ANTH Test 2

On average, a modern individual human of non-Sub-Saharan African ancestry might have what percentage of Neanderthal DNA?

2%

Biological anthropology focuses on:

Biological and biocultural aspects of being human

Hominins is a taxon that does not include:

Chimpanzees

The closest extant (living) species to Homo sapiens is:

Chimpanzees

A way of classifying people based on common histories, cultural patterns, social ties, language use, and symbolic shared identities is called:

Ethnicity

The study of improving the human population by controlling the gene pool and gene flow is called:

Eugenics

Races have unique blood types.

False

The one gene that controls aggression is located on the 17th chromosome.

False

There is one missing link between humans and chimpanzees.

False

The injuries on Ned the Neanderthal suggest:

He was cared for and lived much longer than he would have alone

Which statement best describes the phrase "survival of the fittest"?

It is a phrase that Herbert Spencer first used to promote social Darwinism.

Which hominin trait came first?

Bipeldalism

Primates affiliate with all other members of their species in the proximity.

False

Primates spend the majority of their time in aggressive behavior.

False

Race is a valid way to talk about human biological variation.

False

Researchers discovered that chimpanzees are capable of reproducing human spoken language.

False

Sickle cell disease supports racial categories, serving as a possible starting point for classifying races.

False

The position of the foramen magnum in gorillas, australopithecines, and modern humans can tell us about:

How and when bipedalism formed.

Which of the following does NOT explain the variation of skin pigmentation in humans?

Mendelian heredity

What morphological trait of Paranthropus suggest it is not our ancestral genus?

The sagittal crest

Recent paleoanthropological and archaeological findings suggest that Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis (Neanderthals) interbred.

True

Which of these occurs when two populations of the same species become isolated from one another due to a geographic barrier?

allopatric speciation

The term _______ refers to all species considered to be in direct lineage to modern humans, while the term _____________ refers to all present and extinct great apes.

hominins; hominids

Which of these is NOT characteristic of H. erectus?

increasing prognathism

What genetic material found in the mitochondria is passed on only through the mother?

mtDNA

How long have humans been the sole species of genus Homo since Neanderthals went extinct?

~30,000 years

Homo habilis used which school of technology?

Oldowan

Which hunting style involves endurance of the hunter to track, chase, and wear down prey through exhaustion?

Persistence hunting

The direct predecessor to our species is:

Homo erectus

All the genetic variation in the world is a subset of the variation found in populations on the African continent.

True

Climate change contributed to the extinction of Neanderthals.

True

Humans are generally cooperative.

True

Humans contributed to the extinction of Neanderthals.

True

What is the correct expression of the scientific name for the monarch butterfly?

Danaus plexippus- italics

What are the roots of biological anthropology?

Darwin's Evolutionary Theory and Natural Theology

Primate vision excels at:

Depth perception

Which hunting style involves using strength to attack prey at a close distance?

Encounter/Ambush hunting

Java Man-- discovered by DuBois and his crew in Indonesia-- is a member of which species?

Homo erectus

Long range bipedalism was first associated with:

Homo erectus

The position of the hyoid bone in Neanderthals could tell us about:

Speech and language

What are the two main primate groups?

Strepsirrhine and HaplorrhineS

The holistic and comparative methods of anthropology can aid primatologists in understanding the behavior of primates.

True

The last Neanderthals probably died near Gibraltar.

True

The long history humans share with lice is a good example of _____________.

coevolution

Neanderthal's bodies are best adapted to which environment?

Snow and cold

The epoch in which there were many species of Australopithecines and Paranthropus living at the same time in generally the same area is called:

The Pliocene

Mammals are synapsids.

True

The Piltdown fossil was a fraud and has no bearing on our understanding of human evolution.

True

Which of the following is not considered a subfield of biological anthropology?

cultural anthropology

The variations seen in modern humans are largely the result of adaptations to the environment. Which of these is NOT an example of an adaptation?

the prevalence of hemophilia in certain population groups

Which region of the brain is associated with speech development?

Broca's area

What is the oldest known stone tool industry?

Oldowan

Both Linnaeus and Darwin recognized the relatedness between humans and other apes.

True

Acheulean tools were modified on both sides, resulting in a symmetrical tool with two faces, also known as _____________.

a biface

How was the natural world viewed by most Europeans before the 19th century?

as a static hierarchy that included God, angels, humans, and other life forms

Proto-humans and proto-chimpanzees diverged about:

7 million years ago

Though we might be missing skull fragments, sometimes we discover a fossilized impression of the interior of the skull. This type of fossil is called:

An endocast.

What is the name for the period in which human activity has been the dominant influence on Earth's climate and the natural environment?

Anthropocene epoch

Races of humans can be biologically distinguished by:

Blood Skin Color Geographic origin Religion and ethnicity Body and cranial shape All of the above ---->None of the above

What is the FOXP2 gene?

a gene that is linked to the ability to understand complex language

What is the observable expression of physical traits called?

a phenotype

Which of the following considers both physical and molecular evidence to formulate hypotheses on the evolutionary relationship of species?

phylogenetics

Mendelian inheritance explains some 5,000 human traits. Most genetic expressions, however, are not the result of Mendelian heredity but rather are_______________.

polygenic traits

Darwin's theory of evolution has been __________________ by molecular and genetic science

supported and strengthened

Which of the following best defines biological anthropology?

the exploration of human biological variation and their evolutionary past

What is French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck best known for?

the theory of macroevolution

What best explains the loss of hair in humans, ultimately leading to the wearing of clothes?

thermoregulation

Which of the following is not a specialization within biological anthropology?

Natural theology

Homo ergaster was confined to the Australian continent.

False

Which hunting style is associated with Neanderthals and spears?

Encounter/Ambush hunting

Which of these directions in (or applications of) evolutionary thought are not attributed to Darwin's work?

Evolution as the mechanism for spontaneous creation through natural theology

Human aggression is an evolutionary adaptation.

False

Humans are divided into biological categories called races.

False

Humans are on average shorter than Neanderthals were.

False

Increased testosterone causally increases aggression in males.

False

Linnaeus developed a taxonomic system to categorize life on Earth. His assessment of racial categories as they fit into this taxonomic system was scientific.

False

Marmosets are the most socially active primate.

False

Most humans are violent on a daily basis.

False

Neanderthal children matured slower compared to Homo sapiens children because of their smaller brains.

False

Neanderthal spears were engineered for throwing, where as early human spears of the same time were for jabbing.

False

Neanderthals lived in large groups nearing proto-village status when they first encountered small groups of nomadic humans.

False

Which of the following is associated with the Lower Paleolithic?

H. habilis and the Oldowan tool industry

______________, or brain lateralization, is a cognitive development that can be inferred through right- or left-hand dominance in the construction and use of early hominin tools.

Handedness

Genus Homo are members of:

Hominins and Hominids

Which species was long regarded as the earliest hominin to use stone tools?

Homo habilis

Why is the term biological anthropology preferred over the term physical anthropology?

The term physical anthropology became associated with scientific racism.

Which hunting style is associated with early modern humans?

Persistence hunting

Which epoch is characterized by a series of Ice Ages?

Pleistocene

Venus figurines, cave art, and artifacts made with bone and antler are largely associated with what time period?

Upper Paleolithic

Economics, subsistence, political systems, and religious systems require cooperation.

True

Evidence of actual deaths from spears and bows and arrows is only found in modern humans starting 8,000-10,000 years ago.

True

Interbreeding with Neanderthals helped Homo sapiens adapt to life outside Africa.

True

Social and cultural norms provide context for violence.

True

The majority of human genetic variation is found within populations rather than between populations.

True

The prefrontal cortex and the dorsal anterior cingulated cortex are central to the expression of behavior.

True

The pseudo-science of eugenics is still part of how the public thinks about race and genetics.

True

The sociocultural reality of race and racism has biological consequences.

True

There is evidence of abstract thought in H. Neanderthalensis.

True