ANT-2211 Final exam

__________ is the attempt to invoke the supernatural to work harm against people by means of tangible objects such as voodoo dolls or magic charms.

Sorcery

"Hipster" is a label used in the United States at least since the 1950s to describe a usually young person who is trendy, stylish, or progressive in an unconventional way, typically characterized by strong alienation from established social norms and values of the cultural mainstream. Such persons constitute an example of a __________.

Subculture

Each of the following options are characteristics of art in non-industrialized society except:

Symbols and motifs independent of context and may integrate dissimilar elements

The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 established the need for public specialists who study the cultural significance of historic sites and materials from past cultures. These archaeologists work in an applied domain of anthropology called _____.

cultural resource management

According to Jared Diamond (1987), which is not one of the consequences of the rise of food-producing economies?

decrease in cavities and degenerative spinal conditions

The process of modernization is characterized by each of the following except:

decreasing social diversity and global integration

The ongoing spread of goods, people, information, and capital around the world is referred to as _________________.

globalization

The ongoing spread of goods, people, information, and capital around the world is referred to as:

globalization

The term___________ refers to someone who has taken permanent or temporary steps to identify as another gender, whereas___________ refers to people whose gender aligns with their sexual assignment at birth.

transgender cisgender

Which of the following culture groups is an acephalous society?

!Kung

__________ is the study of human species and their immediate ancestors focusing on the similarities and differences, both biological and cultural, in human populations.

Anthropology

_____ is the ability to reference a concept, idea, or natural phenomena abstractly.

Displacement

Match each element of culture to its corresponding definition. 1. Values 2. Norms 3. Customs 4. Traditions 5. Material Culture

1. Beliefs about collectively desirable outcomes... 2. group rules or expectations... 3.Codified expectations... 4. historically rooted and sometimes ritualized... 5. resultant technology or artifacts...

Match each approach to the study of human biological variation with its corresponding definition. 1. Racial Classification Approach 2. Explanatory Approach 3. Biological Determinism Approach 4. Essentialism 5. Eugenics

1. Human beings can be scientifically... 2. Human behavior is motivated 3. An individuals cultural beliefs 4. Each racial category can be... 5. Improving the genetic quality...

The 19th-century development of anthropology as a formal profession and academic discipline devoted to the systematic analysis of human variation was influenced by three major events or social changes, including __________ Latin American Independence, and _____________.

1. Industrialization 2.Latin American Independence 3. Evolutionary theory

Match each level of social complexity to its corresponding attribute(s): 1. Band 2. Tribe 3. Chiefdom 4.Caste Society 5.Calss society

1. primary form of social organization... 2. Lineage-based groups with... 3. Ranked political organization... 4. centralized system of political organization with minimal social mobility 5.centralized system of political organization with social mobility

The earliest evidence of food production, including the taming of locally available plant and animal resources, appears _______ years ago at the end of the Pleistocene Epoch.

10,000 years ago

__________ is the ability to reference a concept, idea, or natural phenomena abstractly.

Displacement

When a group or society is in contact with a more powerful society, the weaker group is often obliged to acquire cultural elements from the dominant group. What is this process of borrowing between a dominant and subordinate culture called?

Acculturation

Modernity refers to:

All are modern characteristics

Which of the following is NOT an example of how culture shapes the body?

All are valid examples

Art can be defined as:

All options characterize art

A belief in a dual existence for all things, that is the belief in a physical, visible body and a psychic, invisible soul is known as?

Animism

Marriage is a social and economic institutions that organizes rules between consanguinal kin.

False

Although claims are debated by anthropologists, _____ is/are often cited as evidence that Neanderthals possessed protohuman creativity and aesthetic ideas.

Any material culture is evidence

__________ seek not only to reconstruct the daily life and customs of past or extinct peoples but also to trace cultural changes and offer possible explanations for those changes.

Archaeologists

Generally speaking, egalitarian societies only differentiate group members by __________ and ____________ .

Bands Tribes

What are the four main subfields of anthropology?

Biological, Archaeology, Linguistics, and Cultural

What is the subfield of anthropology in which researchers study the customs and behavior of contemporary or recent societies?

Cultural Anthropology

________ is a form of selective breeding in which plants and animals are selected based on physical traits that are beneficial to humans.

Domestication

__________ is a form of selective breeding in which plants and animals are selected based on physical traits that are beneficial to humans.

Domestication

According to the __________ theory, men may produce hunting tools from wood because they are the ones who collect the wood in the first place and probably understand its physical properties better than women.

Economy-of-effort

In the 18th century, Native American war refugees, escaped slaves, and members from the Lower Creek and Choctaw migrated to Florida, forming the Seminole. The creation of this new culture is an example of ___________.

Ethnogenesis

________ refers to the comparative study of cultures, whereas a(n)___________ is a researcher's written account of a culture.

Ethnology Ethnography

_________ refers to the comparative study of cultures, whereas a(n)__________ is a researcher's written account of a culture.

Ethnology Ethnography

In the previous question, each of the approaches to the study of biological human variation have been discredited or debunked except for the:

Explanatory Approach

Food collection is a(n) __________ technology, whereas food production is a(n)__________ technology.

Extractive Productive

Acculturation is a typically rapid and violent deposal of a ruling class and reformation of society around new norms and values.

False

All cultures rely on anatomical features such as genitalia as dominant factors in constructing gender.

False

Cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular ailments are examples of infectious disease.

False

Cave art provides archaeologists the necessary evidence to conclusively determine its function and significance to prehistoric hunter-gatherers.

False

Cultural anthropology is the most quantitative social science.

False

Despite differences in background, personality, social identity, theoretical inclination, and perception, fieldworkers generally experience and record the same observations, even in the same community.

False

For as long as our species has existed, individuals have always perceived other groups as different categories of people.

False

Global progress through international development and an open-world system is the most unbiased, scientific political-economic system to date, nearly free of Western cultural ideas and expectations.

False

Humans have been food producers for roughly 95% of our existence as a species.

False

Humans have been food producers for roughly 99% of our existence as a species.

False

Much like journalists, American anthropologists have certain constitutional rights that protect sensitive informant information from court subpoena, even if a legal authority establishes probable cause that ethnographic data contains pertinent evidence.

False

The Kula Ring is an example of generalized reciprocity, while the Kwakiutl Potlatch is balanced reciprocity.

False

The Navajo recognize four genders, two of them being male and the other two female.

False

The domestication of plant species such as wheat, barley, and oats in the early Neolithic was an intentional process that commenced in the Fertile Crescent and diffused throughout the globe from that region.

False

A _____ is simply defined as a group of people who are related in some way.

Family

The totality of a society's ideas about sex, gender, men and women, including sexuality, gendered relations, and social expectations describes which concept?

Gender ideology

__________ is when goods or services are given to another without any apparent expectation of a return gift.

Generalized reciprocity

________________ is when goods or services are given to another without any apparent expectation of a return gift.

Generalized reciprocity

Which of the following investigations could be considered the earliest instance of ethnographic fieldwork?

H.R. Rivers' Torres Strait Expedition

Which of the following investigations could be considered the earliest instance of fieldwork?

H.R. Rivers' Torres Strait Expedition

Migrants experience qualitative and quantitative differences when they migrate, including each of the following potential stressors except:

High social support

What are the two primary research topics within biological anthropology?

Human origins and human variation

In the United States, all institutions that conduct research with human subjects are legally bound to establish in-house regulatory committees known as a(n):

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Which subsistence strategy is most associated with state organization?

Intensive agriculture

_____ is most important in societies in which institutions such as a centralized government, a professional military, or financial banks are absent or ineffective.

Kinship

A(n) _________ is any kin group in which membership is determined by shared descent from a common ancestor who is/was known by their descendants, whereas a(n) _________ refers to a group of kin who claim descent from a common, but unknown (and often mythologized) ancestor.

Lineage clan

In Mexico City and many other regions throughout Latin America, the cultural ideal of masculinity is known as ______.

Machismo

Your instructor Dr. Stein is a(n) __________ anthropologist.

Medical

_____ refers to a society in which there are multiple health systems and treatment options.

Medical pluralism

The term _____ family refers to the family into which one is born and raised.

Natal

are the two items used in the Kula Ring of the Trobriand Islanders.

Necklaces Armbands

What are the two items used in the Kula Ring of the Trobriand Islanders?

Necklaces and armbands

According to your textbook, which of these is not an explanation for religion?

Need for Economic Resources

Who proposed the idea of a universal grammar?

Noam Chomsky

________ are first-cousins whose parents are same-sex siblings in the same line of descent, whereas __________ are first-cousins whose parents are different-sex siblings of different descent.

Parallel cousins Cross cousins

________ is a subsistence technology in which food is obtained from herd animals.

Pastoralism

__________ is a subsistence technology in which food is obtained from herd animals.

Pastoralism

__________ refers to a religion in which more than one high god is recognized.

Polytheism

Jane Goodall has studied chimpanzees in Tanzania since 1960. Her work is a study in __________.

Primatology

Biomedicine, chiropractory, Ayurvedic medicine, and Traditional Chinese Medicine are healing systems within the __________ domain, while home remedies, personal experiences, and health advice from friends and family comprise the ___________ domain.

Professional Folk

Land, water, and other modifiable resources are known as _____.

Raw materials

Any set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices pertaining to supernatural power, whether that power rests in forces, gods, spirits, ghosts, or demons is the anthropological definition of what?

Religion

A set of behaviors by individuals and/or groups that must be performed according to very specific guidelines is known as a(n) _____.

Ritual

Biological variation in the physical traits between males and females is referred to as _________ , while the cultural set of behaviors expected by a society is called _________ roles.

SEX GENDER

A __________ is a religious intermediary, usually part-time, whose primary function is to cure people through sacred songs, pantomime, trance, and other means, and is sometimes referred to as a witch doctor by Western cultures.

Shaman

In the May 1951 issue of The New York Academy of Sciences, _________ calls for a "new" physical anthropology, shifting the field's focus from racial classification to human origins and variation.

Sherwood Washburn

Which of the following is NOT part of anthropology's perspective on the body?

The body is born tabula rasa ("a blank slate") and must be molded through nurture

Which of the following is not true about home genetic testing kits such as 23andMe or Ancestry.com?

The overall market for genetic testing is expected to reach 10 billion by 2022.

During the Liberian Civil War (1990s), male rebels deliberately cross-dressed in women's clothing for all the below reasons EXCEPT:

To demonstrate unity with Liberian women by celebrating maternal gender roles

All animals communicate in some fashion.

True

Neolocal residence is the most common post-marital residential pattern in the United States.

True

The blending of beliefs and practices from two different religious faiths is know as syncretism.

True

_________refers to the material resources and access to productive technology whereas ____________ is a form of social honor often associated with one's occupation or status.

Wealth Prestige

__________ is usually impossible to prove because no physical objects are used in its practice.

Witchcraft

Orientalism is:

a category of artwork, fashion, and scholarship generated by 19th- and 20th-century Europeans, which represents their own perceptions of Middle-Eastern style

The process by which an individual adjusts to a new environment via non-genetic means is known as:

acclimatization

A society characterized by large populations, frequent food shortages, strong social stratification, and full-time political and administrative officials would likely be practicing what subsistence strategy?

agriculture

In what ways does the environment limit human potential?

all of the above

The practical application of anthropological knowledge from all four subfields to real-life problems is called

applied anthropology

Which of the following traits is the most accurate scientific marker of a person's race?

body height and composition behavior hair texture skin color *None of these options apply.*

The concurrent use of more than one language or dialect in conversation is an example of:

code-switching

Ji-yoo (지유) and her family moved to Glendale, California from Seoul, Korea in 2018 when she was 5 years old. She is a___________ bilingual, meaning she is learning Korean and English simultaneously with a single set of concepts. Ji-yoo's father Min-soo (민수) and mother Yu-jin (유진) learned English growing up in Seoul, but moving to the United States has motivated them to practice their English skills. They are _______ bilinguals, working with two sets of language concepts.

compound subordinate

Cultural appropriation can be defined as:

cultural borrowing that is in some way inappropriate, unauthorized, or undesirable.

Anthropologists urge the adoption of__________ as a learned antidote to humans' natural tendency toward___________ that is, passing judgement on unfamiliar cultural beliefs or practices from the perspective of one's own values and expectations.

cultural relativism ethnocentrism

A key distinction in Medical Anthropology,___________ is a biological or bio-mechanical deviation from normal physiological functioning, whereas ___________ represents individual, subjective feelings of distress.

disease illness

For four years in the late 1980s and early 1990s, American anthropologist Philippe Bourgois conducted ethnographic fieldwork in crack houses of East Harlem, NYC to demonstrate how:

drug dealers view themselves as small business owners and entrepreneurs chasing the American dream.

The process of learning an initial culture from birth is known as:

enculturation

Anthropology's main exports include the __________ method, a(n) ____________ perspective, and a(n) ____________ approach.

ethnographic holistic systematic

One of the earliest evidences of religious beliefs consists of ____________.

evidence that humans were buried with food, tools, and other objects that might have been important in the afterlife

Food collection is a(n) _________ technology, whereas food production is a(n) _________ technology.

extractive productive

Among which population would an anthropologist NOT conduct research?

factory workers advertising executives labor migrants drug dealers and users *none of these options*

Long-term immersion in a community observing peoples' daily lives and asking questions about their beliefs and behaviors is called _____.

fieldwork

Long-term immersion in a community observing peoples' daily lives and asking questions about their beliefs and behaviors is called:

fieldwork

In genetics and heredity studies, a(n) _____________ epresents the genetic coding for a specific trait, while a(n) ____________ refers to the physical expression of coding.

genotype Phenotype

According to early French Anthropologist Marcel Mauss, there is no such thing as a free

gift

_____ search for economic opportunities in low-wage, low-skill jobs that native-born workers typically refuse to fulfill.

labor migrants

The means of production refer to ______________ while the mode of production includes______________.

land, labor, and technology needed to process raw materials for distribution social relations and expectations involved in the organization of human labor

The idea that perceptions of time, space, and matter are always shaped by the structure of language is known as:

linguistic determinism

The process of viewing or treating a certain condition as a medical concern that was not previously considered a disease is known as:

medicalization

Paralanguage is:

non-lexical aspects of speech that communicate implicit cues about a speaker's condition

Which of the following food-getting strategies is NOT utilized by foragers?

none of the above

Which of the following are considered qualitative methods? (Check all that apply)

participant-observation unstructured conversation open-ended interviewing ethnography field notes

In simplest terms, phonology is the study of_________ and morphology is the study of________

phonemes words

While anthropologists use the term polgamy to describe the general practice of having multiple spouses, ___________ refers more specifically to women with multiple husbands while __________ typically describes a man with multiple wives.

polyandry polygyny

Materiality refers to ___________ , while material culture is ______________ .

presence of tangible objects objects made and used in any society

While subsistence involves specific techniques that cultures employ to acquire food, economics refers to the overall systems for organizing the ___________ , ____________ , and _______________ of resources.

production distribution consumption

An accent refers to linguistic variation in pronunciation while dialects are differences in word use .

pronunciation word use

An accent refers to linguistic variation in _____ while dialects are differences in _____.

pronunciation, word use

The _____ theory posits that the decision to migrate is made with the goal of maximizing economic capital.

rational choice-making

The concept of ethnomedicine can be used in reference to biomedicine because the latter:

reflects a system of cultural meaning even though it is based on science and technology.

The United States House of Representatives passed NAGPRA in 1990, ordering:

repatriation of human remains and artifacts to the communities of descendants of the American Indian groups to whom they originally belonged.

Anthropology's primary obligation is to:

respect the safety, dignity, and privacy of the people, species, or materials studied.

"Hipster" is a label used in the United States at least since the 1950s to describe a typically young person who is trendy, stylish, or progressive in an unconventional way, often characterized by strong alienation from established social norms and values of the cultural mainstream. Such persons constitute an example of a:

subculture

Although hotly debated, emerging evidence suggests humans, Neanderthals, and Denisovans were:

subspecies

Western economists emphasize the distribution of goods, outputs, and income in markets through the process of:

supply and demand

An arbitrary gesture, object, or word referring to something in the abstract is a:

symbol

Migration scholars distinguish between individuals who migrate between countries, or__________ migrants, and ___________ migrants who emigrate to locations within the same country or region.

transnational internal

Which of the following terms refers to material resources and access to productive technology?

wealth