ANTH. Practice 2.2

Which of the following statements is true of a specialized foraging subsistence pattern? a) It can be a very risky way of life in a changing environment. b) It has been the most common subsistence strategy of hunters and gatherers in recent centuries. c) The total amount of food acquired is often less and the amount of time required to secure it is greater compared to a diversified subsistence pattern.

a) It can be a very risky way of life in a changing environment.

What happened to the rate of culture change in the developed nations during the last two centuries? a) It increased. b) It remained about the same as it was before. c) It slowed down.

a) It increased.

The most well known aquatic foraging societies in the Americas live on the ___________________________ . a) Northwest Coast of North America b) Gulf Coast of the Southeastern United States c) New England Coast

a) Northwest Coast of North America

Which of the following pastoralists herded reindeer? a) Saami or Lapps b) Mongols c) Masai of East Africa

a) Saami or Lapps

Which of the following statements is true of the aquatic foragers of the Northwest Coast of North America? a) Settlements were usually permanent rather than seasonal. b) They had very little leisure time because their fishing was a relatively unproductive, time consuming activity. c) These societies no longer make a living from fishing.

a) Settlements were usually permanent rather than seasonal.

As intensive agriculture based societies developed, which of the following things occurred? a) There was an increase in the efficiency of food production. b) There was a decrease in the percentage of the population who were non-food producers. c) There was more leisure time for most people.

a) There was an increase in the efficiency of food production.

"Slash and burn" refers to: a) a method of field preparation for farming b) a technique of warfare used by horticulturalists c) a method of eliminating fleas and other insects from a settlement

a) a method of field preparation for farming

Which of the following is the oldest human subsistence pattern? a) foraging b) pastoralism c) horticulture d) all are equally old

a) foraging

Horticulture is most well suited to what kind of environment? a) humid, tropical forests b) dry sparse grasslands c) cool, pine forests in temperate regions

a) humid, tropical forests

The term "subsistence pattern" refers to the sources and methods a society uses to ______________________________ . a) obtain food and other necessities b) construct houses and other dwellings c) educate its children d) none of the above

a) obtain food and other necessities

Which of the following kinds of agriculture is most likely to be found in the poor developing nations in tropical regions of the world? a) plantation agriculture b) mechanized grain farming c) intensive farming in greenhouses

a) plantation agriculture

Which of the following things are horticulturalists most likely to use in farming? a) pointed sticks, hoes, or other hand tools b) large beasts of burden, such as horses and oxen, to pull plows c) pesticides and herbicides

a) pointed sticks, hoes, or other hand tools

For anthropologists, the word "horticulture" refers to: a) small scale, low intensity farming b) the raising of flowers for sale c) a subsistence pattern in which food only comes from domesticated plants

a) small scale, low intensity farming

Which of the following things happened to human societies as we changed over time from foraging to horticulture and eventually intensive agriculture? a) societies became more complex b) societies became less complex c) there was no significant changes in societies

a) societies became more complex

Which of the following kinds of pastoralists would be most likely to have stable, permanent villages that they return to every year? a) transhumance pastoralists b) nomadic pastoralists c) herbivorous pastoralists

a) transhumance pastoralists

The transition to intensive agriculture was originally made possible by: a) water management systems and the domestication of large animals for pulling plows b) the discovery of new species of plants that were suitable for domestication c) the creation of cities and an urban way of life

a) water management systems and the domestication of large animals for pulling plows

Which of the following statements is true of human warfare? a) The mobility of most foraging societies made them successful conquerors. b) As agriculture became more intensive and populations larger, the scale of war increased dramatically. c) Pastoralists rarely are interested in warfare. d) None of the above

b) As agriculture became more intensive and populations larger, the scale of war increased dramatically.

Ancient civilizations based on intensive agriculture developed in all of the following regions except: a) North China b) Australia c) Western South America d) Mesoamerica (Central Mexico to Honduras)

b) Australia

Why do horticulturalists usually have a shifting pattern of field use? That is, why do they abandon their gardens after a few years and create new ones elsewhere? a) Because they don't like to settle down in one area for a long period of time b) Because production drops due to the inevitable depletion of soil nutrients in the old field c) Because water for irrigation becomes scarce

b) Because production drops due to the inevitable depletion of soil nutrients in the old field

Where in the world is horticulture commonly used as a subsistence pattern today? a) Europe and North America b) Central Africa and the Amazon Basin of South America c) Japan, Korea, and China

b) Central Africa and the Amazon Basin of South America

Which of the following statements is true concerning foragers? a) The last foraging society adopted a farming subsistence pattern during the early 19th century. b) Foragers generally have a passive dependence on what the environment contains. c) Most foraging societies used horses for transportation. d) Men and women in foraging societies have a great deal of occupational choice.

b) Foragers generally have a passive dependence on what the environment contains.

What has happened to the global human population over the last 10,000 years? a) It has decreased slightly b) It has grown explosively c) It has remained about the same in size

b) It has grown explosively

In North America and other large-scale industrial nations, there have been major changes in the typical family during the last century. These changes include: a) Extended family households have become more common. b) Nuclear family households have become more common. c) neither of the above

b) Nuclear family households have become more common.

What usually has happened to tropical horticulturalists when population pressure and/or governments prevented them from following their traditional shifting pattern of farming? a) The horticulturalists usually became wild plant and animal foragers again. b) The productivity of their crops dropped dramatically due to extreme soil nutrient depletion and the people became impoverished. c) The horticulturalists become cattle or sheep ranchers.

b) The productivity of their crops dropped dramatically due to extreme soil nutrient depletion and the people became impoverished.

During the 20th century, most national governments tried to force pastoralists to stop their migrations and to reduce the size of their herds in order to prevent over-grazing. What has been the result of this? a) Pastoralists have usually become convinced of the importance of reducing the size of their herds. b) These efforts at controlling them have been consistently resisted by pastoralists. c) Most pastoralists have given up their old ways of life and have become farmers.

b) These efforts at controlling them have been consistently resisted by pastoralists.

Which of the following things happened as people changed over time from foraging to horticulture and eventually intensive agriculture? a) They developed a passive dependence on their environment. b) They progressively had less of a passive dependence on their environment. c) The rate of extinction of wild plant and animal species decreased.

b) They progressively had less of a passive dependence on their environment.

Which of the following is true of North American cattle ranchers today? a) They still follow a traditional pastoralist subsistence pattern. b) They usually share with traditional pastoralists the same basic outlook on life and also value strong male personalities. c) none of the above

b) They usually share with traditional pastoralists the same basic outlook on life and also value strong male personalities.

In which of the following variations of foraging would people most likely concentrate their subsistence efforts on hunting large mammals from horseback? a) aquatic b) equestrian c) pedestrian

b) equestrian

With which of the following subsistence patterns are people most likely to intentionally produce a surplus of food to sell or exchange for things that they cannot produce themselves? a) foraging b) horticulture c) both are equally likely

b) horticulture

What happened to the political and economic power of most farmers in the ancient civilizations? a) it increased b) it decreased c) it remained the same

b) it decreased

The subsistence pattern of pastoralists all around the world is based on maintaining herds of ______________________ . a) cattle b) large herbivores c) both of the above d) none of the above

b) large herbivores

Which of the following were a consequence of the transition to intensive agriculture? a) The major contagious diseases were progressively reduced or eliminated from the human population. b) Parasitic diseases appeared for the first time among humans. c) It became easier for contagious diseases to spread and reach epidemic levels.

c) It became easier for contagious diseases to spread and reach epidemic levels.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the ancient civilizations? a) They were organized in an egalitarian way. b) The status and power of women increased. c) Ownership of property shifted from the community to individuals.

c) Ownership of property shifted from the community to individuals.

Which of the following statements is true concerning pastoralists? a) Compared to pedestrian foraging societies, the economic and political power of most pastoralist women is very high. b) The division of labor is based primarily on kinship. c) The animals herded by pastoralists are rarely killed for family use alone.

c) The animals herded by pastoralists are rarely killed for family use alone.

Which of the following statements is true of pedestrian foragers? a) There are still many of these societies following their old way of life. b) Pedestrian foragers usually are not able to effectively respond to changing environmental conditions. c) The pedestrian foraging way of life was highly mobile.

c) The pedestrian foraging way of life was highly mobile

Which of the following statements is true of historically known foraging societies? a) They usually created permanent, year-round settlements. b) Because of the efficiency of hunting and gathering, foraging societies have relatively high population densities. c) They intentionally burned grasslands and woodlands.

c) They intentionally burned grasslands and woodlands.

Which of the following statements is true concerning equestrian foraging societies? a) They were easily and quickly defeated by European style armies. b) They had highly democratic political systems without leaders. c) They were male dominated. d) none of the above

c) They were male dominated.

Which of the following traits are typical of pastoralist men around the world? a) They tend to be cooperative with each other and aggressive towards outsiders. b) They usually have the ability to make important economic decisions quickly and to act on them independently without hesitation. c) both of the above

c) both of the above

Which of the following would be examples of pastoralism? a) hunting and gathering wild plants and animals b) planting, tending, and harvesting domesticated plants c) herding large animals d) none of the above

c) herding large animals

Large-scale societies with cities obtain most of their food with which of the following subsistence patterns? a) horticulture b) pastoralism c) intensive agriculture d) none of the above

c) intensive agriculture

The population density and community size of horticultural societies is usually _______________ pedestrian foragers. a) about the same as b) smaller than c) larger than

c) larger than

Pastoralism is usually an adaptation to __________________________ . a) treeless arctic wastelands b) tropical forests c) semi-arid open country

c) semi-arid open country

Most historically known pedestrian foraging societies ____________________________ . a) usually had a food supply that was inadequate and unreliable b) usually had very few people who lived beyond their 20's or early 30's c) subsisted mainly on vegetable foods rather than meat.

c) subsisted mainly on vegetable foods rather than meat.

Intensive agricultural first began about ___________ years ago. a) 20,000 b) 15,000 c) 10,000 d) 5,000 e) 1,000

d) 5,000

In the U.S. and other economically powerful nations, we are now moving into a post-industrial information-based economy. Which of the following has been a result of this economic change? a) The economic and political power of women has risen. b) There has been an increasing emphasis on mental rather than hard physical labor. c) We no longer have a need for agriculture d) a and b

d) a and b

If you know what the subsistence base is for a society, it is usually possible to predict ______________________________ . a) the kinds of social and political systems that it can create b) the complexity of its science, mathematics, and technology c) the scale of warfare that it can sustain d) all of the above

d) all of the above

The transition to intensive agriculture leading to the development of the ancient civilizations ultimately resulted in a number of inevitable major social changes including: a) permanent year round settlements b) a much more complex division of labor c) surplus crops d) all of the above

d) all of the above

Which of the following things have usually occurred as cities became larger during the last two centuries? a) The local micro-climate was altered. b) There was increased air pollution. c) The drinking water supplies became polluted. d) all of the above

d) all of the above

Which of the following traits would likely be found in pastoralists societies? a) polygyny b) patrilineal descent c) older men are the leaders d) all of the above

d) all of the above

Equestrian foraging societies existed in which of the following regions? a) grasslands of East and South Africa b) Great Plains of North America c) grasslands of Southern Argentina d) b and c e) all of the above

d) b and c

The Mongol pastoralists were _______________________ during the 13th and 14th centuries A.D . a) unsuccessful conquerors b) easily defeated in war by settled agricultural societies c) both of the above d) none of the above

d) none of the above

Which of the following statements is true of the San speakers of the Kalahari Desert in Namibia and Botswana when they were still living as foragers? a) Men provided most of the calories in their diet. b) Most adult San spent 10-12 hours every day hunting and gathering in order to get enough food. c) None of the San lived more than 40 years because of their hard lives and because they did not have the benefit of our modern medicines. d) none of the above

d) none of the above

Which of the following things characterize horticulturalists? a) They usually grow only one plant species in each field. b) They usually live in large towns or cities c) Their farming techniques are relatively unproductive and they are ignorant of soil characteristics and plant nutrients. d) none of the above

d) none of the above

Which of the following were characteristic of anthropologists during the 19th century? a) They usually classified different cultures on the basis of subsistence patterns. b) They totally rejected the approach of classifying cultures based on whether they were "civilized" or "primitive". c) They did not yet have a system for classifying different cultures. d) none of the above

d) none of the above