Anatomy Chapter Two Review

Why is ATP categorized as a nucleic acid?

ATP is a modified nucleotide with three phosphate groups, ribose, and adenine

The addition of water in order to lyse, or break apart two things

Hydrolysis

Which of the following elements is needed to make functional thyroid hormone?

Iodine

Which of the following contains sodium?

NaCl

The most common element in the human body is

Oxygen

Which of these vitamins is produced in skin upon exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation?

vitamin D

Which of the following is classified as an inorganic compound

water

In order to break down a disaccharide down into simple sugar units

water molecules must be added to each bond

Water is the single most abundant inorganic compound in the human body (True or False)

True

Nucleotides are composed of

a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base

Which of the following DNA base pairs is complementary?

adenine and thymine

What organic molecule provides a ready source of chemical energy within all cells?

adenosine triphosphate

Why are salts referred to as electrolytes?

after salts dissolve in a solution, the resulting ions can conduct an electrical current

The most common steroid is

cholesterol

Guanine always pairs with

cytosine

The reaction sucrose + water -> glucose + fructose is an example of a(n)

decomposition reaction

What type of chemical reaction is used by liver cells when synthesizing glycogen from glucose?

dehydration synthesis

The sugar found in DNA is

deoxyribose

Which of the following choices describes the structure of a nucleotide found in DNA?

deoxyribose sugar, nitrogen-containing base, phosphate group

The sugar in DNA is __________, while the sugar in RNA is __________

deoxyribose, ribose

A nucleotide of DNA contain three components:

deoxyribose; a phosphate group; nitrogen-containing base

Unsaturated fatty acid chains contain one or more __________ bonds between carbon atoms

double

At the beginning of glycolysis, ATP transfers a phosphate group to glucose. What type of chemical reaction is this?

exchange reaction

Saturated fats

exist as solids at room temperature

Collagen and keratin are examples

fibrous proteins

Enzymes are examples of ________ proteins

globular (functional)

Also known as functional proteins

globular proteins

Antibodies, some hormones, and enzymes are examples of

globular proteins

Which carbohydrate is also known as blood sugar?

glucose

Which polysaccharide is formed of linked glucose molecules and stored in animal tissues?

glycogen

Water absorbs and releases large amount of energy before changing temperature, a characteristic known as

high heat capacity

Which of the properties of water is most closely associated with the body's ability to maintain a relatively constant internal temperature?

high heat capacity

Trans fats are oils that have been solidified by the addition of

hydrogen atoms

Which of the following leads to an increase in the rate of a chemical reaction?

increased temperature

Besides replicating before cell division, the other fundamental role of DNA is

instructions to make protein

Concentrated energy made up of hydrocarbon chains or rings

lipids

Make up the majority of a cell membrane structure

lipids

Not soluable in water

lipids

Triglycerides, steroids, and fat-soluble vitamins are examples of

lipids

ATP is a modified version

nucleic acids

DNA, RNA, and ATP are examples of

nucleic acids

Genetic information compromising a sugar-phosphate backbone and complementary base pairing

nucleic acids

Nucleotides are the building blocks for this organic compound group

nucleic acids

Compounds that contain carbon-hydrogen bonding are collectively termed _________ compounds

organic

Charged "head" region with an uncharged "tail" region

phopholipids

Bilayer forms selectively permeable cell membrane

phospholipids

Fats that contain phosphate groups

phospholipids

The major function of potassium is to

play a role in nerve impulse transmissions and muscle contractions

Glycogen and starch are examples of a specific category of carbohydrates called

polysaccharides

Has several different levels of folding

proteins

In which category of organic molecules would you place compounds that catalyze chemical reactions?

proteins

Structural and biological catalyst macro-molecules of amino acids with various functions

proteins

The organic compounds that function in building tissues and acting as enzymes are the

proteins

Two or more polypeptides chains combine to form a complex structure called a

quaternary structure

The growth of cells and repair of worn-out tissues is accomplished by

synthesis reactions

The ability of water to absorb heat and thus buffer changes in temperature is important for

temperature homeostasis

Monosaccharide is the monomer

carbohydrates

Identify the nucleic acid

DNA

Involves the removal of water in order to bond two things together

Dehydration synthesis

Proteins are synthesized from ________ during synthesis reactions

amino acids

The building blocks of proteins are

amino acids

The hydrolysis of proteins produces these building blocks

amino acids

Which of the following is a protein? triglyceride antibody cholesterol RNA glucose

antibody

Enzymes are

biological catalysts

Building block is the monosaccharide

carbohydrates

Commonly used source of the energy with the ratio 1 carbon-2 hydrogen-1 oxygen

carbohydrates

ATP is a modified nucleotide used for cellular energy that contains the sugar

ribose

In our body, many salts dissociate into their ions. Which ions are essential for nerve impulses

sodium and potassium

Most physiologically important example is cholesterol

steroids

fats that are the basis for some hormones

steroids

which of these enzymes catalyzes sucrose?

sucrase

Why is a denatured enzyme no longer functional?

the normal three dimensional shape is lost and the active site of the enzyme is no longer present

The building blocks of a triglyceride are

three fatty acid chains and one glycerol molecule

The complementary base to adenine in a molecule of DNA is

thymine

In DNA, adenine pairs with ________ but in RNA, adenine pairs with _______

thymine, uracil

At least one fatty acid chain, typically saturated with hydrogens

triglycerides

Three fatty acids attached to one glycerol molecule

triglycerides

Which organic molecule or molecules are found in subcutaneous tissues and around organs, and are the major source of stored energy in the body?

triglycerides

Which nitrogen-containing base is found only in RNA?

uracil