Anthropology

What makes the concept of stigma presented in the text an issue suited for anthropological analysis?

It is detrimental to social status.

Which of the following best characterizes the practice of infanticide?

It is widespread across cultures but generally uncommon within cultures.

What is one way infertility affects men in some communities in the the Middle East, beyond the inability to have children?

It undermines their masculine identity.

How would an anthropologist apply the notion of critical cultural relativism to her work?

She would question cultural practices that harm people within the culture she is studying.

Why did the Canadian government disapprove of potlatches?

The government thought potlatching was wasteful and out of line with its goals for the "economic progress" of the native groups.

As an archaeologist, which of the following would you look for as a sign of social stratification?

burials with different amounts of prestige goods

potlatch

a grand feast in which guests are invited to eat and to receive gifts from the hosts.

tell

a human-made mound resulting from the accumulation of successive generations of house construction, reconstruction, and trash.

An in-depth description of a person's life as it is narrated to the researcher is known as __________.

a life history

domestication

a process by which human selection causes changes in the genetic material of plants and animals.

female genital cutting (FGC)

a range of practices involving partial or total removal of the clitoris and labia.

What characteristic did Mississippian cultures have that other North American cultures did not?

a relatively large city

inductive approach (to research)

a research approach that avoids hypothesis formation in advance of the research and instead takes its lead from the culture being studied.

computational anthropology

a research approach that uses large quantitative datasets available through Google, telephone use, and other computer-based sources to provide large-scale information about human preferences, values, and behavior.

interview

a research technique that involves gathering verbal data through questions or guided conversation between at least two people.

cultural materialism

an approach to studying culture by emphasizing the material aspects of life, including people's environment, how people make a living, and differences in wealth and power.

symbol

an object, word, or action with culturally defined meaning that stands for something else; most symbols are arbitrary.

primates

an order of mammals that includes modern humans.

What evidence showed that prehistoric raised-field farming in Bolivia is effective?

analysis of archaeological sites

brachiation

arboreal travel, using the forelimbs to swing from branch to branch, that is distinct to apes.

Which of the following describes the final phase of the South Baffin Island Place Name Project?

archiving

An anthropologist is conducting research on a culture by reading reports of the culture written by travelers and missionaries. She has never visited the culture she is studying. This anthropologist's research is an example of __________.

armchair anthropology

If an agricultural society in the Soviet Union underwent transitions similar to the Mongolian pastoralists, which of the following would describe its history under communism?

collectivized agriculture, then back to private agriculture

Which of the following would clearly compromise the ethics of anthropological fieldwork?

doing undercover research

When did human use of stone tools first emerge?

during the australopithecine era

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Cahokia?

earthwork monuments

Which of the following pairs of concepts would apply to the open-ended interview format?

emic, qualitative

Which factors are related to the collapse of ancient states in general?

environmental decline, territorial expansion, and social stratification

Which of the following is a challenge to Claude Lévi-Strauss's theory about marriage exchange?

ethnographic evidence from Southeast Asia, where women select husbands for their daughters

generalized reciprocity

exchange involving the least conscious sense of interest in material gain or thought of what might be received in return.

The transfer of money is always a(n) __________.

exchange of symbolic goods

A man gave an acquaintance an item and will receive an item of approximately equal value from the acquaintance within a set time frame. This exchange best illustrates __________.

expected reciprocity

Which type of exchange could be accurately applied to the social etiquette required in Omani women's social visits?

expected reciprocity

A researcher living in a society in which people are unfamiliar with cultural anthropology is mistaken for a doctor because he carries aspirin and other nonprescription drugs. This situation illustrates the phenomenon of __________.

false role assignments

multisited research

fieldwork conducted in more than one location to understand the culture of dispersed members of the culture or relationships among different levels of culture.

While traveling in the United States, a Tibetan monk is injured in a car accident and admitted to the public hospital for treatment. Which of the following would be helpful in this situation?

finding a cultural broker to mediate communication between the monk and the medical staff

Lewis Henry Morgan's study of the Iroquois used which method of research?

firsthand communication

The reason some rural Thai families send daughters into child prostitution is linked with what concept?

food security

According to your textbook, anthropologists use the term original affluent society to refer to the foraging lifestyle to point out that __________.

foraging is actually a comfortable way to live

When did the Neolithic transition take place in Mesoamerica?

from 8000 to 2000 BCE

What form of unbalanced exchange have some Indian tribal groups in the United States used as a successful capitalist venture?

gambling

Substantial evidence indicates global morbidity rates are __________.

higher in groups with lower income

The transfer of the psychological effects of colonialism from parents to children is known as __________.

historical trauma

What is one issue that concerns linguistic anthropologists?

how language is used to create and maintain power hierarchies

Which term describes a model of cultural interaction related to globalization?

hybridization

hijra

in India, a blurred gender role in which a person, usually biologically male, takes on female dress and behavior.

Children have been found to do more work in horticultural societies compared with the other modes of livelihood, likely because __________.

in this mode of livelihood, adults have a wide range of tasks and are frequently unavailable

poverty

lack of access to tangible or intangible resources that contribute to life and the well-being of a person, group, country, or region.

asexuality

lack of sexual attraction or interest in sexual activity.

Which of these statements about mono-cropping is correct?

leads to a decrease in biodiveristy

A mode of consumption characterized by few and finite consumer demands is known as __________.

minimalism

qualitative data

nonnumeric information.

quantitative data

numeric information.

An anthropologist returns home to Manhattan after spending a year living in a remote island village in the Pacific. When she returns, she feels anxious and overwhelmed by the crowds, traffic, and noise, and feels strange living in her home city again. This anthropologist's experience best illustrates __________.

reverse culture shock

formal sector

salaried or wage-based work registered in official statistics.

Plant domestication enabled __________, a necessary condition for neolithic urbanization.

sedentism

What do primatologists mean by "culture"?

shared and learned behaviors

What is sexual dimorphism?

size differences between males and females of a species

The research conducted on susto in three villages found that __________.

socially marginalized individuals were more likely to suffer from it

anatomically modern humans (AMH)

the species to which modern humans belong and also referred to by that term; first emerged in Africa between 300,000 and 160,000 years ago and then spread throughout the Old and New Worlds.

biological anthropology

the study of humans as biological organisms, including evolution and contemporary variation.

cultural anthropology

the study of living peoples and their cultures, including variation and change.

functionalism

the theory that a culture is similar to a biological organism, in which parts work to support the operation and maintenance of the whole.

Acheulian tradition

the tool kit of H. erectus, used from 1.7 million years ago to 300,000 years ago and characterized by handaxes.

Mousterian tradition

the tool kit of the Neanderthals, characterized by small, light, and more specialized flake tools, such as points, scrapers, and awls.

localization

the transformation of global culture by local cultures into something new.

In addition to modes of livelihood, what other components of economic systems are of concern to economic anthropologists?

the ways people consume and exchange goods and services

In some regions of the world, people practice sex-selective abortions because __________.

they value boys over girls for their contribution to agricultural work

In what direction has research in cultural anthropology moved since the nineteenth century?

toward more direct observation of a culture through fieldwork

What is the primary function of dogs in the culture of the Hare Indians?

transportation

bipedalism

upright locomotion on two feet.

informal sector

work that is not officially registered and sometimes illegal.

An object featuring elaborate carvings and carefully etched writing is found at an archaeological site. What source would a cultural anthropologist draw on to determine the purpose of the object?

written firsthand accounts of the civilization associated with the site

Which of the following stone tool technologies is associated with Homo habilis?

the Oldowan tradition

food security

the ability of an individual, household, group, or country to obtain an adequate diet over time to sustain health.

demographic transition

the change from the agricultural pattern of high fertility and high mortality to the industrial pattern of low fertility and low mortality.

economic system

the linked processes of livelihood, consumption, and exchange.

How does the foraging mode of reproduction relate to the foraging mode of livelihood?

Birth rates in foraging societies are constrained by the effects of activity and diet on the women's fertility.

How can a researcher overcome the Hawthorne effect?

Spend a long period of time living among the people in the study.

Reflexivity

The occurrence and acknowledgment by the researcher of how their own personality, biases, and perceptions may have affected the research.

How did Lara Tabac's anthropological approach increase information on health risks among New York City's MSM (men who have sex with men) community?

The one-on-one interviews provided insights on why individuals chose certain behaviors.

Transhumance

The pattern of moving herds of livestock, in a cycle, back and forth between seasonal grazing areas.

Which of the following is always true of exploitation?

The relationship can be considered an extreme form of unbalanced exchange.

Post-industrialism

The social/economic system characterized by the importance of services rather than production of goods.

Industrialism

The social/economic system characterized by the mechanization of manufacturing and the concentration on the production of goods for trade.

Ecology

The study of organisms and their relationship to their environment.

Gender stratification

The unequal distribution of power in which gender shapes who has access to a group's resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges.

family farming

a form of agriculture in which farmers produce mainly to support themselves but also produce goods for sale in the market system.

industrial capital agriculture

a form of agriculture that is capital-intensive, substituting machinery and purchased inputs for human and animal labor.

extensive strategy

a form of livelihood involving temporary use of large areas of land and a

intensive strategy

a form of livelihood that involves continuous use of the same land and resources.

knuckle-walking

a form of terrestrial travel that involves walking flat-footed while supporting the upper body on the front of fingers bent beyond the knuckle.

questionnaire

a formal research instrument containing a preset series of questions that the anthropologist asks in a face-to-face setting, by mail, e-mail, or telephone.

If the Revenue Sharing Trust Fund developed for the gaming industry in California's Indian reservations were found to be the product of a belief in solidarity of American Indians, rather than a result of outside pressure, it could be considered an example of __________.

a leveling mechanism

money

a medium of exchange that can be used for a variety of goods.

consumerism

a mode of consumption in which people's demands are many and infinite and the means of satisfying them are insufficient and become depleted in the effort to satisfy these demands.

minimalism

a mode of consumption that emphasizes simplicity, is characterized by few and finite consumer demands, and involves an adequate and sustainable means to achieve them.

horticulture

a mode of livelihood based on growing domesticated crops in gardens, using simple hand tools.

pastoralism

a mode of livelihood based on keeping domesticated animals and using their products, such as meat and milk, for most of the diet.

industrialism/digital economy

a mode of livelihood in which goods are produced through mass employment in business and commercial operations and through the creation and movement of information through electronic media.

agriculture

a mode of livelihood that involves growing crops with the use of plowing, irrigation, and fertilizer.

cash crop

a plant grown primarily for sale rather than for one's own use.

artifact

a portable object made or modified by humans.

deductive approach (to research)

a research method that involves posing a research question or hypothesis, gathering data related to the question, and then assessing the findings in relation to the original hypothesis.

Which of the following would have encouraged the development of bipedalism?

a transition from rainforest to savanna across Africa

rapport

a trusting relationship between the researcher and the study population.

Fieldwork conducted on a topic in more than one location is known as __________.

multisited research

After her teenage son was killed in an accident while accompanying his father on anthropological fieldwork, Nancy Howell __________.

conducted a study examining the hazards that anthropologists face during their fieldwork

Which of the following is often a factor in cross-cultural miscommunication in a health-care setting?

conflicting explanatory models

Sedentary

The lifestyle defined by permanent settlements and a lack of movement.

What was the primary cause of changes to the Zinacantecos' family farming system?

The government increased public spending on roads, dams, and schools.

A fossil that provides an evolutionary link between archaic Homo and modern humans could date back as far as __________ years ago.

300,000

mortality

</glossterm><glossdef><para><inst> </inst>the rate of deaths in a population.

What is one advantage to having an undergraduate degree in anthropology?

Anthropology teaches valuable cross-cultural communication skills.

Rashomon Effect

Besides the possibility of individuals not telling the truth, or embellishing there is also the Rashomon Effect, which refers the fact that each individual has different perceptions and a slightly different reality than everyone else due to personal circumstances, motivations, beliefs, and individual personality. Therefore, each individual will give a somewhat different account of how the society is structured, what it means to be a member of the society, what they see as important, and what the expectations are for the individual and the society as a whole.

Who is considered the father of participant observation?

Bronislaw Malinowski

Why is pronatalism prevalent in agricultural communities?

Children are valued for their ability to work on the farm.

Why do parents in industrial/digital societies have fewer children than in agricultural societies?

Children are very expensive to raise and contribute little household labor.

What is one of the questions that has been raised by the discovery of Homo floresiensis?

Did archaic Homo species exist until relatively recently?

Which statement describes a difference between direct and indirect entitlements?

Direct entitlements are more secure than indirect entitlements.

How are disease and illness different?

Disease refers to a biological health problem that is universal and objective; illness refers to cultural perceptions and experiences of a health problem.

How are the ideas of ethnocentrism and cultural relativism related?

Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism are opposing concepts.

When is it appropriate for people to begin having sexual intercourse?

Every culture has its own guidelines that may vary by gender, class, race, and ethnicity.

How does fieldwork differ from armchair anthropology and verandah anthropology?

Fieldwork involves firsthand observation of a culture.

Which statement best explains the system of property and land rights followed by most foragers?

Foragers have socially recognized rights in certain areas, but share territory with permission.

Who is considered the founder of North American cultural anthropology?

Franz Boas

Which of the following pairs of concepts are closely associated with each other?

French structuralism, symbolic anthropology

How does gender differ from sex?

Gender is a cultural construction while sex is biologically defined.

Which of the following would be the best way to set up a study measuring the impact of the meaning effect on a treatment?

Give half of the participants a placebo, half a proven treatment, and use only clinical data to assess efficacy.

Which of the following has increasingly become a threat to the Trobriand Islander cultures?

HIV/AIDS

During the demographic transition, why does the population actually increase at first?

Improved nutrition and health lower the mortality rate.

What is one factor that made the debate surrounding anthropologists' participation in the United States' wars in Afghanistan and Iraq different from the debate over their involvement in the Vietnam War?

In Afghanistan and Iraq, the explicit goal was to reduce casualties through cultural understanding.

How do consumption budgets in minimalist cultures differ from those in consumerist ones?

In consumerist cultures, people typically spend more of their time and labor providing for their consumption than in minimalist cultures.

Which of the following ideas is supported by cross-cultural evidence?

Infants learn culture from the time of birth.

Which of the following describes the genetic relationship between contemporary human populations and Neanderthals?

Living European and Asian populations are partially descended from Neanderthals.

Which of the following would initiate a game of distinction?

Lower-income people gaining access to a food item previously only available to the wealthy.

What was one of the findings of the 2013-2014 study on biological anthropologists during fieldwork?

Many younger, female fieldworkers had experienced sexual harassment from colleagues.

Which of the following was a factor in why most of the victims of kuru among the Fore people were women?

Men received preferential access to the best sources of protein.

__________ were the first of the great apes to diverge from humans' evolutionary line approximately 15 million years ago.

Orangutans

Gender stereotypes

Overgeneralizations about how males and females inherently think and/or behave.

What was one finding from the Garbage Project?

Paper products, especially newspaper, caused the most serious problem in the landfill.

How is race different from ethnicity?

Race is a culturally constructed concept that groups people according to physical traits; ethnicity refers to people who share a sense of common cultural heritage.

What is the advantage of using rapid-research methods?

Rapid-research methods can provide enough information for practical applications when there is a limited window of opportunity.

Digital Age

Refers to a post-industrial economy based on information technology.

Reactivity

Refers to the affect that the presence of the anthropologist has on the behavior of the subjects (also referred to as the "Hawthorn Effect").

Social stratification (stratified society)

Society is divided into social categories based on various factors including; class, race, ethnicity, sex/gender, age, etc., and these categories restrict or permit access to resources, power, privilege, prestige, or other elements of society.

The earliest example of a complex image was found in modern-day __________.

South Africa

Morphology

Study of form and structure

Which statement accurately describes the terms subsistence and poverty as they are defined in the text?

Subsistence describes a situation in which no excess resources or luxury items exist, poverty a situation in which basic needs are not sufficiently met.

Which statement is true of symbols?

Symbols are arbitrary, unpredictable, and diverse.

Why did Project Camelot disturb many cultural anthropologists?

The U.S. government employed several anthropologists to collect information on South American political leaders and events without revealing their political purpose.

Ecological Overshoot

The idea that we will soon exceed the planets ability to provide for our needs.

Colonialism

The practice by which a nation-state extends political, economic, and military power beyond its own borders over an extended period of time to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions.

Enculturation

The process of learning and internalizing the culture in which one lives

Why do people in rural North India consider having a large family a sign of wealth?

Their agricultural mode of livelihood benefits from having many sons to work on the farm.

What aspect of the culture of the Old Order Amish is the most likely motive for having many children?

Theirs is primarily an agricultural society.

Which of the following is a feature of tells that makes them a rich source of archaeological data?

They are composed of many layers of successive use.

Why do some anthropologists question the value of qualitative data analysis methods?

They argue it lacks scientific verifiability.

Why do some people argue that parental care of children is not truly a pure gift?

They argue that parents have expectations that their children will make them proud and care for them in their old age.

What is a characteristic that sets Western doctors apart from healers in other cultures?

They focus on technological solutions.

Which of the following sites dates to 3500 BCE and is composed of tightly packed brick houses, monumental architecture, and a defensive wall?

Uruk

__________ may yield insights about the militarization of civilian lives or the cultural dynamics of military personnel.

War zone anthropology

What is one reason that wealth inequality has persisted and worsened in the United States?

Wealth and property are transferred across generations, so the children of wealthy parents are more likely to be wealthy than the children of poor parents.

Which of the following is one reason the World Health Organization endorsed the integration of traditional healing practices in national health systems?

Western biomedicine was deficient in terms of addressing the psychosocial context of illness.

In the example of the highland Oaxacan village, why did women want fewer children than their husbands?

Women are the ones responsible for the work involved in caring for the children.

redistribution

a form of exchange that involves one person collecting goods or money from many members of a group, who then, at a later time and at a public event, "returns" the pooled goods to everyone who contributed.

Which situation best illustrates applied anthropology?

a biological anthropologist helping solve a murder by examining the victim's remains

The amount of time that occurs between one birth and the next by the same woman is known as __________.

a birth interval

consumption fund

a category of a personal or household budget used to provide for consumption needs and desires.

great apes

a category of large and tailless primates that includes orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans.

manioc, or cassava

a starchy root crop that grows in the tropics and requires lengthy processing to make it edible, including soaking it in water to remove toxins and then scraping it into a mealy consistency.

use rights

a system of property relations in which a person or group has socially recognized priority in access to particular resources such as gathering, hunting, and fishing areas and water holes.

unbalanced exchange

a system of transfers in which one party seeks to make a profit.

balanced exchange

a system of transfers in which the goal is either immediate or eventual equality in value.

structurism

a theoretical position concerning human behavior and ideas that says large forces such as the economy, social and political organization, and the media shape what people do and think.

biological determinism

a theory that explains human behavior and ideas as shaped mainly by biological features such as genes and hormones.

cultural constructionism

a theory that explains human behavior and ideas as shaped mainly by learning.

puberty

a time in the human life cycle that occurs universally and involves a set of biological markers and sexual maturation.

Neolithic Revolution

a time of rapid transformation in technology, related to plant and animal domestication, which includes tools such as sickle blades and grinding stones.

kula

a trading network, linking many of the Trobriand Islands, in which men have long-standing partnerships for the exchange of everyday goods, such as food, as well as highly valued necklaces and armlets.

Banaba Island was severely strip-mined for a resource desired by what industry?

agriculture

cultural competence

among Western-trained health professionals, awareness of and respect for beliefs and practices that differ from those of Western medicine.

Which of the following people most accurately demonstrates the notion of ethnocentrism?

an American professor who thinks that German culture is inferior to American culture

Which situation best illustrates the practice of cultural anthropology?

an American researcher objectively describing the cultural activity of getting a fast-food hamburger in her hometown

What is the Slow Food Movement?

an alternative food movement that emphasizes local agricultural traditions

etic

an analytical framework used by outside analysts in studying culture.

What is collaborative research?

an approach to learning about culture in which members of the culture of study are teammates in the study

participant observation

basic fieldwork method in cultural anthropology that involves living in a culture for a long time while gathering data.

The research on evolution that influenced early anthropologists is reflected best in which later branch of anthropological thought?

biological determinism

anthropogenic

caused by humans.

Which species would be the best choice to use as a basis for developing models of early human ancestor behavior?

chimpanzees

What items did the Brazilian government give to Amazonian groups in order to "pacify" them?

cooking pots and steel tools

Which approach is best suited to address the concept of stigma defined in the text?

critical medical anthropology

In which field of anthropology are medical anthropology, political anthropology, and economic anthropology classified?

cultural anthropology

The American Anthropological Association's recommendation that health-care workers involved in the 2014 Ebola outbreak be educated about local beliefs and values is related to which concept?

cultural relativism

couvade

customs applying to the behavior of fathers during and shortly after the birth of their children.

mixed methods

data collection and analysis that integrates quantitative and qualitative approaches for a more comprehensive understanding of culture.

What overarching themes do initiation rites often include?

death and birth

A country that is shifting from an agricultural economy to one based on industry is likely to undergo the __________ transition.

demographic

What is the largest threat to orangutans in their native habitat on Borneo and Sumatra?

depletion of the rainforest

What new health problem do indigenous Amazonian groups now face as a result of adoption of Western foods?

diabetes

Susan and Joaquin are close friends who trust each other. They often treat each other to small items such as cups of coffee or lunches. The exchange practices of these two friends best illustrate __________.

generalized reciprocity

What is one characteristic of humans that is not shared with other primates?

habitual locomotion on two legs

A woman only has enough food to feed herself and two of her three children. Rather than dividing the scant resources four ways, she gives more food to the two older children, and the youngest eventually dies. This is an example of __________.

indirect infanticide

Consumerism is a distinguishing feature of which mode of livelihood?

industrialism

The reason Western ideals of infant bonding are not applicable to some low-income areas of Brazil is related to __________.

infant mortality

evolution

inherited and cumulative change in the characteristics of a species, population, or culture.

emic

insiders' perceptions and categories, and their explanations for why they do what they do.

What concept could be applied to the example of kuru among Fore women?

intra-household entitlement

In an analysis following Mary Douglas's approach, which characteristic of a food would be of interest?

its symbolic value rather than its nutritional value

ethnocentrism

judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture rather than by the standards of that particular culture.

indigenous knowledge

local understanding of the environment, climate, and other matters related to livelihood and well-being.

A form of unbalanced exchange in which the buying and selling of commodities is controlled by the forces of supply and demand is called __________.

market exchange

foraging

obtaining food available in nature through gathering, hunting, or scavenging.

In terms of diet, humans are considered __________.

omnivores

interpretive anthropology

or a symbolic approach, seeks to understand culture by studying what people think about, their ideas, and the meanings that are important to them.

indigenous people

people who have a long-standing connection with their home territories that predates colonial or outside societies.

culture

people's learned and shared behaviors and beliefs.

culture shock

persistent feelings of uneasiness, loneliness, and anxiety that often occur when a person has shifted from one culture to a different one.

Members of a community in Australia typically make all of their own goods or receive their goods from someone they know. The consumption in this community illustrates __________.

personalized consumption

Inhaling the smoke produced when a certain type of bark is burned is used to treat breathing problems in some parts of Ethiopia. What is this an example of?

phytotherapy

Which of the following has been a common effect of capitalist expansion into noncapitalist settings?

population displacement

What are the main factors affecting changing patterns of consumption and exchange today?

powerful market forces controlled by core industrial countries

An anthropologist who studies the social behavior of gorillas in captivity is a(n) __________.

primatologist

A form of exchange in which one person collects goods or money from members of a group and provides a social return at a later time is called __________.

redistribution

fieldwork

research in the field, which is any place where people and culture are found.

sedentism

residence in permanent settlements such as villages, towns, and cities, which began with plant and animal domestication and intensified during the Neolithic era and the emergence of farming.

What was one of the local beliefs that challenged health workers providing vaccinations in Afghanistan?

that health workers were Western spies

What concept is related to the hikikomori condition found in Japan?

somatization

pure gift

something given with no expectation or thought of a return.

Surrogate motherhood is linked to what characteristic of the industrial/digital reproduction mode?

stratified reproduction

An anthropologist who adheres to a traditional cultural materialist perspective would see the U.S. Congress as part of the __________.

structure

An anthropologist studying a culture in Eastern Europe determines that the choices of the people she is studying are completely constrained by economic, social, and political forces. This anthropologist's findings demonstrate which school of anthropological thought?

structurism

Which example from the text is the best illustration of the concept of holism?

tamale making among the Tejano

material culture

tangible objects that people use (from nature, such as a plant) or create (such as a carving) and that have meaning.

The fossil found near Hadar, Ethiopia, in 2011 was of a hominin foot with an opposable "big toe." This called into question what understanding about early hominins?

that Australopithecus afarensis was the only hominin "line" alive 3 to 4 million years ago

mode of exchange

the dominant pattern, in a culture, of transferring goods, services, and other items between and among people and groups.

mode of consumption

the dominant pattern, in a culture, of using things up or spending resources to satisfy demands.

mode of livelihood

the dominant way of making a living in a culture.

Which of the following research subjects is representative of the symbolic/interpretivist approach?

the effect of the color of a pill on its effectiveness

The same type of research used to produce the idea for Go-Gurt could also be helpful with which of the following subjects?

the efficacy of aid in the aftermath of a natural disaster

gender pluralism

the existence within a culture of multiple categories of femininity, masculinity, and blurred genders that are tolerated and legitimate.

An anthropologist finds that in the culture she is studying, none of the adults show grief at funeral ceremonies. This pattern can reasonably be assumed to be __________.

the expected behavior within the culture and not necessarily indicative of a lack of grief

Which issue concerns linguistic anthropologists?

the extinction of indigenous languages

Cro-Magnons

the first modern humans in Europe, dating from 40,000 years ago.

trade

the formalized exchange of one thing for another according to set standards of value.

What is cultural relativism?

the idea that each culture must be understood in terms of the value systems of that culture

Oldowan tradition

the oldest hominin tool kit, characterized by core tools and flake tools.

menarche

the onset of menstruation.

Upper Paleolithic

the period of modern human occupation in Europe and Eurasia (including the Middle East) from 45,000 to 40,000 years ago to 12,000 years ago, characterized by microlithic tools and prolific cave art and portable art.

cultural relativism

the perspective that each culture must be understood in terms of the values and ideas of that culture and not judged by the standards of another culture.

mode of reproduction

the predominant pattern, in a culture, of population change through the combined effect of fertility (births) and mortality (deaths).

sociality

the preference for living in groups and interacting regularly with members of the same species.

fossil

the preserved remains of a plant or animal of the past.

natural selection

the process by which organisms better adapted to the environment reproduce more effectively compared with less well-adapted forms.

fertility

the rate of births in a population or the rate of population increase in general.

Nomadic

The lifestyle that is defined by constant mobility or migration and no permanent residence.

ethnography

a firsthand, detailed description of a living culture, based on personal observation.

How does age affect research in cultural anthropology?

Anthropologists are adults, which makes it easier for them to gain rapport with people their own age rather than with children or the elderly.

In his book subtitled Haiti and the Geography of Blame, Paul Farmer addressed what issue?

AIDS

What is one of the reasons Hindus in India practice sexual abstinence?

Abstinence on certain days or phases of the lunar cycle is suggested by Hindu tradition.

Which statement best describes the system of property rights and land access used by agriculturalists?

Agriculturalists make substantial investments in the land they farm, so they typically create firmly defined property rights.

How does agriculture differ from foraging, horticulture, and pastoralism?

Agriculture is an intensive strategy

Egalitarian

All members of the group are relatively equal, sharing is the norm, and everyone has the same access to resources.

Material Culture

All physical products of a society

How does women's work outside the home in horticultural societies affect their children's personality development?

Children take on more household and caring responsibilities and are more likely to develop nurturant-responsible personalities.

What characteristic of consumer cultures leads to more children who develop narcissistic personalities?

Consumerism emphasizes identity formation through ownership of self-defining goods and access to self-defining services.

Which statement about the relationship between nature and culture is accurate?

Culture shapes how humans perform universal, natural activities such as eating and drinking.

Which of following describes the Sherpa's use of selective pluralism?

Herbs and biomedical treatments are both used.

How has the term "ethnomedicine" changed over time?

In the 1960s, the term was synonymous with "primitive medicine"; today it means the study of cross-cultural health systems.

Which of the following has been a result in many areas of switching from family farming to wage labor?

Increased dependence on external economic factors

Why is a pilot study helpful in the development of a questionnaire?

It can help the researcher develop culturally appropriate questions for the questionnaire.

What purpose do some anthropologists think adolescence serves?

It gives children time to learn about and train for adult roles.

Why is the American Indian "two-spirit" considered a third gender category?

It is a legitimate alternative to the binary gender categories of male and female.

What role does cognitive retrogression play in biomedical training?

It socializes medical students into a uniform pattern and elevates medical knowledge above everything else.

What do researchers think contributes to the effectiveness of community healing?

It supports mental and physical health through expressions of solidarity.

If a previously undiscovered city were found in the vicinity of Uruk and the remains of a ziggurat were found at its center, which supposition could reasonably be drawn about the ziggurat's purpose?

It was used for a mixture of administrative functions.

Why is sufriendo del agua an example of structural suffering?

Its cause is the result of a poverty-related inequality.

Which of the following civilizations was located in modern-day Peru?

Moche

How are biological and cultural adaptations related to the disappearance of Neanderthals?

Neanderthals were biologically adapted to a certain level of cold. When temperatures dropped, they did not have the necessary cultural adaptations to help them survive.

Non-Material Culture

Non-physical elements of culture

Age Structure

Relative number of old and young people within a society.

Anthropogenic

Resulting from human activity

Descriptive Morphology

Taking and recording physical measurements to find anomalies or patterns to describe the individual or group

What occurred as a result of the division in anthropology that existed during the Vietnam War?

The American Anthropological Association established a code of ethics.

Which description fits the Mundurucu's relationship with the rubber industry for much of the twentieth century?

The Mundurucu maintained horticultural production while also working for the rubber industry.

Which of the following describes the situation of the San?

The San have ceased foraging and many now dwell in urban areas.

In what way did cultural differences create a problem for Taiwanese manufacturing in South Africa?

The Taiwanese brought a hierarchical management approach that was not well-received among South Africans.

How does the Tjarada love-magic ritual create a sense of community and responsibility among women in northern Australia?

The accompanying narratives absorb elements connected to specific groups of women. These are passed to the next group when the Tjarada is transferred.

What is one factor that might account for cross-cultural differences in how middle age is experienced?

The age that corresponds to the midpoint of the life span varies depending on life expectancy in a community.

Life Expectancy

The average period that a person may expect to live.

Why are Franz Boas's texts that recorded the myths, songs, and speeches of American Indians so important?

The cultures have since changed and much of that knowledge has been lost.

Which statement best describes a deductive approach to anthropological fieldwork?

The deductive approach starts with a hypothesis and then involves gathering relevant data.

How can the age of menarche affect a woman's fertility?

The earlier a girl experiences menarche, the more years she has to conceive children.

How is the term diffraction used to describe the utility of a study centered on a commodity?

The focus of the study may provide a range of insights about it.

The human ecological footprint

The impact that human activities have on the natural environment.

What is one way that industrial agriculture affects the societies that practice it?

The labor demand is seasonal in industrial agriculture, which creates an ebb and flow in employment opportunities for workers.

Based on our knowledge of contemporary primate species, which of the following would best describe the lifestyle of early human ancestors?

They lived in flexible social groups, relied on a diet of nuts and insects, and slept in nests in trees to escape predators.

What characteristic of primates is connected to their high level of social behavior compared with other mammals?

They mature slowly.

adolescence

a culturally defined period of maturation from the time of puberty until adulthood that is recognized in some, but not all, cultures.

entitlement

a culturally defined right to life-sustaining resources.

hominins

a category of primates that includes modern humans and extinct species of early human ancestors that are more closely related to humans than to living chimpanzees and bonobos.

australopithecines

a category of several extinct hominin species found in East and Central Africa that lived between 4.5 and 3 million years ago.

archaic Homo

a category of several extinct hominin species that lived from 2.4 million years to 19,000 years ago and is characterized by different stone tool traditions, depending on the species.

Which of the following is needed for regular ovulation?

a certain amount of body fat

What is a chimpanzee gang?

a core social group of biologically related males

microculture

a distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior and thinking found within a larger culture.

"race"

a way of categorizing people into groups on the basis of supposedly homogeneous and largely superficial biological traits such as skin color or hair characteristics.

ethnicity

a way of categorizing people on the basis of the shared sense of identity based on history, heritage, language, or culture.

class

a way of categorizing people on the basis of their economic position in society, usually measured in terms of income or wealth.

gender

a way of classifying people based on their culturally constructed and learned behaviors and ideas as attributed to males, females, or blended genders.

What did researchers find was a driving factor in the increased use of ecstasy in the United States?

a wider global supply network

The belief that people should not question or change any behavior or idea in another culture because doing so is ethnocentric is known as __________.

absolute cultural relativism

collaborative research

an approach to learning about culture that involves anthropologists working with members of the study population as partners and participants rather than as "subjects."

informed consent

an aspect of fieldwork ethics requiring that the researcher inform the research participants of the intent, scope, and possible effects of the proposed study and seek their consent to be in the study.

pronatalism

an attitude or policy that encourages childbearing.

rainforest

an environment found at mid-latitudes of tall, broadleaf evergreen trees, with annual rainfall of 400 centimeters (or 60 inches) and no dry season.

savanna

an environment that consists of open plains with tall grasses and patches of trees.

expected reciprocity

an exchange of approximately equally valued goods or services, usually between people roughly equal in social status.

personality

an individual's patterned and characteristic way of behaving, thinking, and feeling.

Which of the following is the definition of "personality"?

an individual's patterned way of thinking, behaving, and feeling

leveling mechanism

an unwritten, culturally embedded rule that prevents an individual from becoming wealthier or more powerful than anyone else.

Modern foraging communities are threatened by the "resource curse," a term for the fact that foraging cultures often __________.

are displaced because people in rich countries want the natural resources found in their lands

An anthropologist has formed a partnership with members of the community he is studying to explore their culture. This anthropologist's approach to research illustrates __________.

collaborative research

A discovery that the relative number of flu cases in urban settings was higher than that in rural areas would be consistent with which of the following approaches?

ecological/epidemiological

mobile money

financial transactions that take place through a cell phone, also called a mobile phone.

division of labor

how a society distributes various tasks depending on factors such as gender, age, and physical ability.

subjective well-being

how people experience the quality of their lives based on their perception of what is a good life.

globalization

increased and intensified international ties related to the movement of goods, information, and people.

Ethnocentrism involves __________.

judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture

Which of the following was found to be associated with improved health of Tsimané children?

mothers having botanical knowledge

A family-run farm grows an indigenous species of wild rice, cooks it, forms it into snack bars, and markets the bars to independent retailers located in the same region as the farm. What aspect of this operation runs contrary to the priorities of alternative food movements as defined in the text?

snack bars

Some finely flaked spear points, estimated to be 10,000 to 12,000 years old, are unearthed in Arizona. To which tool tradition would they belong?

the Clovis tradition

agency

the ability of humans to make choices and exercise free will even within dominating structures.

heteronormativity

the belief that all people fall into two distinct genders, male and female, with corresponding distinct social roles and adhering to heterosexual relations.

market exchange

the buying and selling of commodities under competitive conditions, in which the forces of supply and demand determine value.

menopause

the cessation of menstruation.

infanticide

the killing of an infant or child.

linguistic anthropology

the study of human communication, including its origins, history, and contemporary variation and change.

anthropology

the study of humanity, including prehistoric origins and contemporary human diversity.

archaeology

the study of past human cultures through their material remains.

What is applied anthropology?

the use of anthropological knowledge to prevent or solve problems

applied anthropology

the use of anthropological knowledge to prevent or solve problems or to shape and achieve policy goals.

holism

the view that one must study all aspects of a culture to understand it.

An anthropologist observes a ceremony in which a young man is first splashed with animal blood, then clean water, then presented with a belt like those worn by adult men. Knowing the common patterns with this type of ceremony, what would be the most likely purpose of it?

to recognize the participants' entry into a new social role

Clovis tradition

tool kit of a New World population characterized by the Clovis point with the earliest site dated to 11,000 years ago in the Southwest United States.