AP Final: Chapters 1-9

Freshwater is defined as having less than ______% dissolved salt concentration by volume. a. 1 b. 2 c. 5 d. 10

1

Since 1963, the world's population has risen a. 15 percent. b. 35 percent. c. 70 percent. d. 100 percent.

100 percent.

Population experts anticipate that China's population will peak around a. 2010. b. 2040. c. 2070. d. 2090.

2040.

How many of the world's coral reefs are protected as reserves or parks? a. 75 b. 300 c. 150 d. 600

300

How much of the inland wetlands of the U.S. have been lost in the lower 48 states? a. 13% b. 33% c. 50% d. 73%

50%

Family planning programs have increased the proportion of married women of reproductive years using modern contraception to a. 15%. b. 26%. c. 51%. d. 82%.

51%

At the 1994 United Nations Conference on Population and Development, a major goal was to stabilize the world's population at ______ billion by 2050. a. 6.8 b. 7.8 c. 8.8 d. 9.8

7.8

Biologists estimate that ______ of the species that ever existed are now extinct. a. 10 percent b. 30 percent c. 50 percent d. 99 percent

99 percent

Which of the following shows the ranking of regions by crude birth rate, from highest to lowest? a. Europe, Africa, Latin America, Asia b. Latin America, Asia, Europe, Africa c. Asia, Africa, Latin America, Europe d. Africa, Latin America, Asia, Europe

Africa, Latin America, Asia, Europe

Average total fertility rates are highest in a. Europe. b. Asia. c. Latin America. d. Africa.

Africa.

Temperate deciduous forests are characterized by having a. moderate average temperatures that change with the season. b. abundant precipitation spread evenly through the year. c. broadleaf trees that lose their leaves and become dormant in winter. d. All choices are true.

All choices are true.

______ reproduction is where the offspring are exact copies of a single parent. a. Sexual b. Asexual c. K-selected species d. Stable

Asexual

What is the first step in the scientific study of a phenomenon? a. Ask a question b. Carry out a test c. Devise a hypothesis d. Develop a model

Ask a question

______ is the process of using genetically engineered animals as biofactories for producing drugs, hormones, chemicals, and human body organs. a. Breeding b. Cloning c. Natural selection d. Biopharming

Biopharming

The world's most populous country is a. Nigeria. b. India. c. China. d. Bangladesh.

China.

Which of the following is an example of a chemical reaction? a. A piece of coal is broken into small fragments. b. Ice is melted to form water. c. Water evaporates. d. Coal combines with oxygen to form carbon dioxide.

Coal combines with oxygen to form carbon dioxide.

______ is an interdisciplinary subject that combines information from the physical sciences and the social sciences to learn how the earth works a. Ecology b. Environmentalism c. Environmental science d. Conservation

Environmental science

True or false? A biome tends to have a uniform system of vegetation and terrain. True False

False

True or false? According to the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, communities that experience fairly frequent but moderate disturbances have less species diversity than communities that have not been disturbed. True False

False

True or false? An area can only be defined as a wetland if it is covered with water for at least part of each year. True False

False

True or false? Because most mountains are far from civilization, they have experienced little degradation from human activities. True False

False

True or false? Evergreen trees drop their leaves in the fall because doing so allows the trees to go dormant to survive the cold winters. True False

False

True or false? Extinctions caused by human events will be counterbalanced by the evolution of new species. True False

False

True or false? Genetic engineering allows scientists to cross-breed different species. True False

False

True or false? Humans throughout history have been exempt from the effects of population overshoots and diebacks. True False

False

True or false? Isotopes are various forms of an element that have the same number of protons but a different number of electrons. True False

False

True or false? Pollution prevention is usually more expensive than pollution cleanup.

False

True or false? Predators have negative effects on prey populations. True False

False

True or false? Scientists now believe that succession continues along a predictable path until a stable climax community is reached. True False

False

True or false? The economies of most modern industrialized nations are both efficient at producing valuable goods and services and are sustainable in terms of matter and energy resources. True False

False

What does the "H" stand for in the scientific acronym "HIPPO," which describes the five major causes of species decline and premature extinction? a. Health concerns b. Habitat destruction and degradation c. Human intervention d. Hunting and exploitation

Habitat destruction and degradation

Which of the following is not a concern about genetic engineering? a. It is too expensive to apply genetic engineering to agriculture. b. It is unpredictable. c. It raises privacy and ethical issues. d. It may harm the environment in ways we cannot foresee.

It is too expensive to apply genetic engineering to agriculture.

Which of the following is not true of a scientific theory? a. It is verified. b. It may be based in speculation. c. It is credible. d. It is widely accepted.

It may be based in speculation.

How does a mass depletion differ from a mass extinction? a. During a mass depletion, populations are reduced but species do not become extinct. b. Mass depletions involve fewer species extinctions than do mass extinctions. c. Mass depletions involve more species extinctions than mass extinctions. d. Mass depletions are local, whereas mass extinctions are global.

Mass depletions involve fewer species extinctions than do mass extinctions.

______ is the term used to describe the small genetic changes that occur in a population. a. The theory of evolution b. Macroevolution c. Chemical evolution d. Microevolution

Microevolution

What is systems analysis? a. Observations of food webs b. Modeling ecosystem function c. Generating maps with GIS d. Applied field research

Modeling ecosystem function

If age structure diagrams were drawn for the following countries, which would have the broadest base? a. Nigeria b. Austria c. Sweden d. United States

Nigeria

Which law of thermodynamics states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed? a. The first law of thermodynamics b. The second law of thermodynamics

The first law of thermodynamics

Which of the following is cited as a reason why India's family planning program has not been as successful as it could be? a. The low status of women in India b. The preference in India for girl children c. The lack of widespread knowledge of contraceptive methods d. All of the choices

The low status of women in India

Carrying capacity is not a fixed quantity, but rather a variable determined by many factors. True False

True

True or false? Aquatic life zones are renewable resources. True False

True

True or false? Pollution can come from natural sources.

True

True or false? Radioactive decay is expressed in terms of half-life. True False

True

True or false? The presence in the atmosphere of natural greenhouse gases is vital to continued life on earth. True False

True

Which of the following characterized the frontier environmental worldview? a. A high level of federal regulation b. Moving as needed to find food for survival c. Alarm at the squandering of resources and wilderness d. Vast resources available for human use

Vast resources available for human use

What does the law of conservation of matter tell us? a. Energy is neither created nor destroyed in a physical or chemical reaction. b. We cannot create or destroy atoms. c. When energy changes from one form to another, energy quality decreases. d. None of the choices.

We cannot create or destroy atoms.

The demographic transition model is based on data from a. Western Europe in the 19th century. b. the United States in the 20th century. c. Asia in the 18th century. d. Africa in the 20th century.

Western Europe in the 19th century.

Approximately how many new people were added by world population growth in 2005? a. about 81 million b. about 354 million c. about 129 million d. about 1.1 billion

about 81 million

Mountains are ecologically important because they a. release water into streams. b. contain the majority of the earth's forests. c. reflect solar radiation back into space. d. all of the choices.

all of the choices.

Nonrenewable resources a. can be exhausted within dozens or hundreds of years. b. exist in a fixed quantity. c. are renewable, but only over millions or billions of years. d. all of the choices.

all of the choices.

Science is a. based on the fundamental assumption that events in the natural world follow orderly patterns. b. an attempt to discover order in the natural world. c. an effort to describe what is likely to happen in nature. d. all of the choices.

all of the choices.

Soil a. filters and cleans water. b. provides most of the nutrients plants need. c. is renewable only over a very long period of time. d. all of the choices.

all of the choices.

Which of the following are indicator species of particular current interest to biologists? a. amphibians b. insects c. birds d. reptiles

amphibians

An ion is a. the smallest unit of matter. b. a combination of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. c. an electrically charged atom or combination of atoms. d. a radioactive element.

an electrically charged atom or combination of atoms.

Matter is a. anything that has mass and takes up space. b. anything solid. c. anything that gives off energy. d. all of the choices.

anything that has mass and takes up space.

Permafrost underlies regions of a. tropical grasslands. b. arctic tundra. c. temperate grasslands. d. chaparral.

arctic tundra.

Nonpoint pollution sources a. are identified more easily and cheaply than point sources. b. come from sources that are impossible to locate. c. are dispersed and difficult to identify. d. may come from a smokestack or a drainpipe.

are dispersed and difficult to identify.

What are the two main factors determining climate? a. average temperature and amount of cloud cover b. proximity to a body of water and average temperature c. the jet stream and average amount of precipitation d. average temperature and average precipitation

average temperature and average precipitation

Which of the following is not considered a wetland habitat? a. arctic tundra in summer b. prairie pothole c. swamp d. barrier island dune

barrier island dune

Atlantic City, NJ, is built on a a. mangrove forest. b. barrier island. c. salt marsh. d. rocky shore.

barrier island.

Which of the following is an example of a population? a. bass in a lake b. an ocean c. a patch of woods d. predator and prey in a grassland

bass in a lake

Which of the following represents a mutualistic species interaction? a. ferns growing on a tree branch b. fleas on a dog c. bees pollinating flowers d. lions eating a dead gazelle

bees pollinating flowers

A(n) ________ is a terrestrial region consisting of communities of organisms that are adapted to the region. a. biome b. ecosystem c. climate d. latitude

biome

Which of the following levels of organization is the most inclusive? a. community b. biosphere c. population d. ecosystem

biosphere

Which of the following species is a K-selected species? a. mouse b. blue whale c. dandelion d. cockroach

blue whale

Parasitism occurs when a. both of these choices. b. one species feeds on part of another organism. c. the parasite benefits and the host is harmed. d. neither of these choices.

both of these choices.

Which of the following is not a greenhouse gas? a. carbon dioxide b. water vapor c. carbon monoxide d. methane

carbon monoxide

Evolution refers to a. changes in an individual's traits over time. b. the survival of the fittest. c. changes in a population's genetic makeup through successive generations. d. extinction of species that can no longer compete.

changes in a population's genetic makeup through successive generations.

Which of the following is not a component of biodiversity? a. chemical diversity b. genetic diversity c. ecological diversity d. species diversity

chemical diversity

Three general patterns of population dispersion are a. clumping, gathering, and spreading. b. uniform dispersion, random dispersion, and heterogeneous dispersion. c. biotic potential, intrinsic rate of increase, and carrying capacity. d. clumping, uniform dispersion, and random dispersion.

clumping, uniform dispersion, and random dispersion.

Temperate shrublands, or chaparral, are often located near what geographic feature? a. arctic regions b. interior plateaus with high precipitation c. coastal areas that border deserts d. tropical forests

coastal areas that border deserts

Most oceanic species live in the a. coastal zone. b. open seas.

coastal zone.

Which of the following processes involves changes in the gene pool of more than one species? a. convergent evolution b. diversifying selection c. coevolution d. mutation

coevolution

The tragedy of the commons refers to the overuse of a. common-property or free-access resources. b. solar capital. c. governmental regulation. d. synthetic chemicals.

common-property or free-access resources.

Which of the following is not a type of natural capital degradation to grassland biomes? a. conversion to tree plantations b. overgrazing by livestock c. conversion to cropland d. oil production in artic tundra

conversion to tree plantations

As countries become more industrialized, first their ______ rates decline and then their ______ rates decline. a. birth, immigration b. immigration, death c. death, birth d. birth, death

death, birth

Population change equals births plus immigration minus which of the following? a. deaths + immigration b. deaths + emigration c. deaths only d. emigration only

deaths + emigration

Most of the solar energy that passes through the atmosphere is a. captured by green plants. b. reflected back into space. c. degraded into infrared radiation. d. used to generate wind.

degraded into infrared radiation.

Competition for resources, predation, parasitism, and disease are examples of ______ population controls. a. density-dependent b. density-independent

density-dependent

A decomposer is a type of a. primary consumer. b. secondary consumer. c. producer. d. detritivore.

detritivore.

A population ______ follows a period of ______ in a population. a. scarcity, dieback b. logistic growth, exponential growth c. dieback, overshoot d. increase, scarcity

dieback, overshoot

Which of the following is a density-independent population control? a. fire b. parasitism c. disease d. none are true

disease

Which of the following is a limiting factor for an aquatic life zone? a. depth of water b. number of species c. size of population d. dissolved oxygen content

dissolved oxygen content

Since 1963, the rate of the world's annual population growth rate has a. dropped by almost one-third. b. dropped by almost one-half. c. doubled. d. tripled.

dropped by almost one-half.

Annual plants and most invertebrates have ______ survivorship curves. a. early loss b. late loss c. constant loss d. no loss

early loss

The percentage of usable energy transferred as biomass from one trophic level to another is called a. energy flow. b. the limiting factor. c. biomass. d. ecological efficiency.

ecological efficiency.

A(n) ______ consists of species interacting with each other and their environment. a. habitat b. population c. community d. ecosystem

ecosystem

Which of the following characteristics does an ecologist not use to describe a biological community? a. species diversity b. physical appearance c. elevation d. niche structure

elevation

Which term describes the capacity to do work and transfer heat? a. temperature b. entropy c. energy d. radiation

energy

Which of the following is not one of the three interconnected factors upon which life on earth depends? a. matter cycling b. the one-way flow of energy from the sun c. entropy d. gravity

entropy

Biotic potential and ______ determine ______. a. environmental resistance; intrinsic rate of increase b. intrinsic rate of increase; carrying capacity c. carrying capacity; environmental resistance d. environmental resistance; carrying capacity

environmental resistance; carrying capacity

Where does photosynthesis occur in aquatic life zones? a. benthic zone b. euphotic zone c. bottom zone d. middle layer

euphotic zone

The three vertical zones of the ocean are the: a. euphotic, bathyal, and abyssal zones. b. benthic, nektic, and euphotic zones. c. benthos, nekton, and plankton zones. d. coastal, reef, and deep ocean zones.

euphotic, bathyal, and abyssal zones.

Boreal forests are also called a. evergreen coniferous forests. b. temperate deciduous forests. c. tropical rain forests. d. temperate rain forests.

evergreen coniferous forests.

Which of the following is not an evolutionary trait that helped humans to survive and flourish? a. opposable thumbs b. exceptional sensory powers c. complex brains d. the ability to walk upright

exceptional sensory powers

A J-shaped curve is characteristic of a. zero population growth. b. logistic growth. c. exponential growth. d. a population that has overshot its carrying capacity.

exponential growth.

The human population is increasing a. at a faster rate than ever before. b. by 1.2 billion people per year. c. exponentially. d. arithmetically.

exponentially

Which of the following is not an example of an aspect of stability in living systems? a. extinction b. inertia c. constancy d. resilience

extinction

Most of what we know of the earth's life history comes from a. fossils. b. DNA analysis. c. ice cores. d. chemical analysis.

fossils.

The first phase of speciation is a. background extinction of predators. b. reproductive isolation. c. geographic isolation.

geographic isolation.

Replacement level fertility is ______ in developing countries than in developed countries. a. higher b. the same as c. lower

higher

The ability to apply genetic engineering to extending the human lifespan raises questions about a. human population control. b. costs. c. health insurance coverage. d. safety.

human population control.

Factors that affect birth rates and fertility rates include all except which of the following factors? a. cost of raising children b. immigration rate c. infant mortality rate d. availability of private and public pension systems

immigration rate

Economic development is a. the same as economic growth. b. improvement of living standards by economic growth. c. a measure of income per capita. d. none of the choices.

improvement of living standards by economic growth.

Most grasslands are found a. in the interiors of continents. b. along the coast of continents. c. in North America. d. in areas where trees will not grow.

in the interiors of continents.

Trout are an excellent ______ because they are very sensitive to water quality. a. keystone species b. generalist species c. indicator species d. alien species

indicator species

The biosphere a. is the portion of the earth in which living organisms exist. b. includes none of the hydrosphere. c. includes all of the lithosphere. d. includes some of the mantle.

is the portion of the earth in which living organisms exist.

Without the presence of sea otters, sea urchins would otherwise overgraze kelp beds, dramatically changing the marine community of which the urchins and otters are a part. For this reason, sea otters are considered a. generalist species. b. keystone species. c. indicator species. d. alien species.

keystone species.

According to the theory of island biogeography, a ______ will have the greatest number of species. a. small island, distant from the mainland b. large island, close to the mainland c. small island, close to the mainland d. large island, distant from the mainland

large island, close to the mainland

Which of the following factors most affects terrestrial species diversity? a. latitude b. longitude c. elevation d. depth

latitude

A scientific ______ is a description of what we find happening in nature over and over in the same way. a. outcome b. theory c. hypothesis d. law

law

According to the ______, there is a range for physical conditions and concentrations of substances beyond which no members of a particular species can survive. a. limiting factor principle b. law of tolerance c. law of conservation of mass d. first law of thermodynamics

law of tolerance

Which of the following is a pioneer species? a. redwood tree b. oak tree c. holly shrub d. lichen

lichen

A ______ shows the projected life expectancy and probability of death for individuals at each age in a survivorship curve (insurance companies often use these to determine policy costs for customers). a. survivorship curve b. life expectancy curve c. life table d. benefits table

life table

With ______ the growth rate decreases, as the population gets larger. a. exponential growth b. logistic growth c. zero population growth d. dynamic growth

logistic growth

A grassland has a. low resilience. b. low inertia. c. high species diversity. d. all of the choices.

low inertia.

The best long-term solution to the constraints imposed by the laws of conservation of matter and energy is a ______ society. a. high consumption b. high-throughput c. matter-recycling d. low-throughput

low-throughput

Which of the following is considered a nonrenewable resource? a. biological diversity b. solar energy c. fresh air d. metallic minerals

metallic minerals

Human populations grow or decline through the interplay of births, deaths, and a. family planning. b. illness. c. migration. d. level of economic development.

migration.

The total ecological footprint of the United States is ______ times that of India. a. about 2 b. more than 3 c. more than 4 d. about 5

more than 3

Genetic variability in a population arises through a. mutation. b. genetic drift. c. gene flow. d. natural selection.

mutation

A nuclear power plant carries out controlled a. nuclear fission. b. nuclear fusion.

nuclear fission.

Which of the following describes a nuclear change in which two isotopes form a heavier nucleus? a. nuclear fission b. nuclear fusion

nuclear fusion

Ecologists say that a niche is like a species' ______, while habitat is like its ______. a. appearance; physiology b. occupation; address c. family history; occupation d. education; occupation

occupation; address

Which of the following covers the greatest percentage of the earth's surface? a. ocean b. desert c. tropical forest d. grassland

ocean

A newly formed lake is a. oligotrophic. b. eutrophic.

oligotrophic.

Facilitation occurs when a. species are unaffected by new arrivals. b. early species inhibit the growth of other species. c. one species makes an area suitable for species with different niche requirements. d. an ecosystem changes because of environmental conditions.

one species makes an area suitable for species with different niche requirements.

Which of the following is often the limiting factor for plant growth on land? a. phosphorus b. sulfur c. nitrogen d. carbon

phosphorus

Which of the following is not an identified form of plankton? a. photoplankton b. ultraplankton c. phytoplankton d. zooplankton

photoplankton

An example of environmentally sustainable economic development is a. pollution prevention. b. increased use of resources. c. population growth. d. burying waste.

pollution prevention.

Economic growth requires all of the following factors except a. an increase in production. b. population growth. c. population decrease. d. an increase in consumption.

population decrease.

On which of the following factors does the United Nations not classify a nation as developed or developing? a. population size b. degree of industrialization c. per capita GNI (GNP)

population size

The three factors affecting the environmental impact of the population in developing and developed countries are: a. population plus consumption minus technology impact. b. population times consumption times technology impact. c. population times technology impact minus consumption. d. population plus consumption plus technology impact.

population times consumption times technology impact.

Still water stored behind a dam has a large amount of a. kinetic energy. b. potential energy. c. chemical energy. d. heat energy.

potential energy.

Generally, a species with a high intrinsic rate of increase will a. be a K-selected species. b. reproduce late in life. c. be a specialist. d. produce many small offspring.

produce many small offspring.

Phytoplankton in an open water ecosystem are a. secondary consumers. b. primary consumers. c. producers. d. tertiary consumers.

producers.

The best way to protect a stream or river system is to a. manage and direct its flow. b. protect the land around it. c. implement pollution cleanup measures. d. limit recreational use.

protect the land around it.

Which of the following is not one of the five basic causes of environmental problems? a. public policy b. population growth c. poverty d. unsustainable resource use

public policy

Which of the following is an r-selected species? a. red-tailed hawk b. redwood tree c. black bear d. ragweed

ragweed

Labor shortages and increased per capita health care costs are associated with a. slow population decline. b. rapid population growth. c. slow population growth. d. rapid population decline.

rapid population decline.

Which of the following is not one of the four types of population fluctuations? a. irruptive b. stable c. regular d. cyclic

regular

The ability of a living system to bounce back after a disturbance that is not too drastic is called a. primary succession. b. inertia. c. constancy. d. resilience.

resilience.

Skimmers, flamingos, diving duck, and heron can coexist in a coastal wetland as a result of a. exploitation competition. b. symbiosis. c. interference competition. d. resource-partitioning.

resource-partitioning.

Natural capital consists of ______ and ecological services. a. resources b. economic services c. climate change d. gross national product

resources

Which of the following is not likely to create a depression that may later become a lake? a. glaciation b. runoff c. crustal displacement d. volcanic activity

runoff

Which of the following is a type of tropical grassland often dotted with widely scattered clumps of trees? a. temperate grassland b. taiga c. tundra d. savanna

savanna

An example of nekton is a a. plankton. b. barnacle. c. sea worms. d. sea turtle.

sea turtle.

Which of the following types of reproduction is more beneficial in a potentially-changing environment? a. sexual b. asexual

sexual

Deserts take a long time to recover from disturbance because of their a. slow plant growth. b. high species diversity. c. fast nutrient cycling. d. permafrost.

slow plant growth.

The insecticide DDT is an example of a ______ pollutant. a. degradable b. nondegradable c. slowly degradable d. nonpersistent

slowly degradable

A species' realized niche is ______ than its fundamental niche. a. smaller b. larger

smaller

Which of the following does not represent an aspect of an environmentally sustainable society? a. protecting biodiversity b. recycling c. solar power d. soil erosion

soil erosion

Which part of a river would have the least sediment load and coldest water? a. source zone b. transition zone c. the flood plain zone d. the wetland zone

source zone

A(n) ______ always has a narrow niche. a. keystone species b. generalist species c. alien species d. specialist species

specialist species

As succession proceeds, ______ increases and ______ decreases. a. species diversity, net primary productivity b. net primary productivity, stratification c. plant growth rate, net primary productivity d. stratification, species diversity

species diversity, net primary productivity

The Mojave is a a. temperate grassland. b. cold desert. c. tropical desert. d. temperate desert.

temperate desert.

Which of the following is not one of the most productive ecosystems? a. swamp b. temperate grassland c. tropical rain forest d. estuary

temperate grassland

An ecological footprint is a. a measure of the earth's biological capacity. b. a measure of a person's contribution to creating a sustainable environment. c. the amount of biologically productive land and water needed to support each person. d. the amount of wilderness available on the earth.

the amount of biologically productive land and water needed to support each person.

Which biogeochemical cycle is involved in producing fossil fuels? a. the water cycle b. the nitrogen cycle c. the carbon cycle d. the phosphorus cycle

the carbon cycle

A soil horizon consists of a. the horizontal layers in mature soil. b. the surface litter layer. c. the top layer of soil in which plants live. d. only the B and C layers of soil.

the horizontal layers in mature soil.

Which of the following is not a factor in how air circulates over the earth's surface? a. uneven heating of the earth's surface b. the jet stream c. the rotation of the earth on its axis d. properties of air, water, and land

the jet stream

Which of the following lake zones is comparable to the coastal zone of the ocean? a. the profundal zone b. the limnetic zone c. the littoral zone d. the benthic zone

the littoral zone

Traditional artificial selection is a. the process of cross-breeding species. b. now possible because of genetic engineering. c. the process of breeding to change the genetic characteristics of a population. d. the same as cloning.

the process of breeding to change the genetic characteristics of a population.

Easter Island is an example of a. the result of immigration. b. a frontier mentality. c. the tragedy of the commons. d. the ecological footprint.

the tragedy of the commons.

In order for natural selection to occur a. the trait must not be heritable. b. there must be uniformity for a trait in a population. c. the trait must lead to differential reproduction. d. offspring must be larger than their parents.

the trait must lead to differential reproduction.

Which of the following is a specialist species? a. tiger salamanders b. housefly c. raccoon d. white-tailed deer

tiger salamanders

Which type of forest contains the largest diversity of plant species? a. boreal forest b. temperate forest c. tropical rain forest d. chaparral

tropical rain forest

The average total fertility rate in developing countries is ______ in developed countries. a. one tenth that b. half that c. approximately equal to d. twice that

twice that

Where are estuaries found? a. in the abyssal zone b. on the continental slope c. where rivers and streams flow into the ocean d. along rocky shores

where rivers and streams flow into the ocean