Anatomy Final

Which of the following effects is characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system? decreased activity of the digestive system stimulated sweat glands to produce perspiration decreased urine output increased metabolic rate decreased heart rate

decreased heart rate

Which one of the following represents the correct sequence from outermost to innermost layers of the meninges? pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid mater pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater arachnoid mater, dura mater, pia mater dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid mater dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Which one of the following is the correct sequence in connective tissue sheaths, going from outermost to innermost layer? epineurium, endoneurium, perineurium epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium perineurium, epineurium, endoneurium perineurium, endoneurium, epineurium endoneurium, epineurium, perineurium

epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium

Bundles of muscle fibers are known as aponeuroses. true false

false

Bipolar neurons are commonly ____. motor neurons called neuroglia found in ganglia found in the eye and nose more abundant in adults than in children

found in the eye and nose

A smooth, sustained contraction is called ____. fused, or complete, tetanus a twitch unfused, or incomplete, tetanus summing of contractions

fused, or complete, tetanus

Anaerobic glycolysis requires ____ to make ATP. creatine phosphate oxygen glucose both oxygen and glucose

glucose

Control of temperature, endocrine activity, metabolism, and thirst are functions associated with the ____. medulla oblongata cerebellum hypothalamus thalamus cerebrum

hypothalamus

The pigmented portion of the eye that has a rounded opening through which light passes is the ____. iris lens cornea sclera retina

iris

Impulse conduction is fastest in neurons that are ____. myelinated unmyelinated sensory motor cerebral

myelinated

Anaerobic glycolysis occurs without ____. ATP oxygen lactic acid carbon dioxide glucose

oxygen

Sweat glands that produce perspiration when stimulated are innervated only by the ____ fibers. sympathetic parasympathetic somatic afferent

sympathetic

An elaborate and specialized network of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that function in calcium storage is the ____. sarcolemma mitochondria intermediate filament network myofibrillar network sarcoplasmic reticulum

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Which of these events must occur first to trigger the skeletal muscle to generate an action potential and contract? sodium ions rush into the cell acetylcholine (ACh) causes temporary permeability to sodium diffusion of potassium ions out of the cell operation of the sodium-potassium pump acetylcholinesterase (AchE) breaks down acetylcholine (ACh)

acetylcholinesterase (AchE) breaks down acetylcholine (ACh)

The condition of skeletal muscle fatigue can be best explained by ____. the all-or-none law the inability to generate sufficient quantities of ATP due to feedback regulation of synthesis insufficient intracellular quantities of ATP due to excessive consumption a total lack of ATP inadequate numbers of mitochondria

Insufficient intracellular quantities of ATP due to excessive consumption

____ connect sensory and motor neurons in neural pathways and their cell bodies are typically located in the central nervous system. Interneurons (association neurons) Afferent Efferent Proprioceptors

Interneurons (association neurons)

A sarcomere is ____. the nonfunctional unit of skeletal muscle the contractile unit between two Z discs the area between two intercalated discs the wavy lines on the cell, as seen in a microscope a compartment in a myofilament

The contractile unit between two Z discs

The substance that is released at axonal endings to propagate a nervous impulse is called ____. an ion nerve glue a neurotransmitter the sodium-potassium pump an action potential

a neurotransmitter

Acetylcholine is ____. an ion pump on the postsynaptic membrane a source of energy for muscle contraction a component of thick myofilaments an oxygen-binding protein a neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle

a neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle

The mechanical force of contraction is generated by ____. shortening of the thick filaments shortening of the thin filaments a sliding of thin filaments past thick filaments the "accordian-like" folding of thin and thick filaments the temporary disappearance of thin filaments

a sliding of thin filaments past thick filaments

What congenital disorder results when the vertebrae fail to form completely around the spinal cord, typically in the lumbosacral region? cystic fibrosis anencephaly hydrocephaly cerebral palsy spina bifida

anencephaly

Cerebrospinal fluid is reabsorbed into venous blood in the dural sinuses via the ____. cerebral aqueduct hypothalamus arachnoid villus choroid plexus pons

arachnoid villus

____ reflexes include the secretion of saliva, changes in the size of our pupils, and digestion involve the activities of smooth muscles. Somatic Voluntary Autonomic Sympathetic

autonomic

The Schwann cell forms a myelin sheath around the ____. dendrites cell body nucleus axon nodes of Ranvier

axon

The part of the neuron that typically conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body is the ____. dendrite cell body synaptic cleft axon

axon

Neurotransmitters are released upon stimulation from a nerve impulse by the ____. myofibrils sarcoplasmic reticulum thick filaments axon terminals of the motor neuron sarcolemma of the muscle cell

axon terminals of the motor neuron

The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are housed in the ____. diencephalon hypothalamus brain stem pineal gland cerebellum

brain stem

Which ion causes neurotransmitter vesicles to fuse with the axon's membrane during the conduction of a nerve impulse from one neuron to the next? chlorine sodium potassium calcium magnesium

calcium

Muscle tissue has the ability to shorten when adequately stimulated, a characteristic known as ____. elasticity irritability contractility extensibility

contractility

A muscle twitch results when the muscle is stimulated so rapidly that no evidence of relaxation is seen. True False

false

Isometric contractions produce movement when filaments slide past one another and the muscle shortens. True False

false

The fastest mechanism for producing ATP is aerobic respiration. True False

false

Thick filaments are made of a protein called actin. True False

false

Which of the following is NOT a function of the muscular system? production of movement maintenance of posture stabilization of joints generation of heat hematopoiesis

hematopoiesis

The two major functional properties of neurons are ____. cover and line body surfaces contraction and movements irritability and conductivity connect and protect lubricate and secrete

irritability and conductivity

The cerebrospinal fluid ____. is secreted by the arachnoid villi enters the four ventricles after filling and circulating through the subarachnoid space is secreted mostly by the ependymal cells lining the brain ventricles is continually formed mostly by the choroid plexuses is identical in composition to whole blood

is continually formed mostly by the choroid plexuses

Contractions in which muscles shorten and produce movement are known as ____. isotonic contractions twitches isometric contractions resistance exercises

isotonic contractions

The hypothalamus is the "emotional-visceral" center of the brain and, thus, is an important part of the ____. posterior association area reticular activating system limbic system Broca's area anterior association area

limbic system

The vital centers for the control of visceral activities such as heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, and vomiting are located in the ____. pons medulla oblongata midbrain cerebrum hypothalamus

medulla oblongata

The brain and spinal cord are protected and cushioned by three connective tissue membranes that are collectively called ____. ventricles arachnoid villi meninges sinuses

meninges

The blood-brain barrier is effective against the passage of ____. water nutrients such as glucose alcohol anesthetics metabolic waste such as urea

metabolic waste such as urea

A motor neuron and all of the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates are termed a ____. myofilament synaptic cleft motor unit neuromuscular junction neurotransmitter

motor unit

One neuron and all the skeletal muscles it stimulates is known as a ____. sarcoplasmic reticulum motor unit synaptic cleft neuromuscular junction

motor unit

Neurons with several processes branching off the cell body, such as motor neurons and interneurons (association neurons), are structurally classified as ____. efferent multipolar afferent bipolar unipolar

multipolar

Support cells in the central nervous system are collectively called ____. myelin sheaths neuroglia oligodendrocytes microglia

neuoglia

The gaps between Schwann cells found at regular intervals in peripheral system neurons are called ____. synaptic clefts axon terminals nodes of Ranvier myelin sheaths

nodes of Ranvier

Which of these neuroglial cells forms the myelin sheath in the central nervous system? astrocytes oligodendrocytes Schwann cells ependymal cells satellite cells

oligodendrocytes

The primary somatic sensory cortex is located in the ____ lobe of the cerebrum. parietal frontal temporal occipital

parietal

The ____ is a connective tissue wrapping around fascicles of neuron fibers. epineurium endoneurium perineurium perimysium

perineurium

The delicate innermost membrane, or meningeal layer, that clings to the surface of the brain and spinal cord is known as the ____ mater. dura arachnoid periosteal pia

pia

The hypothalamus regulates the ____. pineal gland pituitary gland pons thalamus

pituitary gland

During the resting state, a neuron is ____. polarized with more sodium ions outside the cell and more potassium ions inside the cell propagating the action potential depolarizing and generating an action potential restoring the ionic conditions utilizing the sodium-potassium pump repolarizing as potassium ions diffuse out of the cell

polarized with more sodium ions outside the cell and more potassium ions inside the cell

Sensory receptors located in muscles and tendons are termed ____. Meissner's corpuscles proprioceptors lamellar corpuscles association neurons

proprioceptors

Which of the following is an example of an isometric contraction? shaking the head as to say "no" pushing against an immovable wall bending the elbow rotating the arm nodding the head as to say "yes"

pushing against an immovable wall

Which of the following is the correct sequence in a typical reflex arc? effector, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, receptor receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector effector, motor neuron, integration center, sensory neuron, receptor receptor, motor neuron, integration center, sensory neuron, effector receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, integration center, effector

receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector

____ cells form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS. Satellite Ependymal Schwann Nerve

schwann

Which type of muscle tissue contracts most quickly upon stimulation? skeletal visceral cardiac smooth tendons

skeletal

An action potential is caused by an influx of these ions into the cell ____. potassium sodium calcium magnesium both potassium and sodium

sodium

During repolarization, ____ ions are pumped out of the cell. sodium potassium both sodium and potassium calcium

sodium

Creatine phosphate (CP) functions within the muscle cells by ____. forming a temporary chemical compound with myosin forming a chemical compound with actin inducing a conformational change in the myofilaments storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP as needed storing energy that will be transferred to ATP to resynthesize ADP as needed

storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP as needed

Endomysium covers ____. fascicles of muscle cells an entire muscle an individual muscle cell myofibrils smooth muscle only

An individual muscle cell

In order to excite a muscle cell, acetycholine must ____. enter the muscle cell by endocytosis travel into the axon terminal of the nerve cell by endocytosis enter the muscle cell through protein channels bind to receptors in the sarcolemma of the muscle cell break down acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft

Bind to receptors in the sarcolemma of the muscle cell

Sally has a brain injury; she knows what she wants to say but can't vocalize the words. The part of her brain that deals with the ability to speak is the ____. longitudinal fissure gyrus central sulcus Broca's area primary motor area

Broca's area

The gap between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of a skeletal muscle cell is called the ____. motor unit sarcomere neuromuscular junction synaptic cleft cross bridge

synaptic cleft

The gap between the motor neuron and the muscle fiber it supplies at the neuromuscular junction is called the ____. synaptic cleft motor unit cross bridge H zone

synaptic cleft

The gap between two communicating neurons is termed ____. synaptic cleft cell body effector Schwann cell node of Ranvier

synaptic cleft

The epimysium covering on the outside of the muscle can blend into cordlike ____ or sheetlike ____. tendons; aponeuroses ligaments; tendons fascia; ligaments aponeuroses; ligaments

tendons; aponeuroses

The portion of the diencephalon that acts as a relay station for sensory impulses traveling to the sensory cortex is the ____. pons pituitary gland thalamus hypothalamus

thalamus

Neurons either conduct action potentials along the length of their axons, or they remain at rest. This statement best describes ____. a reflex arc the all-or-none response repolarization saltatory conduction graded potential

the all-or-none response

A skeletal muscle twitch differs from a tetanic contraction in that ____. the tetanic contraction is considered abnormal, while the twitch is a normal muscle response the tetanic contraction is caused by a single stimulus, while the twitch is caused by very rapid multiple stimuli the muscle twitch is prolonged and continuous while a tetanic contraction is brief and "jerky" the muscle twitch occurs only in small muscles while a tetanic contraction occurs in large muscle groups the muscle twitch is a brief and "jerky" movement, while the tetanic contraction is prolonged and continuous

the muscle twitch is a brief and "jerky" movement, while the tetanic contraction is prolonged and continuous

The striations seen in skeletal muscle are actually alternating dark A and light I bands. true false

true

The usual cause of nervous system deterioration as we age is circulatory system problems. true false

true

The only pair of cranial nerves to extend to the thoracic and abdominal cavities is the ____ nerves. glossopharyngeal oculomotor vestibulocochlear vagus

vagus

Which cranial nerve descends into the thoracic and abdominal cavities to regulate heart rate and promote digestive activity? oculomotor vagus hypoglossal accessory glossopharyngeal

vagus

____ disease results from a degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the substantia nigra. Parkinson's Alzheimer's Huntington's Autoimmune

Parkinson's

The ____ is an organelle that wraps and surrounds the myofibril and stores calcium. cross bridge sarcomere sarcolemma sarcoplasmic reticulum

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Why are calcium ions necessary for skeletal muscle contraction? calcium increases the action potential transmitted along the sarcolemma calcium releases the inhibition on Z discs calcium triggers the binding of myosin to actin calcium causes ATP binding to actin calcium binds to regulatory proteins on the myosin filaments, changing both their shape and their position on the thick filaments

calcium triggers the binding of myosin to actin

Striated involuntary muscle tissue is classified as ____ muscle. skeletal cardiac smooth either smooth or skeletal

cardiac

Loss of muscle coordination results from damage to the ____. cerebrum hypothalamus cerebellum thalamus midbrain

cerebellum

Which of the following brain dysfunctions is also known as a stroke? cerebrovascular accident (CVA) Alzheimer's disease aphasia cerebral edema Parkinson's disease

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

The brain dysfunction where blood supply to a region (or regions) of the brain is blocked and vital brain tissue dies, as by a blood clot or a ruptured blood vessel, is called ____. cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or stroke Parkinson's disease Huntington's disease multiple sclerosis

cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or stroke

Cerebrospinal fluid is formed from blood by clusters of capillaries in the brain known as ____. choroid plexuses arachnoid villi ventricles sinuses

choroid plexuses

Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through all of the following EXCEPT ____. subarachnoid space corpus callosum cerebral aqueduct fourth ventricle lateral ventricles

corpus callosum

The large fiber tract that allows communication between the two cerebral hemispheres is called the ____. corpus callosum fornix pons thalamus

corpus callosum

The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus collectively constitute the ____. cerebellum dicephalon (interbrain) brain stem cerebrum

dicephalon (interbrain)

Which one of the following is composed of myosin protein? thick filaments thin filaments all myofilaments Z discs light bands

thick filaments

Cross bridges are created when myosin heads bind to ____. thick filaments sarcomeres thin filaments sarcoplasmic reticula myosin filaments

thin filaments

The blood-brain barrier is formed by ____ junctions that nearly seamlessly bind capillaries in the brain. gap intercalated desmosome tight

tight

Aerobic respiration requires the use of oxygen to generate ATP. True False

true

Aerobic, or endurance, exercise involves jogging or biking. True False

true

All types of muscle have endomysium covering individual muscle cells. true false

true

Cardiac and skeletal muscle both possess striations. true false

true

Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and also in the subarachnoid space outside the brain. true false

true

Ependymal cells beat their cilia to help circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). true false

true

Sympathetic postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine and the preganglionic axon releases acetylcholine. True False

true

The collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the spinal cord is called the cauda equina. True False

true

The effect of the neurotransmitter on the muscle cell membrane is to temporarily modify its permeability of ions such as Na+ and K+. True False

true

The neurotransmitter used by the nervous system to activate skeletal muscle cells is acetylcholine. true false

true

The sarcoplasmic reticulum wraps like a sleeve around the myofibril and stores and releases calcium. true false

true