AP classroom unit 6

Which of the following best reflects contemporary interpretations of classical conditioning?

They take into account cognitive processes like expectancy.

Which of the following is the best example of shaping

A teacher rewards a student for sitting quietly for ten minutes on Monday, fifteen minutes on Tuesday, twenty minutes on Wednesday, and thirty minutes on Thursday

The technique of strengthening behavior by reinforcing successive approximations is called

shaping

In high school, it did not seem to make a difference how much Clive studied Spanish; he always earned poor grades. Now that Clive is in college, he is required to take Spanish again. According to the concept of learned helplessness, which of the following statements can be most expected from Clive as he starts the new Spanish class?

"Why study? There isn't anything I can do to improve my Spanish skills."

Of the following, which is essential for operant conditioning to occur?

A behavioral consequence

Which of the following would a social learning theorist be most likely to propose as a cause for a fear of flying?

A person observed someone else's fear of flying.

Studies of learning have shown that animals develop an aversion for tastes associated with

sickness

The idea that the explanation for prejudice lies in children's modeling of their parents' prejudicial beliefs, emotions, and behaviors is most closely aligned with the theories of which of the following?

Albert Bandura

Cognitive Map

Mental representation of that layout of one's environment.

Responses extinguish fastest when they are learned through which type of reinforcement schedule?

Continuous

Which dog is demonstrating stimulus discrimination in the following scenarios?

Cookie cowers when she hears the pop of fireworks, but not when she hears the pop of lightning.

Because studies of learning show that events occurring close together in time are easier to associate than those occurring at widely different times, parents should probably avoid which of the following?

Delay of punishment

Latent Learning

Learning that occurs but not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.

Which of the following kinds of learning is involved when a person displays a new behavior after watching someone else perform it?

Observational learning

Which of the following provides an effective explanation for the data above?

Observational learning

External Locus of Control

Perception that chance or outside forces beyond our control determine our fate

Internal Locus of Control

Perception that we control our own fate

Observational Learning

Social Learning

For extinction to occur, which of the following must be true of the conditioned response (CR), the conditioned stimulus (CS), and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) ?

The CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS, and the CR loses strength.

Children who are consistently praised for receiving high grades in school will likely continue to work for high grades. Using an operant conditioning explanation of this phenomenon, which of the following is true?

The praise functions as a positive reinforcer.

Which of the following is a partial reinforcement schedule that is most resistant to extinction?

Variable ratio

A mental image of a spatial layout is called

a cognitive map

The principles of operant conditioning are best illustrated by

a token economy to reinforce adaptive behaviors

In Ivan Pavlov's experiments in classical conditioning, the dog's salivation was

both an unconditioned and a conditioned response

Edward L. Thorndike argued that responses that lead to satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated, and that responses followed by unpleasant outcomes are less likely to be repeated. This became known as the law of

effect

B. F. Skinner's claim that the environment determines an individual's behavior was criticized for

failing to acknowledge cognitive influences on behavior

Dylan has difficulty solving a physics problem in class. The next day, he suddenly thinks of a solution to the problem as he is watching a friend play the guitar. The thought process that Dylan experienced is an example of

insight learning

Elizabeth picks up the clothes from her bedroom floor and puts them away to avoid her mother's repeated nagging. Elizabeth's behavior is being influenced by

negative reinforcement

Punishment is most effective in eliminating undesired behavior when the

punishment is delivered soon after the behavior

Learned helplessness is most likely to result when

responses have no effect on the environment

Money most often modifies people's behavior because it is a powerful

secondary reinforcer

The first time four-year-old Savannah attempted to make her bed, her father praised her for covering the pillow with a blanket. After a few times, her father began praising Savannah for covering the pillow and tucking in the corners of the sheet. Finally, Savannah's father praised her when she covered the pillow, tucked in the corners of the sheet, and smoothed the blanket. The process described in this scenario is known as

shaping

A child who learns that spoons are tableware and then correctly calls forks and knives tableware is demonstrating

stimulus generalization

After several trials during which a dog is given a certain kind of food at the same time that a specific tone is sounded, there is evidence of conditioning if the dog salivates when

the tone only is presented

In classical conditioning, stimulus generalization occurs when an organism responds

to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus