Anatomy exam 1

Lithium has an atomic number of 3. When it forms an ionic bond, what will be the charge on the lithium ion?

+1

If atom X has an atomic number of 74 it would have which of the following?

74 protons

The potential difference across the cell membrane is due to the separation of

: cations and anions

Which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule?

CH4

Which of the following is the best explanation for why cells are considered the smallest units of living things.

Cells are the smallest unit that can carry out the functions of life.

A substance with a pH of 5 is 10 times more acidic than a substance with a pH of 4.

False

Chemical properties are determined primarily by neutrons.

False

Select the correct statement about isotopes.

Isotopes of the same element have the same atomic number but differ in their mass number.

Which of the following statements is the most correct regarding homeostatic imbalance?

It is considered the cause of most diseases

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Larger particles move faster than smaller ones and thus collide more frequently and more forcefully.

A structure that is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions for the body is a(n)

Organ

Which of the following is a principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure?

Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules.

Extracellular fluid is composed of

Plasma and interstitial fluid

When a baby suckles at its mother's breast the stimulus at the breast is sent to the mother's brain (a region called the hypothalamus). The brain responds by releasing hormones to stimulate the production and the ejection of milk from the breast. This helps the newborn to receive nourishment and encourages more suckling. This example is best described as a ________.

Positive feedback

Which of the following does NOT characterize proteins?

They appear to be the molecular carriers of coded hereditary information

Buffers resist abrupt and large changes in the pH of body fluids by releasing or binding hydrogen ions.

True

Glucose is an example of a monosaccharide.

True

Mixtures are combinations of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but are not bound by chemical bonds.

True

Strong acids make lousy buffers because they tend to dissociate completely and irreversibly.

True

The lower the pH, the higher the hydrogen ion concentration.

True

If the nucleotide or base sequence of the DNA strand used as a template for messenger RNA synthesis is ACGTT, then what would be the sequence of bases in the corresponding mRNA?

UGCAA

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

When the hydrogen ion concentration decreases, the hydroxyl ion concentration also decreases.

A process that requires cellular energy to move a substance against its concentration gradient is called

active transport.

Membrane proteins perform which of the following functions?

all of the above

Select which reactions will usually be irreversible regarding chemical equilibrium in human bodies.

glucose to CO2 and H2O

Carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by the ________.

removal of a water molecule between each two units

Functions of the plasma membrane include all of the following, except

thermal insulation.

The acidity of a solution reflects the concentration of free hydrogen ions in the solution.

true

Phospholipids make up most of the lipid part of the cell membrane. Since water exists on both the outside and inside of a cell, which of the following phospholipid arrangements makes the most sense?

two back- to- back phospholipid layers with the polar heads facing out on both sides

An atom with an atomic number of 10 and a mass number of 24 would have ________.

14 neutrons

The numbers listed represent the number of electrons in the first, second, and third energy levels, respectively. On this basis, which of the following is an unstable or reactive atom?

2,8,1

What is the ratio of fatty acids to glycerol in triglycerides (neutral fats)?

3:1

Atom X has 17 protons. How many electrons are in its valence shell (outermost energy level)?

7

Diffusion of a substance across the cell membrane is influenced by all of the following, except

: hydrolysis of ATP

Select the most correct statement regarding nucleic acids.

DNA is a long, double- stranded molecule made up of A, T, G, and C bases.

DNA transcription is another word for DNA replication.

False

Beta cells in the pancreas produce and secrete the protein hormone insulin. You would expect to see a relatively large amount of which organelles in these cells?

Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum

A patient is hyperventilating. The "blowing off" of excessive carbon dioxide causes a decrease in blood H+ concentration. Think about which direction that takes the equation below and then decide how the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system will function to correct this imbalance?

H2CO3 dissociates to form more H+ and lower pH

Match the organ systems with their organs.

Spleen- Lymphatic Liver- Digestive Skin- Integumentary Trachea-Respiratory

One of the descriptions below is from the perspective of physiological study, the rest are from an anatomical perspective. Select the description below that comes from physiological perspective.

The contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels (vasoconstriction) can reduce the flow of blood through the vessel.

Which of the following statements is correct regarding net diffusion?

The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate.

One of the descriptions below is from the perspective of anatomical study, the rest are from a physiological perspective. Select the description below that comes from an anatomical perspective.

The innermost lining of the lungs is composed primarily of a thin tissue called simple squamous epithelium.

It is the difference in the R group that makes each amino acid chemically unique.

True

Which of the following is the process of synthesizing more complex structures from simpler substances?

anabolism

The genetically programmed death of cells is called

apoptosis

Place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex:

atoms, molecules, cells, tissue, organ

The four elements that make up about 96% of body weight are ________.

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

Water molecules and small ions enter a cell through

channels formed by integral proteins.

The functional units of DNA that contain the instructions for making one or more proteins are

chromosomes

ATP → ADP + Pi is an example of a(n) ________ reaction.

decomposition (catabolism)

When activated, lysosomes function in

digestion of foreign material.

Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and skeletal muscles in the form of ________.

glycogen

If the rate of anabolic reactions in the body is much faster than the rate of catabolic reactions which of the following characteristics of life will be accomplished?

growth

Which property of water is demonstrated when we sweat?

high heat of vaporization

Which of the following about a cell's resting membrane potential is false?

inside slightly more positive than outside

Salts are always

ionic compounds

Messenger RNA is vital to the cell because

mRNA can leave the nucleus, DNA cannot leave the nucleus

Myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue) must rhythmically contract for a lifetime. This requires a considerable amount of energy production by the cells. You would expect to see a relatively high amount of which organelle in these cells?

mitochondria

Which of the following is chemically inert (unreactive)?

neon

Positive feedback differs from negative feedback because ________

positive feedback tends to enhance the triggering stimulus while negative feedback tends to return the body to a homeostatic balance or "ideal" level

If active transport establishes a concentration gradient with the use of ATP, then the concentration gradient can be looked at as ________.

potential energy that can be harnessed when molecules passively diffuse down the concentration gradient

Which of the following consists of a network of intracellular membranes with attached ribosomes?

rough endoplasmic reticulum

The genetic information is coded in DNA by the ________.

sequence of the nucleotides

In order to maintain cellular homeostasis, an exchange pump ejects ________ ions from the cell and imports ________ ions.

sodium; potassium

A red blood cell placed in pure water would ________.

swell and burst

The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the ribosome for protein formation is ________.

tRNA

Facilitated diffusion differs from ordinary diffusion in that

the rate of molecular movement is limited by the number of available carrier molecules.

A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is usually associated with ________.

the release of energy

During mitosis, two daughter cells form, each of which has

the same number of chromosomes as the original cell.