ANT 3158 Florida Archaeology

According to the mini-lecture, mtDNA from those buried in Windover show a strong genetic relation to living groups.

False

Many archaeologists, such as Wallis, argue that rituals be studied as a typology rather than as a process? (hint: see Article #12 from Wallis/Randall)

False

This organization was formed to promote and facilitate the conservation, study, and public understanding of Florida's archaeological heritage through regional centers throughout the state. (spelling counts; acronym is acceptable)

Florida Public Archaeology Network

Fort Walton Culture

Fort Walton culture is now defined within the geographical area stretching from the Aucilla River in the east to a Pensacola-Fort Walton transitional area around Choctawhatchee Bay in the west and north into the interior of south Alabama and Georgia.

Capital of Fort Walton culture

Ft Jackson

According to the mini-lecture, this mound contained the burials of 16 (likely) related females and was abandoned after 1250AD. (spelling counts)

Henderson Mound

Historical Resources

-History of previous designs is a good start to research. -From exisitng products, it is possible to analyse application and effectiveness of design elements, principles, meddia and materials over time.

America's concern with cultural resources was reflected early in the 20th century with passage of the American Antiquities Act of ______, which authorized the president to establish national monuments of federally owned or controlled properties.

1906

According to the mini-lecture, how many mound/village complexes existed in the Tampa area from 900-1725AD? (answer is a number; write the number only) 20

20

According to the mini-lecture, in Florida a location is called an "archaeological site" when ___ or more artifacts are found in a 1 by 1 meter area.

3

Contract archaeologists make up ____% of all archaeologists in the US today

40

Historical Archaeology

A specialty within archaeology that studies the material remains of recent peoples who left written records.

The Precolumbian portion of the Alachua culture can be divided into two main periods: the Hickory Pond period and the Alachua period. What time frames below accurately depict the duration of these periods, respectively?

A.D. 600-1250; A.D. 1250-1539

What was the overwhelming subsistence species of choice for coastal Deptford populations?

American Oyster

Pleistocene Epoch

An epoch of the Quaternary period beginning about 1.8 million years ago and ending about 10,000 years ago. Best known as a time of extensive continental glaciation.

kill sites

Any archaeological site that was primarily used for killing and butchering animals. It is recognized by its distinctive location, tools assemblages, or animal bone evidence. Exp Little Salt Springs

Northwest Florida has been found to be an archaeologically rich region of the state, with ample evidence of pre-Columbian culture. What are the names of the two cultures in this region that have been continually investigated by Florida archaeologists?

Apalachee and Timucua

What type of tool is the image?

Awl

Which of the following is NOT a name of one of the archaeological sites within the Alachua and Suwannee Valley region?

Blue Springs

*See the assigned "Submerged Paleoindian and Archaic sites of the Big Bend, Florida" article Go to Figure 10 (page 287), which stratigraphic layer contains the most mastadon bone and teeth? (using the law of superposition, consider the bones that are split between the layer boundary as part of the layer below)

Blue-Green-Gray Sandy Silt

Human interments from Pensacola cultural sites exhibit few of the dental __________ associated with maize-consuming populations.

Caries

___________________ is identified as cultural heritage management within a framework of federal, state, and local laws, regulations, and guidelines. (spelling counts; acronym is acceptable)

Cultural Resource Management

Base Camps

Exp: Harney Flats , diverse tool assemblage

Short term camps

Exp: Silver Springs lithic scatters

According to the mini-lecture, maize is much more prevalent at Fort Walton sites compared to Late Weeden Island, indicating increased importance.

True

According to the mini-lecture, the wooden paddles used to create the Swift Creek Complicated Paddle Stamped pottery have never been found.

True

As sea levels rose following the end of the Pleistocene, large expanses of coastal lands were inundated, resulting in the reduction of Florida's landmass by nearly half.

True

Since the 1980s, there has been an increased emphasis on interdisciplinary research employed in archaeology in Florida.

True

Wallis suggests that the check-stamped sherds pottery sherds at Chattahoochee Landing should not be given a new type-variety classification scheme, but rather 'lumped' together with an already existing taxonomy. (hint: see Article #11 from Wallis/Randall)

True

When an animal eats a certain type of grass or plant they will exhibit an isotopic value in their bones or teeth that is representative of that particular type of grass or plant.

True

What Safety Harbor town was described by a member of the 1539 Hernando de Soto expedition?

Uzita

A partial skeleton of a Bison antiquus, an extinct species of bison, was found in the __________ River with a broken projectile point still lodged in its skull.

Wacissa

During the early Archaic period, most of Florida was typified by these species of plants, inluding scrub oaks, pine, open grassy prairies, and savannas most common.

Xerophytic

The Fort Walton culture

flourished in Florida from approximately 1200 to 1500 CE and is associated with the historic Apalachee people. The peoples of the Ft. Walton culture used mostly sand, grit, grog, or combinations of these materials as tempering agents in their pottery, whereas the Pensacola culture peoples used the more typical Mississippian culture shell tempering for their pottery.

92% of paleoindian bifaces

found in Karstic areas, also chert sources

Karstic terrain

geological formation caused by rainwater dissolving limestone and leaving very rough land topography (most watering holes in Florida found in Karstic terrain )

According to the Introduction in the Wallis/Randall text, what is the principal defining feature of a monument?

its scale and elaboration exceed practical function

Ft Walton pottery differs from other Mississippian pottery

low frequency of shell tempered pottery (only exception is Pensacola culture)

Alachau people

may have

According to the mini-lecture, Florida clays are often of poor quality because they contain ______________, which are small mineral crystal particles. (spelling counts)

montmorillonite

Which of the stable isotopes are indicative of habitation of an extremely arid environment through enriched values (eg., Badger Hole site)?

nitrogen

Which stable isotope is most often investigated as an indicator of environment?

oxygen

Food remains in west-peninsular Florida provide evidence for: (hint: see Article #4 from Wallis/Randall)

patron-role feasting

waller knife

quickly made knife

The Thomas Mound provides an example of: (hint: see Article #4 from Wallis/Randall)

reuse of mounds by Native Americans as post-contact burial grounds

Warm Mineral Springs

shell and bone tools , altalt

Small band

social organizations consisted of 5 to 80 people small family groups who convined to exchange mates and maintain alliances

Historical Archaeology

the study of archaeological sites associated with written records, frequently the study of post-European contact sites in the world

The Pensacola culture

used the more typical Mississippian culture shell tempering for their pottery.

Burial mounds may have reinforced local memories about: (hint: see Article #7 from Wallis/Randall)

vulnerability to rising sea levels

The Pensacola culture

was a regional variation of the Mississippian culture along the Gulf Coast of the United States that lasted from 1100 to 1700 CE. The archaeological culture covers an area stretching from a transitional Pensacola/Fort Walton culture zone at Choctawhatchee Bay in Florida to the eastern side of the Mississippi River Delta near Biloxi, Mississippi.

Wilfred T Neill

watering holes crucial to early settlements. Oasis theory

Little Salt Springs

wooden stakes (possible thru giant tortoise ) wooden boomerang, wooden mortar

Origins of Fort Walton Culture

Increase check stamping (ca. AD 750) Decline of complicated stamping, punctuated, incised, and effigy vessels Maize agriculture became widespread MOre Ft Walton Sites compared to Weeden Island sites Arraigned by hierarchy , more developed political structure

When looking at craft production, design homogeneity _________ the likelihood of specialization of socially valued goods. (hint: see Article #9 from Wallis/Randall)

Increases

What is the largest major mound-village center associated with the Fort Walton culture?

Lake Jackson

Alachua culture

Late Woodland 600 - 1700 AD Alachua, Putnam, and Marion counties Preceded by Cades Pond culture Large Middens (little freshwater shell) pottery, bone tools, lithics Good Soils

There are many ceramic features that kept from one period to the next. Fort Walton shared its feature of _________ with other Mississippian cultures, but uniquely featured very low amounts of ________. (hint: see Article #11 from Wallis/Randall)

Maize agriculture; chipped-stone tools

Once collagen is extracted, it is prepared and weighed for analysis in _______ _________ (2 words, spelling counts!) (hint: name of a machine)

Mass Spectrometer

The earliest ceramics in Florida were distinctive in comparison to other neighboring regions, utilizing ________ as temper.

Plant Fibers

Oasis Theory

Proposed by Gordon Childe, dry climate forced people & animals to concentrate where water is located.

Which of the follow is NOT one of the archaeological identifiers of feasting. (hint: see Article #12 from Wallis/Randall)

Smaller animal portions

Time Periods

Paleoindian (ca 12,000 BC to 9,500 BC ) Archaic ( ca. 9,500 BC to 1,000 BC ) Woodland ( ca. 1,000 BC to AD 900 ) Mississippian ( AD 900 to 1500 )

Earliest pottery production in North America dates to 2500 BC

Montmorillonite in clay

According to the mini-lecture, which region of Florida provides the best evidence of the first Americans (including a stone knife from around 14,500ya)? (two word response; spelling counts)

North Florida

According to the mini-lecture, this archaeological site was found deep in a sinkhole in the bed of the Aucilla River and contained animal bones, human-related artifacts, and what is believed to be the dung or poo of a mastodon. (spelling counts)

Page Ladson Site

Underwater Archaeology

The study of archaeological sites under water using special excavation methods, although the objectives of the research are similar to those for sites on land.

The Safety Harbor culture

an archaeological culture living on the central Gulf coast of the Florida peninsula, from about 900 until after 1700. The Safety Harbor culture is defined by the presence of Safety Harbor ceramics in burial mounds and is named after the Safety Harbor Site,

What was associated with the onset of St. Johns pottery production? (hint: see Article #1 from Wallis/Randall)

changed ritual activity

___________________ is identified as cultural heritage management within a framework of federal, state, and local laws, regulations, and guidelines. (spelling counts; acronym is acceptable)

cultural resource managment

Page-Ladson Site

deep sink hole , bone tools, mega fauna, poke weed,