Anatomy class FINAL
O2 diffuses from the blood into tissues, while CO2 diffuses from tissues into the blood.
In what direction do gas molecules diffuse at the arterial end of the systemic capillaries?
Arteries
In what type of blood vessel is the tunica media the thickest?
3
It has ----- major branches off of its arch.
stomach
Microorganisms trapped in the mucus of the nasal cavity eventually end up in the __________.
hydrostatic
Movement of molecules through a membrane by filtration depends upon __________ pressure.
Conchae
Name the bony processes that curl out from the lateral walls of the nasal cavities, serving to stir up the air as it is inhaled.
Bilirubin
Name the by-product of hemoglobin breakdown that is excreted by the kidneys and intestines.
Stratum lucidum
Name the epidermal layer that is found in thick skin, but is absent from thin skin.
cell cycle
Name the series of events that the cell undergoes from the time it forms until the time it divides.
Exocytosis
Nerve cells release neurotransmitters using what process?
either superficial or deep
Partial-thickness burns are __________.
Aorta, larger arteries,artioles,capillaries,venules,medium veins,large veins,venae cavae
Place the vessels in the order through which blood would pass, starting as blood enters the systemic circuit after being ejected from the heart.
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death is called __________.
red and white blood cells and platelets
Red bone marrow functions in the formation of __________.
Diastole
Relaxation of the heart is called __________.
infections
Respiratory disorders fall into each of the following categories except __________.
RNA
Ribosomes are composed largely of protein and __________.
2
Severe burns lead to how many different stages of shock?
Respitory failure
Shifts in the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood can indicate _________
cross section; oblique section; longitudinal section
Sometimes, a cylindrical organ such as a long bone is sectioned. In this case, a cut across the structure is called a(n) __________; an angular cut is a(n) __________; and a lengthwise cut is a(n) __________.
double; phosphate; fatty acids
The cell membrane is composed of a ___ layer of phospholipids with the ______ portion forming the extracellular surface and the _______ portion forming the interior portion of the membrane.
osteoclasts
The cells that break down bone are called __________.
Osteoblasts
The cells that build up new bone are called __________.
thoracic cavity into right and left parts
The compartment called the mediastinum separates the __________.
brachiocephalic trunk
The first branch is the -----
thoracic cavity
The heart is located in the
lungs, vertebral column, sternum
The heart is positioned between the_________, ; in front of the___________and behind the__________
Mediastinum
The heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus are located within the _________________.
Proximal
The knee is __________ to the ankle.
Cytosol
The liquid in which a cell's contents are suspended is called ________.
lacunae
The microscopic bony chambers that house mature bone cells are called __________.
Antibiotics are not effective against the common cold.
The most common antibiotic used to treat the common cold is __________.
Muscles, glands, and sensory receptors
The nerve fibers scattered throughout the dermis are associated with what structures?
Trap bacteria and debris
The nose and its nasal mucus helps to _________, protecting the respiratory system.
heart
The painful condition known as angina pectoris comes from a blockage in an artery that supplies what region?
biliverdin
The pigment bilirubin is formed from
resorption
The process by which mature osteoclasts use enzymes to remove existing bone tissue is called __________.
Ipsilateral
The right eye and right lung are __________.
left common carotid artery
The second branch is the-------
trabeculae
The spongy cancellous bone consists of thin interlocking plates called __________.
left subclavian artery
The third branch is the
nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane
The three major parts of a typical cell are the __________.
cardiac output
The volume of blood discharged from the ventricle in a minute is called __________.
iron
Transferrin and ferritin are molecules named for their association with
cell membrane
Vesicles are formed mainly by folding of the __________.
Molecule
Water, or H2O, is an example of which level of organization?
protien synthesis
What activity takes place on ribosomes?
Ribisomes
What are attached to the surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Osteoclasts
What are the cells called that are responsible for removing excess bone tissue after the fracture repair process?
trabeculae carneae
What are the muscular ridges within the ventricles called?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
What are the phases of the cell cycle?
To enable the cell to communicate with and attach to other cells
What are two functions of the cell membrane?
Mediastinum
What body cavity would contain the heart, esophagus, and trachea?
Ulna
What bone articulates with the humerus and carpal bones?
femur
What bone articulates with the tibia, patella, and coxal bones?
The cranial cavity, vertebral canal, thoracic cavity, and abdominopelvic cavity
What cavities are included in the axial portion of the body?
Sperm
What cell would have a flagellum?
right ventricle
What chamber of the heart pumps blood to the left lung?
plasma
What component of blood accounts for the largest proportion of blood volume?
Valves
What ensures the movement of blood in one direction through the heart?
Increase in blood PCO2
What factor will cause an increase in breathing rate?
A bone cell surrounded by matrix
What is an osteocyte?
they die
What is happening to epidermal cells as they are pushed from the deeper part of the epidermis toward the surface?
larynx
What is the anatomical name of the voice box?
The maintenance of internal conditions
What is the definition of homeostasis?
The movement of air in and out of the lungs
What is the definition of the term ventilation?
To reduce or eliminate pain
What is the function of analgesics?
Production of skin pigment
What is the function of melanocytes?
to produce ATP
What is the function of mitochondria?
To maintain the osmotic pressure of the bloodCorrect
What is the function of plasma proteins in capillary exchange?
anemia
What is the name of the condition in which there is a deficiency in red blood cells or in the amount of hemoglobin?
Epiglottic cartilage
What is the name of the flap-like cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing, preventing the entry of food into the airways?
Visceral pleura
What is the name of the membrane on the surface of the lung?
Sinoatrial (SA) node
What is the pacemaker of the heart?
Nasal cavity → pharynx → larynx → bronchial tree → alveoliCorrect
What is the pathway for airflow from the nasal cavity to the location of gas exchange within the lungs?
Nucleolus
What is the site of ribosome production?
active transport
What mechanism of membrane transport requires an input of energy?
lung
What organ is found in the thoracic cavity?
Lysomes
What organelle houses enzymes that degrade cellular debris?
cilium
What organelle is built of microtubules and fringes the free surfaces of some cells?
Purkinje fibers
What part of the conduction system fibers extend into the papillary muscles?
globin
What part of the hemoglobin molecule is broken down to individual amino acids that can be reused to make new proteins?
sagittal plane
What plane separates the body into left and right portions?
Transferin
What plasma protein molecule transports iron?
axial portion
What portion of the human organism consists of the head, neck, and trunk?
Decrease in plasma PCO2
What results from the breathing pattern called hyperventilation?
circle
What shape would a transverse section of a banana resemble?
nuclear pores
What structure allows substances to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm?
Diaphragm
What structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?
Superior
What term refers to a body part being above another body part?
Antecubital
What term refers to the region in front of the elbow?
Receptors
What term refers to the structures that provide information about the conditions of the internal environment?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
What type of tissue forms the lining of the nasal cavities?
Hypoxia
When compared to living at a lower altitude, the amount of oxygen entering the bloodstream of someone at high altitude will be __________.
reduced
When compared to living at a lower altitude, the amount of oxygen entering the bloodstream of someone at high altitude will be __________.
Ventral and dorsal
When considering humans, what terms have the same meanings as the terms anterior and posterior?
bone marrow
Where are blood cells manufactured in adults?
In both the subcutaneous layer and the dermis
Where are blood vessels located that supply the skin?
within larynx
Where are the vocal cords located?
temporal bone
Which bone contains the ear canal?
frontal bone
Which bone forms the anterior portion of the skull above the eyes?
left atrium
Which chamber receives blood returning from the lungs?
Mitochondria
Which is not one of the three main parts of a cell?
visceral pericardium
Which membrane is associated with the surface of the heart?
parietal pleura
Which membrane lines the walls of the thoracic cavity?
Serous fluid in the pleural cavity
Which of the following adheres the visceral and parietal pleural membranes together?
Ulna
Which of the following bones is NOT included within the lower limb?
positive feedback
Which of the following causes conditions in the body to move away from the normal state?
Effectors
Which of the following directly cause(s) the changes in the internal environment needed to maintain homeostasis?
The subcutaneous layer is between the dermis and the epidermis.
Which of the following does NOT describe the skin?
Shivering in response to a drop in body temperature
Which of the following examples illustrates a homeostatic mechanism?
amount of hemoglobin in blood
Which of the following has the greatest effect on the ability of blood to transport oxygen?
Contracting skeletal muscles
Which of the following helps return blood to the heart?
Estrogen
Which of the following hormone suppresses osteoclasts, inhibiting resorption, to help maintain bone density?
Vertebral column
Which of the following is included in the axial skeleton?
To provide communication from bone to muscle
Which of the following is not a function of bone?
light
Which of the following is not a requirement to maintain the life of humans?
Trachea
Which of the following is not part of upper respiratory tract?
pelvis
Which of the following is part of the appendicular skeleton?
Intravascular volume decreases
Which of the following is true about burn shock?
active transport
Which of the following processes uses specific carrier molecules?
all are correct
Which of the following respiratory disorders can cause respiratory failure?
urinary bladder
Which organ(s) is/are found in the pelvic cavity?
Respond primarily to elevated body temperature
Which statement describes merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands?
Veins
Which type of blood vessel serves as a blood reservoir?
muscle cell
Which type of cell has many mitochondria?
Phagocytes
White blood cells that take in particles and cellular debris are called __________.
can cause obstruction of the airway
Why is laryngitis a potentially dangerous condition?
protein and lipids
A cell membrane is composed mostly of what two organic compounds?
proteins and lipids
A cell membrane is composed mostly of what two organic compounds?
Erythropoietin
A response to the situation in question #2 would be an increase in production of __________ by cells of the kidneys.
Tachycardia
A resting heart rate that exceeds 100 beats per minute is called __________.
osteoporosis
A severe lack of bone density is called __________.
Loss of alveolar walls means loss of the elastic tissue that they contain; elastic recoil is decreased.
Advanced emphysema, involving the destruction of alveolar walls, results in difficulty exhaling. Why would this difficulty develop?
vital capacity
After a full and complete inspiration, the volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs is called the __________.
acute rhinitis
Also known as __________, the common cold is caused by a virus and its symptoms include inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, itching, sneezing, and excessive mucus secretion.
Bradycardia
An abnormally slow heart rate (fewer than 60 beats per minute) is called __________.
decrease
An increase in blood PCO2 results in a(n) __________ in pH.
decrease; dilation
Arterial blood pressure would decrease due to a(n) __________ in peripheral resistance from __________ of arterioles.
Expiratory reserve volume
At the end of a quiet expiration, an additional volume of air can be expelled from the lungs. What is this additional amount of air called?
Inspiratory reserve volume
At the end of a quiet inspiration, an additional volume of air can be inhaled. What is this additional amount of air called?
Increase in RBC count
Being at high altitude will
pulmonary
Blood flow that travels from the heart to the lungs for gas exchange and then back to the heart describes the __________ circuit.
remodeling
Bone continually renews its structure and strength via the process of __________.
Decreased blood PCO2 causes vasoconstriction of cerebral arterioles, leading to reduced blood supply to areas of the brain.
Brad suffers from anxiety attacks during which he hyperventilates and occasionally passes out. Why would he faint?
nines
Burns can be evaluated by determining the percentage of body surface area affected, which is known as the rule of __________.
Diffusion
By what process does gas exchange occur?
antivirals
Common treatments for respiratory failure include all of the following except __________.
Systole
Contraction of the heart is called __________.
P wave
Depolarization of the atria is an electrical event that produces what pattern in an ECG tracing?
lower, higher
During inspiration, the pressure within the lungs is --- than atmospheric pressure. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs is ---- than atmospheric pressure.
diaphragm
During normal quiet inspiration, the contraction of the __________ causes air to move into the lungs.
During ventricular systole
During what phase of the cardiac cycle is blood pressure in the systemic arteries the greatest?
From solution A to solution B
In a hypothetical situation, solution A is 10% sodium and solution B is 40% sodium. Which way would a sodium pump move sodium using active transport?
Depolarization of atrial muscle fibers
In an ECG pattern, what event is represented by the P wave?
epicardium
the outer layer of the heart wall is called the __________.
Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis
Full-thickness burns destroy which layers of skin?
facilitated diffusion
Glucose is a polar molecule that requires a carrier protein in order to diffuse through the plasma membrane's nonpolar barrier. Diffusion of substances that require carrier proteins is known as ____________.
8
How many carpal bones are contained in each upper limb?
Inferiror
If a boy was standing on his head, his mouth would be __________ to his nose.
inferior
If a boy was standing on his head, his mouth would be __________ to his nose.
Larynx
If a patient presents with a runny nose, sore throat, and cough, you can determine that the most distal structure in the respiratory tract that the infection has reached is the __________.
The extracellular fluid is hypertonic to the intracellular fluid.
If the fluid outside of a cell membrane contains a greater concentration of dissolved particles than the fluid inside the cell, how is this extracellular fluid described?
Epidermis
Superficial burns affect which layer of skin?
aorta
The ---- is the largest artery in the body.
apex,fifth
The ---- of the heart points inferiorly and to the left and sits at the level of the ---- intercostal space.
tricuspid
The ---- valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle.
pulmonary
The ---- valve is located between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk.
Base
The ----- of the heart, which is more superior, is the point of attachment for the major vessels
bicuspid
The ----- valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle.
aortic
The ----- valve is located between the left ventricle and aorta.
oral
The __________ cavity contains the teeth and tongue.
Pelvic
The __________ cavity is the part of the abdominopelvic cavity that contains the terminal portion of the large intestine, the urinary bladder, and the internal reproductive organs.
systemic
The __________ circuit sends oxygen-rich blood from the heart to all cells of the body, removes carbon dioxide and other wastes, and returns blood to the heart.
hypochondriac
The __________ region is superior and lateral to the umbilical region.
Macrophages
The breakdown of hemoglobin is due to the activity of
