AP biology exam chapter 3 and 5

What is the structure of an amino acid?

Amino group (N-terminus), Carboxyl group (right side), Side chain (R-group)

What are the ends of a protein called and what is found at each end? a. Which end is the location of the growing polypeptide strand?

Amino terminus and carboxyl terminus

what are three functions of carbohydrates in living organisms?

They provide energy, store energy, and spare protein and fat

Describe how a cytosine to guanine substitution changes the structure and function of DNA. *NOTE* this is a pyrimidine to purine substitution

This would change the coding of the DNA, but it would not affect the function. The protein is going to be normal, but a different type.

What are three functions of proteins in living organisms?

Transports and stores nutrients, provides structure, and maintains proper pH.

What is the dehydration? Identify inputs and outputs using a specific example.

Two molecules joining together and losing a water molecule in the process. input: output:

How does a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid differ? How does the level of saturation affect the function of the lipid?

Unsaturated fats have double bonds while saturated fats do not have double bonds.

Describe the structure of the nucleic acid polymer a. what are the ends called and what is found at each end? b. Which end is the location of the growing nucleic acid strand?

DNA has a double-helix structure The sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate lie on the outside of the helix, forming the backbone of the DNA. The 2 strands run in opposite directions (antiparallel) The nitrogenous bases are stacked in the interior, like the steps of a staircase, in pairs. Adenine and Thymine/ Cytosine and Guanine are bound to each other by hydrogen bonds

What is the monomer of a protein? Identify the components of the monomer

amino acid

Where are hydrogen bonds found in DNA

between base pairs

where are hydrogen bonds found in water

between water molecules

What are the four macromolecules?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Describe the structure of a steroid.

carbon skeleton with 4 fused rings

What are the elements found in a protein?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur (CHON)(S)

What are the elements found in nucleic acids?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and nitrogen (CHOPN)

What are the three properties of water?

cohesion, adhesion, surface tension

What are three functions of nucleic acids in living organisms?

create, encode, and store biological information

What are the components of a fat molecule?

glycerol backbone(three carbon atoms, five hydrogen atoms and three hydroxyl groups) and fatty acids

What type of bond is found in carbohydrates?

glycosidic bond It occurs between sugar molecules and amino acid side chains

What type of bond is found in starch?

glycosidic bonds

What type of bond is found in cellulose?

hydrogen bond

What is the monomer of a carbohydate? Identify the components of the monomer

monosaccharides

Which macromolecule(s) contain phosphorus?

nucleic acids

What is the monomer of a nucleic acid? Identify the components of the monomer

nucleotide

What type of bond is found between protein monomers? Where is this bond located?

peptide bonds It usually occurs between amino acids

What are parts found in all nucleotides?

phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base

What type of bond is found between nucleic acid monomers?

phosphodiester bond In the DNA and RNA backbone

What are the three options for the R group?

polar, nonpolar, charged

Which macromolecule(s) contains sulfur?

protein

What is dehydration? (provide an example)

removal of water example: formation of disaccharides

What are the complementary base pairings found in nucleic acids? a. Identify the number of hydrogen bonds found between these two nitrogenous bases.

Adenine and Thymine (2 hydrogen bonds) Cytosine and Guanine (3 hydrogen bonds)

Describe the structure of a carbohydrate polymer.

Carbohydrates are molecules that are made of two or more simple sugars. They are polymers made of a ratio of 1 carbon, 2 hydrogen, and 1 oxygen atom. They also have an hydroxyl group.

What are the functional groups found in all amino acids?

Carboxyl and amine group

What are the components of a phospholipid?

2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group attached to 1 glycerol backbone

Hydrogen Bond

Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom.

What are the elements found in a lipid?

CHO (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)

what are the elements found in a carbohydrate?

CHO (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)

What is hydrolysis? (provide an example)

Hydrolysis is the separation of two macromolecules by adding water. (digestion system)

Using the properties of water, describe how water can move up a capillary tube to move from the roots to the leaves in a plant

It uses the property cohesion and adhesion. The water is attracted to each other, so they pull towards each other. The adhesion allows for water to cling to another surface, in this case the tree trunk. The water goes up the tree.

Which macrommolecule(s) contain nitrogen

Nucleic acids and proteins

Use the following chart to describe the levels of folding found in proteins. (level: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary)(Description)(Types of Bonds)

Primary: The linear sequence of amino acids as encoded by the DNA. Defines how protein will fold and function. (Peptide bond) Secondary: Hydrogen bonds between amino acids form two stable structural elements in proteins. Alpha helices and beta sheets. (Hydrogen bond) Tertiary: Proteins fold into a compact globular shape. Many carbon amino acids sheltered away from water. (outside polar hydrophilic hydrogen and ionic bond interactions) Quaternary: Two or more polypeptide chains come together to form one functional molecule. (Hydrogen bonds and Van Der Waal interactions)

What is the hydrolysis? Identify inputs and outputs using a specific example.

Reaction of an organic chemical with water to form two or more substances. input: starch output: glucose

What are three functions of lipids in living organisms?

Structural components of cell membranes, energy storehouse, and important signaling molecules

Describe how a cytosine to thymine substitution changes the structure and function of DNA. *NOTE* This is a pyrimidine to purine substitution

The coded instructions would be incorrect, and the body would not function properly. Incorrect proteins would be made.

Using the properties of water, describe how a water strider can walk on water

The water strider has high surface tension. The cohesive forces between the water and the molecules allows for the water strider to walk on water.