material between the cells. The ____ varies in amount and composition among various tissue-which reflects the variety of functions among tissues types.
Loose fibrous (areolar)
Type of connective tissue with the structure of loose arrangement of collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and cells. Located-area between other tissues and organs (fascia). Function-connection
Adipose (white and brown fat)
Type of connective tissue with the structure of- cells contain triglyceride vesicles. Locations: White fat- area under skin; padding at various points. Brown fat-pockets within white fat of neck and torso. Function: White fat-protection, insulation, support, nutrient reserve, regulation. Brown fat-heat production, regulation
Dense fibrous (regular and irregular)
Type of connective tissue- Structure dense arrangement of collagen fiber bundles forming straps or sheets. Location-tendons, ligament, skin (deep layer), fascia, scar tissue. Function- flexible but strong connection.
Blood
Type of connective tissue- Structure-liquid matrix with flowing red and white cells. Location- blood vessels. Function transportation
Hematopoietic
Type of connective tissue- structure liquid matrix with dense arrangement of blood cell-producing cells. Location-red bone marrow. Function- blood cell formation
Cartilage (hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic)
Type of connective tissue- structure-hard but somewhat flexible gel matrix with embedded chondrocytes. Locations- Hyaline (part of the nasal septum, area covering surfaces of bones at joints, larynx wall, rings in trachea, and bronchi) ; fibrocartilage (disks between vertebrae and in knee joint; elastic (external ear) Functions- Hyaline-firm but flexible support; Fibrocartilage-withstands pressure. Elastic-flexible support
Bone (compact and cancellous)
Type of connective tissue-structure Hard, calcified matrix arranged in osteons (compact) or network of beams (cancellous). Location- skeleton. Function-support, protection.
Reticular
Type of connective tissues with the structure - network of fine collagen fibers. Location-bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, cancellous bone cavities. Function-supports blood-producing cells and immune cells.
Simple squamous
Type of tissue located in alveoli of lungs with the function of diffusion of respiratory gases between alveolar air and blood.
Simple cuboidal
Type of tissue located in glands, kidney tubules with the function of secretion, absorption.
Simple squamous
Type of tissue located in lining of blood and lymphatic vessels with the function of diffusion, filtration, and osmosis
Stratified squamous
Type of tissue located in surface of lining of mouth and esophagus with the function of protection
Stratified squamous
Type of tissue located in surface of skin (epidermis) with the function of protection
Simple columnar
Type of tissue located in the surface layer of lining of stomach, intestines, parts of respiratory tract with the function of protection secretion, transport (absorption)
Pseudostratified
Type of tissued located in the surface of lining if trachea with the function of protection
Polysaccharides and proteoglycans
Various ________ and ______ are commonly found in a tissue's matrix. These molecules can provide various functions such as linking among cells, absorbing shocks, regulation of tissue function, and lubrication.
Adipose tissue
When it begins to store lipids, areolar tissue can develop into __________ or fat tissue.
basal
Which of the following is not a classification of epithelial cell shapes? a. squamous b. basal c. cuboidal d. transitional
Smooth muscle
___ helps form the walls of blood vessels and hollow organs such as the intestines and other tube-shaped structures in the body.
Cardiac muscle
____ fibers branch and connect to various other cardiac fiber branches to produce a three-dimensional, interlocking mass of contractile tissue.
Cartilage
____ matrix has the consistency of a firm plastic or gristlelike gel.
Cardiac muscle
_____ fibers have faint cross striations and thicker dark bands called intercalated disks
Skeletal
_____ or striated muscle is called voluntary because willed or voluntary control of ____ muscle contractions is possible.
Smooth (visceral) muscle
______ is said to be involuntary because it is not under conscious or willful control.
Elastin
________ is present in some tissues and gives them the ability to stretch and rebound easily.
Epithelial
________ tissue provides structural and functional support.
Stratified squamous epithelium
______protects the body against invasion by microorganisms. Most microbes cannot work their way through a barrier of _________tissue such as that which composes the surface of skin and mucous membranes.
Smoother muscle
_cells are seen as long, narrow fibers but not nearly as long as skeletal or striated fibers. Individual ______ cells appear smooth (that is, without cross striations) and have only one nucleus per fiber.
Glia or neuroglia
a nervous tissue cell- special connecting and supporting cells called ___ or _____
Connective tissue
exists as delicate, paper-thin webs that hold internal organs together and give them shape. It ialso exists as strong and tough cords, rigid bones, and even in the form of a fluid-blood.
Epithelial tissue
forms sheets that cover or line the body
Matrix
function for blood plasma (a. gland, b. cardiac muscle, c. matrix, d. mainly areolar tissue, or e. chondrocytes.)
chondrocytes
function for cartilage (a. gland, b. cardiac muscle, c. matrix, d. mainly areolar tissue, or e. chondrocytes.)
Gland
function for exocrine-(a. gland, b. cardiac muscle, c. matrix, d. mainly areolar tissue, or e. chondrocytes. )
Mainly areolar tissue
function for fasica (a. gland, b. cardiac muscle, c. matrix, d. mainly areolar tissue, or e. chondrocytes.)
Cardiac muscle
function for intercalated disks (a. gland, b. cardiac muscle, c. matrix, d. mainly areolar tissue, or e. chondrocytes.)
Fascia
general name for the fibrous connective tissue masses located throughout the body, surrounding various organs
Neuroglia
glia- supporting cells of nervous tissue; also called _________
Tissue
group of similar cells that perform a common function is called ____
Hyaline cartilage
has a moderate amount of collagen in its gel matrix, giving it a translucent, glasslike appearance. The name means "glassy".
Regular dense fibrous connective tissue
has it is collagen fiber bundles arranged in roughly parallel rows. This type of connective tissue makes up tendon- the strong straps that connect muscle to bone. It provides great strength and flexibility but cannot stretch. Such characteristics are ideal for these structures that anchor our muscles to our bones.
Simple cuboidal epithelium
is a single layer of cells that are, on average, about as high as they are wide-thus exhibiting a cube shape. This tissue does not form protective coverings but instead forms tubules or other groupings adapted for secretory activity, which is why they appear to form ringlike arrangements in cross section.
Skeletal muscle
is characterized by many cross striations and many nuclei per cell. Individual cells are long and threadlike and are often called fibers.
Matrix
is like jelly, made up mostly of water with various interlocking fibers that thicken in. The kinds and amounts of fibers can produce a variety of matrix tupes-all with different functions.
Elastin
is present in some tissues, and its rubbery quality gives tissues the ability to stretch and rebound easily.
Hematopoietic tissue
is the bloodlike connective tissue found in the red marrow cavities of bones and in organs such as the spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes. The type of tissue is responsible for the formation of blood cells and lymphatic system cells important in our defense against disease.
Connective tissue
is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body. It also exists in more varied forms that any of the other tissue types. It is found in skin, membranes, muscles, bones, nerves, and all internal organs
Loose fibrous connective tissue
is the most widely distributed of all connective tissue types. It is the "glue" that helps keep the organs of the body together.
Areolar tissue
it consists of webs of fibers and of a variety of cells embedded in a loose matrix of soft, sticky gel.
Proteoglycan
large molecule made up of a protein strand that forms a backbone to which are attached many carbohydrate molecules
Stratified transitional
many layers of varying transitional shapes, capable of stretching
Stratified squamous
many layers; outermost layer(s) are flattened cells
Reticular tissue
meshwork of netlike tissue that forms the framework of the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
Connective tissue
most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body; has numerous functions
Hyaline cartilage
most common type of cartilage; appears gelatinous and glossy
Smooth muscle tissue
muscle that is not under conscious control; also known as involuntary or visceral muscle; forms the walls of blood vessels and hollow organs
Axon
nerve cell process that transmits impulses away from the cell body
Neuron
nerve cell, including its processes (axons and dendrites)
Dense fibrous connective tissue
tissue consisting of fibers packed densely in the matrix
Axon
transmits a nerve impulse away from the cell body
Areolar connective tissue
type of connective tissue consisting of fibers and a variety of cells embedded in a loose matrix of soft, sticky gel; also called loose fibrous connective tissue
Hematopoietic tissue
type of connective tissue that is responsible for the formation of blood cells and lymphatic system cells; found in red bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes
Stratified transitional
type of layer located in urinary bladder with the function of protection
Pseudostratified epithelium
type of tissue similar to simple columnar epithelium; forms a membrane made up of single layer of cells that are tall and narrow but have been squeezed together in a way that pushes the nuclei into two layers and thus gives the appearance that it is stratified
