Anatomy final chapters 9, 10, 11, 12
Which structure prevents knee hyperextension?
ACL
What is the most common form of shoulder dislocation?
Downward displacement of humerus
What type of neuron comprises 90% of the neurons in the nervous system?
Association neurons
Why does resting membrane potential (RMP) exist?
Ions unequally distributed between ECF & ICF
What breaks the bond between the active site on actin and the myosin head?
New ATP
What supplies ATP for muscle contraction during short bursts of intense activity?
O2 & energy sources, e.g., glucose &fatty acids
What are the functions of myelin?
Protect and electrically insulate the axon Increase speed of nerve impulse transmission
What is the name of the joint between the diaphyses of the radius and ulna?
Proximal radioulnar joint
What type of joint is biaxial and exhibits an oval convex surface on one bone that fits into the concave depression on the other?
Saddle
Which glial cell forms the myelin sheath in the central nervous system?
Shwann Cells
What is the most injured SITS muscle?
Supraspinatus
What is rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid and has a viscous, slippery texture like raw egg whites?
Synovial Fluid
What makes the resting membrane potential slightly less negative than if the RMP was determined solely by potassium?
The voltage-gated potassium channels stay open a little longer than needed to bring the membrane back to its resting potential
What type of contraction occurs when you hear a loud noise behind you, and you look back over your left shoulder?
This was a contralateral contraction of your right sternocleidomastoid muscle
In an excitatory cholineragic synapse, the AP depolarizes at the axon terminal, opening what channels to trigger exocytosis of acetylcholine?
Voltage-gated sodium channels
What structure do the calcium ions bind to when muscle contraction is initiated?
actin myofilament
What beneficial adaptations occur during a lengthy aerobic training program?
improved capacity for oxygen extraction from the blood supply and an altered cellular control of energy metabolism
What is the name of the fibrocartilage that provides shock absorption, lubrication, and nutrition to the knee joint?
meniscus
What is spatial summation?
postsynaptic neuron is stimulated by a large number of terminals at the same time
What is the longest muscle in the human body?
sartorius muscle
What beneficial adaptations occur following anaerobic resistance training?
stimulates muscle growth, Growth is from cellular enlargement, hypertrophy
Which joints are cartilaginous joints?
synchondroses and symphyses
What is the name of the cartilaginous joint in which hyaline cartilage binds the bones together?
synchondrosis
What establishes the resting membrane potential?
1. Concentration Gradients 2. Electrostatic Pressure 3. Membrane Permeability 4. Active Ion Transport
What two types of joints are found in the shoulder region?
Ball and socket and maybe saddle
What would happen to the resting membrane potential of a resting neuron if the potassium leak channels were suddenly blocked?
Blocking them would greatly depolarize the cell
When a skeletal muscle lengthens, what helps it resist excessive stretching and subsequent injury to the muscle?
Collagen
What type of lever is the atlanto-occipital joint?
first class lever
Which monoamine neurotransmitter does an adrenergic synapse use that has an important role in your body's fight or flight response?
norepinephrine
What is a motor unit?
one nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers it innervates
