ANT 2000 Mid Term

Culture is behavior

-Acquired by learning (extra-genetic) -Shared by a group -Transmitted from one generation to the next -Cumulative cultural evolution

What traits distinguish humans from other hominoids and all other species???

-Striding bipedalism -The vertebral column of humans has curves -Knees are close together to minimize lateral motion -Foot anatomy is specialized

DNA is an unusual molecule... in 2 ways.

1. DNA molecules replicate and continuously produce new molecules of DNA 2. The code for producing all the proteins of an organism can be found in the DNA of that organism

The Human Genome Project

A multi-year effort to find all the genes that code for all the traits found in humans (1990-2003)

Science is

A procedure for arriving at conclusions An established accumulation derived from the above procedure

The evolution of evolution

Pre-Darwin, DARWIN, Post-Darwin

Darwin's Evidence

-Biogeography -Domesticated animals -Comparative anatomy -Comparative embryology -Vestigial organs -Fossils

Characteristics of Suborder HAPLORHINI (anthrapoid)

-Dry nose with simple nostrils -postorbital plate -large, rounded brain -central foramen magnum

Summary of primates

-Emphasize vision (not smell) -Manipulation with eye-hand coordination; touch receptors on fingertips -Multi-dimensional locomotion -Large brains -Slow maturation and long life -Sociality complexity in communication & cognition

Primates eyes

-Eyes face forward -Bony protection -Cross-over of visual tracts -Stereoscopic vision -Color vision

Derived trait

Different from the ancestor. Having nails (not claws) is a derived trait

Linguistic anthropology

Language

Organism

Mendel

Darwinism

Natural selection acts on variation to produce directional change in a species...evolution by means of natural selection

Sources of variation explained by genetics

New combinations genes in offspring Independent assortment. -Crossing over during meiosis... exchanges genetic material as homologous chromosomes line during meiosis

What is a human?

a mammal, a primate, an anthropoid, a catarrhine, a hominoid

hominoid?

ape

Watson, Crick, Wilkens & Franklin

described how DNA is the carrier of genetic information & then how genes provide the code for proteins

Gene

discrete, stable unit of inheritance

Evolution

explains the origin of species

Gregor Mendel

how inheritance worked and how variation was continuously generated. (increased understanding of the evolutionary process)

DeVries

introduced the concept of "mutation"

DNA

long series of nucleotides

Primates have

mobile appendages & hindlimb dominance

Law of Segregation

paired hereditary units segregate during production of gametes

Genetics

the study of genes

Phenotype

visible in the organism

gametes

eggs, sperm

Post-Darwin

evolution in an age of genetic information

characteristics of Suborder STREPSIRHINI (prosimian)

-naked, glandular rhinarium with median cleft and slit-like nostrils directed laterally -tooth comb, composed of lower incisors and canine teeth projecting horizontally -grooming claw on the second digit of the foot

neocortex in Primates

-sensory perception -motor commands -spatial reasoning

Old World monkeys & hominoids both have a catarrhine nose

....

The more similar the amino acid sequence of a protein the more recently two species shared a common ancestor

......

Mendels "Laws"

1. Law of Segregation 2. Law of Independent Assortment

Primates hands and feet

Grasping w/ -nails (instead of claws) -tactile pads with touch receptors -friction ridges

What is a tarsier?

Haplorhine & Prosimian

More Characteristics of Hominoids?

Hominoids have a broad, flat, short torso & no external tail

Platyrrhin vs. Catarrhini (noses)

Platyrhin are round while catarrhine are pointy nostrils

Meiosis

The production of gametes (mature sex cells) from immature sex cells

Molecule

Watson & Crick

Mammals have 4 different kinds of teeth--heterodonty

incisors, canines, pre-molars, molars

Carolus Linnaeus

introduced a hierarchical system to organize information about the diversity of living species

genotype

present but not observable

Allele

there can be more than one form of a gene

Chromosomes

threadlike structures in the nucleus of the cell

Malthus 1798 essay inspired Darwin

to conceive that competition for limited resources exists for all species .....creating "winners" (who reproduce) and "losers" (who don't)

Charles Lyell

-"uniformitarianism" -Implies a constantly changing earth and an ancient earth

characteristics of a mammal?

-Homeothermy/fur -Reproduction Internal gestation Lactation Extended parental care Emotional bond Play behavior -Mastication (chew food)

Biological anthropology

-Paleoanthropology -Primatology -Human variation -Genetics -Osteology -Paleopathology -Forensic anthropology

Evolution

= change in series

Anthropology is...

A Science A Humanity A Social Science

4 subfields of Anthropology

Cultural anthropology Linguistic anthropology Archaeology Biological anthropology

Genetics

Discrete particles (genes) can produce continuous variation Mutation and independent assortment continuously add variation

Why is genetics important for understanding evolution?

Evolution and Genetics

What is a hominoid?

Forearms are adapted for suspension and have a versatile range of motion. -long muscular arms -rotator shoulder joint allows 360 rotation of the arm -fully extendable elbow -180 rotation of forearm extended motion in wrist

The origin of science by

Louis Leibenberg

canine-cutting complex

Most non-human primates (monkeys & apes) have a canine-cutting complex

The Scientific Revolution BY Toby Huff

New concepts--> modern astronomy, physics, anatomy, physiology New instruments--> telescope, microscope, barometer, air pump New forms of communication--> scientific society, scientific journal "infectious curiosity"

Primitive trait

Same as the ancestor. Having 5 fingers and 4 different kinds of teeth are primitive traits

Cell

Sutton

Darwin collected evidence to support his new idea for more than 20 years before completing his most famous book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859. T or F?

T

A gene is a section of a DNA molecule that codes for a protein. To begin protein synthesis, a portion of the DNA molecule unzips and one strand is used to create a mirror-image molecule of mRNA. Codons are three base sequences on the mRNA. These mRNA codons are read by ribosomes and used to bring specific amino acids into position (forming the primary structure of a protein). The genetic code is a table showing which mRNA codon specifies each amino acid.

TRue

William Paley

The natural world shows divine order the existence of design suggests a designer.

Cultural anthropology includes ethnography, ethnology and studies of culture change. T or F

True

In 1902 Walter Sutton proposed that Mendel's genes ride on the chromosomes which he saw in the nucleus of the cell. During meiosis paired homologous chromosomes line up and separate (demonstrating Mendel's Law of Segregation at the cellular level.

True

Linguistic anthropology includes descriptive linguistics, historical linguistics and sociolinguistics. T or F

True

Natural law

a natural process (not a human-like designer), is responsible for the "good-fit" seen between an organism and its environment. responsible for origin and diversity of organisms

Humanity is

a record of human expression

Gene

a unit of inheritance

heterozygous

alleles of the same gene are different

Homozygous

alleles of the same gene are identical

the primary structure of a protein

amino acids

Biological Application of Evolution=

an explanation for the origin of organisms

genome

an organism's complete set of DNA

Nucleotide =

base, sugar, phosphate. are the constituents units of the DNA molecule

Natural selection

drives evolutionary change across generations

Primate way of life =

eyes & hands

Bases

form the rungs of a "ladder"

The "central dogma"

gene --> protein --> trait

Mendel

introduced the "Law of Segregation" and the "Law of Independent Assortment" (both based on discrete inheritance)

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

often referred to as the first modern evolutionist. He conceptualized the history of life on earth as a tree in which all contemporary life is the equivalent of the tree's newest growth. The twigs, branchlets and branches attached to this new growth all lead back to a tree trunk representing the single origin and interconnectedness of all life on earth.

Pairing

organisms carry two alleles "for each trait"

Law of Independent Assortment

paired units for distinctive traits assort independent of each other

G G Simpson

paleontology

T. Dobzansky

population genetics- discrete inheritance also explains traits of complex inheritance (polygenic traits)

Sutton

proposed genes are located on chromosomes

Francis Crick

proposed that the principle function of DNA was to code for protein

Karl Popper

said conclusions can be "falsified"

Neo-Darwinism

synthesis of Darwinism & genetics Genetics explains the source of variation in natural populations

Anthropology

the study of humans

J. Huxley

theoretical biology

Charles Darwin

-Poor student -Careful observer of nature -Voyage on Beagle (1831-1836)

Genetics—levels of analysis

-Population -Organism -Cell -Molecule

Archaeology

-Prehistoric archaeology -Historic archaeology -Paleoecology -Cultural resource management

What are Anthropoids?

-have eyes close together in a complete bony socket - a fused frontal bone (forehead) -a fused mandible (jawbone)

In his 1871 book The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, Darwin developed the concept of sexual selection to explain traits (like the peacock's tail) that seem disadvantages to the daily life of an organism. He proposed that the female peahen acts as a selection agent when she prefers to mate with the male that has the most colorful, attention-grabbing tail.

TRUE

The amino acid sequence of the hemoglobin of a human and a rhesus money are very similar...there is only one amino acid difference in the beta chain. In contrast, there are multiple amino acid differences between a rhesus monkey and a horse. This shows that rhesus monkeys shared a common ancestor with humans more recently than with horses. Comparing proteins is a more precise way to show degree of evolutionary relationship among living species.

True

The molecular structure of DNA was modeled by James Watson and Francis Crick (with help from work by Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin). They published a 1953 Nature article which described DNA as composed of long strings of nucleotides with paired nitrogenous bases forming the rungs of a ladder and sugar-phosphate sequences forming the rails of the ladder.

True

karyotype

a visual image of all the chromosomes in a cell of that organism

In his 1859 book, Darwin presented evidence to support his proposal that species are the result of evolution by means of natural selection. That evidence included all of the following EXCEPT:

a. comparative anatomy b. COMPARATIVE GENETICS c. comparative embryology d. biogeography

neo-Darwinism

a.k.a the synthetic theory of evolution