ANTH 1020: Exam 1
Place the following hypotheses about bipedalism in chronological order of when they were proposed in history.
1. Bipedalism is linked to a shift from life in the trees to life on the ground 2. the first hominins arose in the open grasslands of Africa from an extinct ape that was arboreal 3. early hominins became bipedal while living in woodlands and spent a lot of time in trees, holding on to branches, moving from limb to limb
Place the following steps in order.
1. hypothesis is formed 2. hypothesis is tested 3. observations are explained 4. results of future investigations are predicted 5. theory is accepted
Approximately how many genes does the human genome include?
20,000 - 25,000
Drag and drop the nitrogen base to its complement in the section of DNA below.
A --> T C --> G
Determine whether the following examples are primarily biological science or social science. social science
A biological anthropologist conducts interviews about how individuals in a family divide up food for each meal. A biological anthropologist considers how a disease spreads based on how often family members interact. A biological anthropologist asks her study subjects to report how they breast feed their babies.
Determine whether the following examples are primarily biological science or social science. biological science
A biological anthropologist measures the bones of an early hominin A biological anthropologist compares the teeth of a skeleton to police dental records to identify the remains of the deceased. A biological anthropologist collects samples to obtain genetic information from the feces of a gorilla.biological science Correct
Human brains are ____________ and have__________ complex analytical skills than the brains of other animals.
Bigger ; more
James Hutton
Calculatede Earth's age as millions of years (1788) Provided geologic evidence necessary for calculating time span of evolution
During which century did Charles Darwin come up with his theory?
Darwin developed his postulates during the 1800s, or the nineteenth century.
Which of the following parent plants is pure dominant strain and which is pure recessive strain? Pure dominant
Dominant strains are expressed by uppercase letters. In this example, the capital letters TT denote that one parent has two dominant alleles (a pure strain). Since this parent passes one allele to its offspring, it will also be a dominant allele.
Eukaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cells are complex cells. They are found in multicelled organisms. Look at all the components. This is a complex cell. ** round cell
There are six branches, or subdisciplines, of anthropology.
False
Although different academic disciplines, anthropology and history both study people from the same perspective.
False Although there is some overlap, anthropology and history are separate disciplines for a reason. Anthropology studies humans as both biological and cultural beings, and emphasizes a holistic, comparative approach. History, by nature, focuses on humans as cultural beings, and does not often study humans before the development of writing
Anthropology is the study of past peoples and cultures.
False Anthropology is the study of humankind, viewed from the perspectives of all people and all times.
Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from both the mother and the father.
False Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is passed on via the ovum. This allows a look at long-term inheritance via just the female line, which is not exactly the same as nucleic DNA patterns of inheritance.
Natural selection can affect gene frequencies by introducing new alleles to a population.
False Natural selection cannot introduce new genetic material. It can work only on the variation that is already present.
Science is limited to the knowledge of facts about the natural world.
False Science is more than just knowing facts. Science is a process that requires observation.
Scientists call the evidence that they gather information.
False Scientists collect data. Data come in many shapes and sizes—numerical or descriptive. Data collection is an important part of the scientific process because it is what scientists use to answer questions and solve problems regarding the world around us.
Human beings are the only animal that have or can employ material culture.
False Several other types of animals (including nonhuman primates) use tools to manipulate their environment. Still, these and other forms of material culture used by nonhuman species are nowhere near as complex as those created by humans.
In mammals, _______ have two X chromosomes, and _______ have one X and one Y chromosome.
Females ; males
thomas Malthus
Founded demography : only some will find enough food to survive (1798) provided the concept of characteristics advantageous for survival
What drove Darwin to finally publish his ideas nearly two decades after he began his background research?
He feared that someone else would publish the same theory before him
What makes human learning particularly unique?
Humans pass information and culture from generation to generation. NOT ~Humans are the smartest animals. ~Human individuals independently acquire all of the complex information that they need to survive. ~Humans can remember things.
Place in order the following scientists according to the date of their published work from earliest to latest: Cuvier, Darwin, Hutton, Linnaeus, Lyell, Lamarck, Malthus.
Hutton, Lyell, Cuvier, Linnaeus, Malthus, Lamarck, Darwin
Choose the landscape in which we currently hypothesize that early humans originated and became bipedal.
In 2001, a group of scientists discovered hominin bones in Ethiopia dating to around 5.2 to 5.8 million years ago. The curved morphology of the finger and toe bones of these fossils indicated that early hominins spent a significant amount of time in trees, moving from branch to branch.
What does it mean to say that science is empirical?
It is based on evidence
What was Charles Darwin's hypothesis about the origin of bipedalism?
It was cause by the shift from life in the trees to life on the ground
Why didn't Darwin use Mendel's results when formulating his theory of evolution by natural selection?
Mendel's work was not well know until years after Darwin published his theory of evolution. Mendel conducted experiments on pea plants and published his work in 1865. Darwin published his theory of evolution by natural selection in 1859.
What was the title of Charles Darwin's famous book that first described the theory of evolution?
On the origin of species
Which of the following statements describes why the study of primate behavior and morphology is a part of biological anthropology?
Primates are our nearest biological relatives. NOT ~Primates compete with humans for food and other resources. ~Biological anthropology is a subdiscipline of biology, and primates are animals. ~Biologists do not want to study primates.
prokaryotic cell
Prokaryotic cells are simple cells, and they make up single-celled organisms. They do not have as many components as other types of cells. ** looks like a pill
Which of the following parent plants is pure dominant strain and which is pure recessive strain? pure recessive
Recessive variants are expressed by lowercase letters. In this example, the lowercase letters tt denote that one parent has two recessive alleles (a pure strain). Since this parent passes one allele to its offspring, it will also be a recessive allele.
The honing canine tooth is used by nonhuman primates to ___________.
Shred tough food
Arrange the images in their correct order.
The DNA in the cell in wound into 46 chromosomes the DNA in the cell is replicated. The parent cell has a full set (23 pairs) of chromosomes the cell divides and the DNA separates. One complement of DNA goes into each set 46 chromosomes Each new cell has a full set of DNA with 23 pairs of chromosomes
Which of the following findings by early researchers is most true according to the basic principles of modern genetics?
The mother and father contribute equally to the genetic makeup of a child
Place the steps of meiosis in order.
The parent cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes. The cell's DNA is replicated The chromosomes form pairs and the pairs are separated and pulled to opposite sides as the cell divides A second cell division follows, without DNA replication four haploid daughter cells result, each with 23 chromosomes, but no pairs.
Why is the research done at the University of Tennessee's Anthropological Research Facility (known as the Body Farm) important?
The research assists bioarchaeologists to interpret human remains found in archaeological sites. The research assists law enforcement officials and forensic anthropologists with murder investigations. The research fills a void in anthropological knowledge.
What is the difference between the type of hunting that humans started to do about a million years ago and the type of hunting that most other animals (nonhumans) do? Match the descriptions to the appropriate group. humans
They may travel long distances to reach their preferred prey. Hunting is a highly organized activity.
Inheritance of acquired characteristic
This theory, also known as Lamarckism, assumes that evolution occurs when the characteristics acquired during one's lifetime are passed on to the next generation. Lamarck used the giraffe's neck as an example. He thought that a giraffe could will its neck to grow and reach food from tall trees in a short period of time. He thought that the same giraffe could pass its new, longer neck on to its offspring. This theory has been disproven and is no longer accepted today.
What is the difference between the type of hunting that humans started to do about a million years ago and the type of hunting that most other animals (nonhumans) do? Match the descriptions to the appropriate group. nonhuman animals
Tools are generally not used to kill Hunting is mostly an individual activity.
Biological anthropologists use the term hominins to refer to the taxonomic group that includes bipedal human and humanlike ancestors, excluding living nonhuman primates.
True
Bipedalism is the term for walking on two feet.
True
Which of the following ideas were widely accepted by scientists before Charles Darwin and which were unique contributions made by Charles Darwin? unique contribution by Charles Darwin
Variation is one of the key features of populations of organisms that allows organisms to change over time.
Carolus linnaeus
Wrote Systems of Nature (1735) presented the binomial nomenclature taxonomy of plants and animals
mutation
a random change in a gene, DNA, or chromosome, creating a new trait that may be advantageous, deleterious, or neutral in its effects on the organism
scientific law
a statement of irrefutable truth regarding some action or actions that occur in the natural world
scientific hypothesis
a testable statement that attempts to explain an observation in the natural world
gene flow
admixture, or the exchange of alleles between two populations
The different variants, or forms, of a single gene are known as _______ .
alleles
scientific theory
an explanation as to why a natural phenomenon takes place
Forensic anthropology is the scientific examination of skeletons in hope of identifying who they were in life and what happened to them. To which of the following branches, or subdisciplines, of anthropology does forensic anthropology belong?
biological anthropology
Complete the following sentence by dragging the correct phrase to the blank. Anthropology differs from other disciplines in its commitment to the notion that, unlike other animals, humans are ___________.
both cultural and biological
A central focus of research at the Body Farm concerns decomposition, which is mainly comprised of two processes: autolysis and putrefaction. Identify which of the following are characteristics of autolysis, putrefaction, or both. autolysis
breakdown of cells within the high-carbon-dioxide environment of the body
A central focus of research at the Body Farm concerns decomposition, which is mainly comprised of two processes: autolysis and putrefaction. Identify which of the following are characteristics of autolysis, putrefaction, or both. putrefaction
breakdown of tissues by microorganisms
On his voyage around South America, Darwin discovered that different islands had ________ habitats, each with ________ species.
different ; different
Darwin's theory regarding the origin of bipedalism was ultimately accepted and remains central to our thinking about human evolution today.
false
The physical appearance of hominins and their descendants, including modern humans, has not changed over the past 6-8 million years.
false The physical appearance of hominins and their descendants, including modern humans, has actually changed dramatically over the past 6-8 million years.
Which of the following are examples of anthropological pursuits?
fifteenth- and sixteenth-century European explorers documenting how people from other continents looked, talked, dressed, and behaved ~modern-day scientists digging up skeletal remains dating from the 1500s and 1600s at Mission Santa Catalina de Guale ~modern-day scientists collecting plant and animal remains from places where people lived in the past ~early scholars evaluating the relationships between humans living in Europe and those encountered in distant places ~modern-day scientists studying how the people who currently live in the Andes Mountains respond to low oxygen and extreme cold
Darwin called the units of inheritance that pass traits from parents to offspring ___________.
gemmules
Which part of the human anatomy has a unique morphology (shape) that allows humans the ability to produce speech?
hyoid bone
A scientific ________ does not address larger questions about why a natural action takes place.
law
Aside from the nucleus, where else can a small amount of DNA be found in a eukaryotic cell?
mitochondria There is a small amount of DNA in the mitochondria of a cell. This DNA is commonly referred to as mtDNA.
Place the steps of the scientific method in order.
observations, hypothesis, predictions, test
Complete the following sentence by dragging the correct word to the blank. Biological anthropology is also known as _________ anthropology.
physical Physical anthropology was the term most often used in the past. With the development of new methods, the term biological was preferred to include other aspects of human variability that are not related to their appearance and morphology.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
posited that characteristics are acquired via inheritance (Lamarckism) (1798) Provided the first serious model of physical traits passing from parents to offspring
Darwin wrote, "it at once struck me that under [specific environmental conditions] favorable variations would tend to be ___________ and unfavorable ones to be ___________. The result of this would be the formation of new species."
preserved ; destroyed
A central focus of research at the Body Farm concerns decomposition, which is mainly comprised of two processes: autolysis and putrefaction. Identify which of the following are characteristics of autolysis, putrefaction, or both. both
rate is dependent on environmental factors
A disadvantaged __________ such as one in which infants and children do not have access to high-quality food, can result in _________ _________ consequences such as poor health, reduced growth and height, and shortened life expectancy.
social environment ; negative ; biological
taxonomy
the classification of living and past organisms
genetic drift
the random change in allele frequency from one generation to the next, with greater effect in small populations
geology
the study of Earth's physical history
demography
the study of a population's features and vital statistics, including birthrate, death rate, population size, and population density
systematics
the study of evolutionary relationships of species with one another
paleontology
the study of extinct life-forms through the analysis of fossils
archaeology
the study of historic or prehistoric human populations through the analysis of artifacts and other material remains
Cultural Anthropology
the study of modern human societies through the analysis of the development and variation of culture
linguistic anthropology
the study of the construction, use, and form of language in human populations
biological anthropology
the study of the evolution, variation, and adaptation of humans and their past and present relatives
evolutionary biology
the study of the process of change in organisms and their adaptation to their environment in the present
catastrophism
the theory that events such as volcanoes, earthquakes, and floods are responsible for geologic changes throughout Earth's history
Lamarckism
the theory that evolution occurs when characteristics that are acquired during one's lifetime are passed on to the next generation
Uniformitarianism
the theory that natural processes operating today are the same as the processes that occurred in the geologic past
Darwin's background research began in the 1830s. It was not until ________ decades after his voyage around the world, that Darwin had gathered enough evidence and developed his ideas enough to begin writing his great work about evolution by means of natural selection.
two
What did Franz Boas contribute to the field of anthropology?
~Boas brought together different perspectives in the study of human societies. ~Boas laid the foundation for the use of the scientific method in anthropology. ~Boas trained the first generation of American academic anthropologists.
Which of the following are examples of regulatory genes in action?
~Chickens have the genes for tooth development, but they do not develop teeth. ~Humans have a gene for digesting milk, but not all humans can digest milk into adulthood. ~Humans have a gene for complete body hair coverage, but they are not fully covered with hair. NOT ~Humans have a gene for producing insulin (a hormone), which allows them to have this hormone in their body. ~Humans have a gene for producing blood, which allows them to produce blood cells.
Identify the true statements about Charles Darwin's experiences regarding his theory of adaptation by natural selection.
~Darwin personally observed how earthquakes and other catastrophes impact the landscape. ~Darwin spent five years on a mapping voyage through South America. NOT ~Darwin never personally observed fossils firsthand. ~Darwin's ideas were widely accepted during his lifetime.
Which of the following observations were made by Thomas Malthus?
~Members of a population compete for access to food. ~Population size is limited by the food supply. NOT ~Population size has a tendency to increase indefinitely over time. ~All animals and plants follow these rules.
Which of the following ideas were widely accepted by scientists before Charles Darwin and which were unique contributions made by Charles Darwin? widely accepted before Charles Darwin
~Organisms can pass changes on to their offspring. ~Earth is millions of years old. ~Environmental pressures cause organisms to change.
The first known outbreak of the Ebola virus occurred in 1976 in Sudan and Zaire (present-day Democratic Republic of the Congo), with outbreaks continuing since then. Identify the effects of the various Ebola outbreaks in West Africa.
~Over 11,000 people died as a result of the 2014-2015 outbreak. ~Nonhuman primates were unaffected by the virus. ~The Ebola virus has been mapped and vaccines have been developed.
What is true about social learning?
~Social learning has led to a human dependency on culture for survival. ~Social learning allows humans to pass on information over generations. NOT ~Social learning is practiced only by humans. ~Social learning occurs only in some cultures around the world.
Identify these statements about Alfred Russel Wallace as either true or false.
~Some argue that Wallace should be given primary credit over Darwin for "discovering" the theory of evolution by natural selection. ~Wallace contacted Darwin with a full report outlining a theory of evolution by means of natural selection before it was published. NOT ~Wallace stole Darwin's ideas and took credit for them. ~Wallace published his theory of evolution by means of natural selection before Darwin did. ~Darwin was unaware of Wallace's interest in the subject of evolution.
Which of the following statements are correct about the functions of proteins in the body?
~Some proteins are enzymes that unzip DNA during replication. ~Some proteins are responsible for how bone is shaped. ~Some proteins are responsible for the function, repair, and growth of your hair. ~Some proteins are hormones that regulate metabolic activities throughout the whole body. ~Some proteins are enzymes that break down lactose in milk products so you can digest them. NOT ~Calcium is a protein used to determine how bone is shaped. ~Biotin determines hair growth.
Which of the following are the six key attributes that make humans unique among living primates? Key Attributes Unique to Humans:
~dependence on domesticated foods for most populations ~nonhoning chewing ~habitual and intensive hunting ~complex material culture and tool use ~bipedalism ~speech NOT ~no hyoid bone ~canine diastema ~quadrupedalism
What can human bones and teeth found in archaeological sites tell us about people?
~diet ~personal life experiences ~stressors ~sex ~age at death NOT ~their relationships ~their intelligence ~their religion
Which of the following are subjects of scientific laws?
~gravity ~thermodynamics ~motion NOT evolution
Which of the following disciplines did Darwin draw information from in order to found the field of evolutionary biology and develop his theory?
~taxonomy ~demography ~systematics ~paleontology ~geology
Your biological makeup is strongly influenced by your physical, social, and cultural environment. What does physical environment refer to in this context?
~the climate you live in ~medication your mother took when you were in the womb ~your access to food and other resources ~the day-to-day physical activities you have to engage in ~the diseases you are exposed to
Which of the following things do biological anthropologists study? Things Biological Anthropologists Study:
~the social behavior of nonhuman primates ~bones and teeth ~genetic history ~the origins of language and speech NOT: ~how learning how to dress is transmitted from generation to generation
Sort the following answers based on whether or not they are included in the study of anthropology.
~uncovering and identifying remains of victims of disasters ~studying the shape and form of pots from different prehistoric tribes in Africa NOT ~studying the biology of a succulent plant species ~studying chemical bonds between atoms within the human body
