Anatomy & physiology Lab 12
Spongy bone reduces the weight of the bone and provides spaces for ___________
Red bone marrow
The type of bone tissue that contains central canals is
compact bone
Skeletal system
composed of a variety of tissues, including bone (osseous) tissue, cartilage, dense connective tissue, blood, and nervous tissue
Many bones forming the cranial cavity, such as the parietal bones, belong to the _______ bone category.
flat
ribs; scapula; sternum; most cranial bones are what kind of bones?
flat bones
compact (dense) bone
forms diaphysis and epiphyseal surfaces
vertebra; maxillary bone, some facial bones such as sphenoid are what kind of bones?
irregular bones
canaliculus
minute tube containing cellular process
inorganic matter consists
mostly hydroxyapatite, complex salt crystals consisting of calcium phosphate.
organic matter consists
mostly of collagen fibers that provide flexibility and strength to withstand tension
Cartilage is
retained in certain regions of the adult skeleton, such as on the articulating surfaces of movable joints,
There are _____ bones in the human skeleton.
206
The diaphysis of a long bone is the shaft of the bone that provides _______ for purposes of movement when ______ contract and pull on it.
leverage , muscles
Femur; humerus; and phalanges are what kind of bones?
long bones
Long bones are
longer than they are wide and have expanded ends
Other minerals found in the matrix in lesser amounts include
magnesium, fluoride, and sodium.
interstitial lamella
matrix between osteons composed of the remains of old osteons
circumferential lamella
matrix that runs parallel to the surface of bone
Large space within the diaphysis of bone.
medullary (marrow) cavity
irregular bones
numerous shapes and often have articulations with more than one other bone.
yellow bone marrow
occupies medullary cavity and stores adipose tissue
red bone marrow
occupies spongy bone in some epiphyses and flat bones and produces blood cells -becomes a fatty yellow bone marrow in the adult -very prevalent in a child and is a tissue that produces blood cells (hemopoietic tissue)
articular cartilage
on ends of epiphyses
A bone represents an
organ of the skeletal system
Areas of spongy bone surrounded by blood cell-forming tissue within the epiphyses
red bone marrow
The type of bone tissue made up of trabeculae is
spongy bone
Type of bone tissue characterized by trabeculae and found within the epiphyses
spongy bone
the marrow in the spaces of __________ of some bones is red marrow.
spongy bone
Compact bone provides _________ and _______in the shaft and bone surface regions.
strength and support
periosteum
strong membrane around bone (except articular cartilage) of dense irregular connective tissue
The epiphysis of a long bone is an expanded portion at the ends that provides greater _________ for tendons and ligaments to attach.
surface area
endosteum
thin membrane of reticular connective tissue that lines the medullary cavity
Bones with expanded ends that are longer than they are _____ are classified as ______ bones.
wide , long
The osteocytes of spongy bone are located
within a lattice of bony plates known as trabeculae
spongy (cancellous) bone
within epiphyses trabeculae—a structural lattice of plates in spongy bone
spongy bone can be found
within the epiphyses of long bones
Composed of adipose tissue and located in the medullary cavity of adult
yellow bone marrow
During embryonic and fetal development, much of the developing skeleton is _____
cartilage
Canaliculi allow for diffusion of substances between
cells and the marrow that is positioned between the trabeculae.
epiphysis of long bone
enlarged ends
Area previously composed of hyaline cartilage; replaced by bone tissue after growth is complete
epiphyseal line
The enlarged end of a bone is called the
epiphysis
trabeculae are structural characteristics of compact bone
false
Between the vertebrae, ______ comprises the intervertebral discs.
fibrocartilage
within a long bone, what does the presence of an epiphyses plate indicate ?
growth in height is not yet complete
epiphyseal plate
growth zone of hyaline cartilage
Flat bones
have wide surfaces, but they are sometimes curved, such as those of the cranium
medullary (marrow) cavity
hollow chamber in diaphysis; contains bone marrow
Bones are classified according to their shapes as
-long -short, -flat, -irregular.
The extracellular matrix of living bone is a combination of about
-one-third organic matter -two-thirds inorganic matter.
Functions of bones
-support -protect softer tissues, -provide points of attachment for muscles, -house blood-producing cells, -help buffer the blood from extreme fluctuations in pH, -store inorganic salts.
The periosteum is the tough outer sheath that covers the surface of bone, except at the _________
Articular ends
Spongy bone
Layer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found just inside the layer of compact bone.
The marrow in the ____________ of an adult is yellow marrow
Medullary Cavity
inorganic material of bones is primarily composed of
calcium salts
Spongy bone has large spaces between thin bony plates called __________, giving it a sponge-like appearance.
Trabeculae
A femur includes both compact and spongy bone tissues.
True
Chicken bones, with both organic and inorganic components, possess the quality of tensile strength.
True
Bone marrow is
a soft tissue located within spaces of bones
Provides a smooth covering on the outside ends of the epiphyses
articular cartilage
The type of cartilage that remains at the surface of movable joints is called _____
articular cartilage
The proximal epiphyses of a humerus and a femur retain functional red bone marrow in order to produce _______ in the adult skeleton.
blood cells
Exposure of the articular cartilage to the lubricating synovial fluid of the joint, and its function in preventing ______ contact is important to the _________ and health of the joint.
bone on bone, ease of movement
Each osteon contains a
central canal that includes blood vessels and nerves in living bone and is encircled by concentric lamellae. The cells or osteocytes are located in concentric circles within almond-shaped cavities known as lacunae.
Compact bone has osteons that look like onion-like rings _________
closely packed together
bone extracellular matrix
collagen and calcium phosphate
Articular cartilage
composed of hyaline cartilage, is avascular and depends upon highly vascular bone tissue to obtain nourishment indirectly -functions to provide a smooth, articulating surface that secretes a lubricating fluid to reduce friction and allow freer movement at a joint
concentric lamella
concentric ring of matrix around central canal of osteon
costal cartilage
connects the ribs to the sternum, and intervertebral discs are between the vertebrae
central canal (Haversian canal; osteonic canal)
contains blood vessels and nerves
compact bone structure
contains cylinder-shaped units called osteons
Osteon (Haversian system)
cylinder-shaped unit of compact bone
The long, slender central portion of a long bone
diaphysis
Membrane composed of bone cells lining the medullary cavity of long bones.
endosteum
cellular processes of the osteocytes
pass through microscopic canaliculi, which allow for the transport of nutrient and waste substances between cells and the central canal. The extracellular matrix occupies most of the area of an osteon.
an example of a sesamoid bone is
patella
The outer fibrous connective tissue covering of long bones
periosteum
Organic material of bones is primarily composed of
proteins
perforating (Volkmann) canal
runs perpendicular to central canal; contains blood vessels and nerves
Bones embedded within a tendon are classified as ______ bones.
sesamoid
diaphysis
shaft between epiphyses
Cube-shaped bones are classified as _____ bones.
short
carpals; tarsals; sesamoid bones are what kind of bones?
short bones
epiphyseal line
site of original epiphyseal plate that has completely ossified
lacuna
small chamber for an osteocyte
Short bones are
somewhat cube shaped, with similar lengths and widths
Sesamoid bones are
special type of short bone, are small and embedded within a tendon near joints where compression often occurs