AP Euro Revolutions of 1848-France

France and the 2nd Republic

-1814: Louis XVIII restored to the throne in France- Happy to be king and didn't want to stop reforms (Kept bank of France, Kept supported schools, Kept the Napoleonic Code, Accepted a constitution that limited the King's power, Legislative branch) -Louis XVIII died in 1824 -Charles X takes over- Wanted absolute monarchy, Makes efforts to restore the "Old Regime"- He is a "reactionary" -July 1830: Revolts break out in Paris and spread through out the country -Charles X abdicates -The revolt spreads to the Netherlands. Belgium is formed

birth of German Empire

-After Franco-Prussian War -Treaty of Frankfort -Harsh terms to France -France gives up Alsace and Lorraine -Pay $1 in Reparations- Germany occupies Northern France until it is paid

Dreyfus Affair

-Captain Alfred Dreyfus (First Jewish officer in the French General Staff) -Convicted of selling military secrets to the Germans -Sentenced to a life sentence on Devil's Island off the coast of South America -Dreyfus is actually innocent. The French army actually had the right guy, but did not convict him -Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy- it was really him -A coalition of Catholics, monarchists, anti-Semites and military officers thwarted the efforts to clear his name -Dreyfus is in solitary confinement on Devil's Island -Emile Zola: A well-known and renowned novelist, Wrote "J'Accuse" charging that the military had knowingly let the guilty man go -Dreyfus still remained in prison -1906: Dreyfus is cleared

Louis Napoleon/Little Napoleon

-Conservative property owners were now in control -Wanted a state that was safe for small property holders and families -Late 1848: Elections -Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte -More concerned with his own fame than governing -Began to do anything to gain the backing of the army -Helped the Roman Catholics- Helped the Pope (Pius IX) put down a rebellion in Rome, Turned education over the Catholics -The National Assembly refused to amend the constitution to allow _____ to run for a second term -December 2, 1851: _____ seized power by force (Troops dispersed the Assembly and called for new election, Over 200 died resisting the coup, 26,000 arrested, 10,000 exiled to Algeria) -Plebiscite awarded _____ control (12 to 1) -December 1852: France is declared an Empire -Second French Empire! -Louis Napoleon becomes Emperor Napoleon III

Dreyfus Affair Consequences

-Created nationwide furor that deepened political division and wide spread anti-Semitism -Also led to Theodore Herzl's writing of the Jewish State calling for a national homeland for the Jewish people

Fall of Napoleon III

-Crimean war gained France very little -1860: he starts giving into liberal demand in France (He needed to, because his foreign policy was going poorly) -Italy is unifying (taking away French power) -1861-1876 supported a bad military expedition into Mexico (Led by Archduke Maximilian of Austria, He is defeated and executed) -Benito Juarez (United States refused to recognize Maximilian, Benito Juarez becomes president of Mexico) -1866: Prussia under Kaiser William I and Otto von Bismark are unifying the German States

Louis Napoleon=Emperor Napoleon III

-Established the Second Empire -Economic progress -Recognized the importance of industrialization -Established limited free trade which doubled exports -Industrial production is doubled -Middle class is getting richer -He also helped the emerging working class -Legalized trade unions -Improved public housing -Rebuilding Paris: Named Baron Georges Haussmann to redesign Paris, Created wide avenues (replacing narrow streets) -Public monuments and expansive parks -Transformed Paris into a symbol of French prosperity and greatness -Also, made it harder to riot and barricade streets -______ is now ready for international government

Crimean War results

-France, GB, Turkey, and 10,000 men from Sardinia captured the Russian stronghold of Sevastopol -Czar Alexander II sues for peace -War claimed the lives of 500,000 (Mostly through disease and inadequate health care) -First war covered by photographers and correspondents -Marks the first great power conflict since the formation of the Congress of Vienna -Napoleon II achieved his goals of breaking the alliance between Austria and Russia -Sardinia is heading toward the unification of Italy -Russia is embarrassed (Alexander II is going to launch an ambitious reform program) -Russia is not as invincible as many had thought (they had defeated Napoleon)

Louis Philippe

-Head of the revolt that toppled Charles X -Belonged to the Bourbon family but was a liberal -He is elected king!! -Calls himself the "citizen king"

"the June days"

-June 24, 1848: a conservative army marched on Paris -Over 2 days, 400 people killed -French army kills an additional 3,000 afterward -Ends social revolution in France -Socialist leaders are either killed, imprisoned, executed or exiled -Karl Marx flees to Great Britain -Louis Napoleon

Alphonse de Lamartine

-Liberals were led by the poet ______ (1790-1869) -Organized a provisional government -Intended to call an election for an assembly that writes a republican constitution -The working class wanted something else

political banquets

-Louis Philippe and Francois Guizot- Their liberal opposition had organized a series of _______ -Free Speech and to celebrate George Washington's birthday -They used the _____ to criticize the government and demanded more middle class representation in the government -February 21, 1848: Government forbids more ____ -February 22, 1848: A huge _____ is scheduled

Paris Commune

-March 18-May 28, 1870 -Franco-Prussian War leaves France humiliated -The third republic started by giving away land to Germany (Alsace and Lorraine) -The people of Paris rejected the Treaty of Frankfort and the conservative government of France (The government is turned over the Adolphe Thiers) -Lots of monarchists in this government -It is being moved from Versailles to Bordeaux -The people of the Commune were working class Marxist and Anarchist -Radicals called Communards formed a revolutionary municipal council known as the "Commune" -Wanted it to run separately from the rest of France -May 8, National Assembly sent an army to Paris (Bombarded the city, May 28, broke through the defenses, Army kills approximately 20,000 people, Communards killed hostages)-But leaves behind a legacy of class warfare that always disrupts French politics- Also created a stir around Europe

French Colonial Empire

-Napoleon III -Strengthened France in North Africa, especially in Algeria -1859: France began construction on the Suez Canal -Also: moved into Cambodia in Southeast Asia -French-Indo China -Start of the Vietnam War

abdication of Louis Philippe

-Parisians paraded through the street demanding the ouster of Guizot -It didn't look like much until Louis Philippe called the National Guard -The Guard joined the protesters -Guizot resigns the next day under huge pressure -The crowds had erected barricades and clashed with authorities -February 24: Louis Philippe ______ and fled to England

Franco-Prussian War

-Prussia working to unite all the German States under its leadership -Napoleon opposed this unification (This would gain support of the French people) -French disliked Prussia a great deal -Prussians had already begun the "Wars of Unification" -Now time for the _____ (Baden, Wurttenberg, Bavaria) -Prussia crushes France (Battle of Sedan, Napoleon III becomes a P.O.W.) -The National Assembly proclaims the fall of the 2nd Empire and establishes the Third Republic -Paris is overrun in 1871

Francois Guizot

-Severe Food Shortages: 1846-1848 -Louis Philippe had become corrupt -His minister was _______ -Their liberal opposition had organized a series of political banquets

Crimean War Causes

-Squabble over the jurisdiction within the holy places in Turkish-ruled Jerusalem brought France and Russia into diplomatic controversy with Turkey in the middle -France: Protector of the Catholics -Russia: Protector of the Orthodox Clergy -Czar Nicholas I seeks an opportunity to secure a warm water port on the Mediterranean Sea-Also desire to extend its territory, Moldavia and Walachia (Romania) -Austria felt threatened by Russian expansion into the Balkans -France and Great Britain oppose any change in the balance of power in the region -March 28, 1854: France and Britain declare war on Russia -Austria strayed neutral (so did Prussia)

Louis Blanc

-The working class -Led by _____ -Demanded representation in the cabinet -He and two other radicals and forced the provisional government to create the National Workshop (Provide food and relief for workers, Socialist??) -April 23, 1848: the new National Assembly is chosen- Dominated by moderates and conservatives, People outside of Paris feared the radicals in Paris -The national workshops were too expensive