A+P II Ch. 16 Study Guide

Which of the following is part of the adaptive immune response

Production of antibodies

Stops tumor growth, releases growth factors, causes fever (with bacterial infection), stimulates T and B cell differentiation

Tumor necrosis factor

Click and drag each characteristic into the appropriate box, describing each type of hypersensitivity

Type I - IgE and mast cells, symptoms due to histamine and other mediators, hay fever, for example Type II - Lysis of antigen due to complement, transfusion reaction, for example Type III - Antibody-antigen complexes lodge in small vessels, autoimmune reactions for example Type IV - Involves cellular immune response, about 48 hours from exposure to symptoms, dermatitis, for example

The lymph nodes of the axillary region receive lymph mainly from the

Upper limb and mammary gland

The receptors on cytotoxic T cells bind to

Viral Antigens and Class I MHC

Immunity that occurs following vaccination with an antigen is called

Artificially acquired active immunity

Immunity acquired with the injection of antibodies from another source is called

Artificially acquired passive immunity

Injections of gamma globulin are sometimes given to provide

Artificially acquired passive immunity

What term is used for disorders resulting from the immune system attacking "self" cells

Autoimmune diseases

Filter lymph from upper limbs, mammary glands, upper wall of abdomen, wall of thorax

Axillary lymph nodes

B cells are activated by (1) the binding of their antigen and (2) interaction with

Helper T cells

Macrophages that are displaying a pathogenic antigen will interact with __________ which then continue the immune response

Helper T cells

Isograft

Identical twin

Antibodies are found in exocrine gland secretions, such as within the nose, breathing passages, digestive tract, ears, eyes, and vagina. They defend against bacteria and viruses

IgA

The primary cells of the immune response are the T and B cells. T and B cells are what type of cell

Lymphocytes

The cells that are primarily responsible for immunity are

Lymphocytes and macrophages

Interacts Directly with Antigen

Macrophage, B cell, antibody

Name the cells included in the mononuclear phagocytic system. (Check all that apply.)

Macrophages, monocytes, eosinophils, lymphocytes

Immunity resulting when one's own immune system responds to an antigen encountered through normal routes is called

Naturally acquired active immunity

Immunity in a newborn due to the passing of maternal antibodies through the placenta is called

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Newborns can acquire __________ immunity through breast milk

Passive

Cytotoxic T cells produce __________ which creates holes in the cell membranes of target cells

Perforin

What type of cell produces antibodies

Plasma Cells

B cells divide and differentiate into __________ which produce and secrete antibodies

Plasma cells

Low-grade fever is an effective defense for short periods of time because it

increases temperature, which slows the growth of bacteria

Macrophages secrete __________ which then activates __________

interleukin-1 ; helper T cells

Which cells can act as antigen-presenting cells

macrophages and B cells

Helper T cells secrete __________ to stimulate the proliferation of B cells

Cytokines

Name the immune cell that interacts with and kills an infected "self" cell

Cytotoxic T cell

Helper T cells stimulate the proliferation of

Cytotoxic T cells and B cells

Which of the following is not a mechanical barrier against microorganisms

Diarrhea

Xenograft

Different species

Class II MHC antigens are found in the membranes of

Antigen-presenting cells, thymus cells, and activated T cells

Helper T cells interact with target cells by recognizing __________ on their cell surfaces

Antigen/MHC Complexes

Foreign substances that elicit an immune response are called

Antigens

Classify each item as a feature of innate defense or adaptive defense

Adaptive - T and B lymphocytes, antibodies, antigen-presenting cells, response to antigen Innate - Barriers, NK cells, mononuclear phagocytic system, fever, interferons, complement

Class I MHC antigens are found in the membranes of

All body cells except RBCs

What term refers to any molecule that elicits an immune response?

Antigen

Phagocytic cells such as macrophages digest a pathogen, then insert a bit of pathogenic antigen on their cell membrane. In this role, these cells are described as being __________ cells

Antigen-presenting

A macrophage that has phagocytized and displayed the antigen on its surface is acting as a(n)

Antigen-presenting cell

Drag each label to the appropriate box to indicate if the label is associated with B cells or T cells. Labels can be used more than once

B Cells - Bone marrow, type of lymphocyte, 20-30% of circulating lymphocytes T Cells - Cytotoxic cells, helper cells, thymus, bone marrow, type of lymphocyte, 70-80% of circulating lymphocytes

Interacts with Antigen Bound to Antigen-Presenting Cell

B cell, helper T cell, Cytotoxic cell

The lymphatic system has several diverse functions. Vessels called lymphatic _________ , found in most tissues, drain excess ______, thus helping with fluid balance Several lymphatic organs, including the thymus, _____ , and lymph nodes, have roles in defending the body against pathogens An additional role for the lymphatic system is the absorption of _____ from the digestive system. These molecules are too large to be absorped into the blood, and so are carried via the lymph to the venous system

Capillaries, tissue fluid Spleen Fats

Cytotoxic T cells mount an immune response against

Cells that display foreign proteins on their surface

Lymph nodes are grouped throughout the body except in the

Central nervous system

Filter lymph from scalp, face, nasal cavities, and pharynx

Cervical lymph nodes

Interferons and complement proteins are examples of

Chemical Barriers

Cell membrane proteins called _______ histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens are found on antigen-presenting cells, thymus cells, and activated T cells. The _______ MHC antigens are found on membranes of all body cells, except red blood cells

Class II Class I

Antibodies binding to their antigen can activate complement. This, in turn, leads to opsonization of the antigen-antibody complexes. What is meant by opsonization

Coating antibody-antigen complexes, making them more easily phagocytized by macrophages and neutrophils

Antimicrobial substances; bind to sugar groups on pathogen; enhance phagocytosis

Collectins

Stimulate bone marrow to produce lymphocytes

Colony-stimulating factors

Group of proteins that, when activated, stimulate inflammation and phagocytosis

Complement

The labels describe either a primary or secondary immune response. Drop each label into the appropriate box

Days after exposure - Primary response, IgM made first, then IgG, follows first encounter with antigen, measurable antibody concentration in 5-10 days Days after re-exposure - Secondary response, antibodies produced for several weeks, only IgG produced, follows second and subsequent encounters with antigen, memory cells involved, measurable antibody concentration in 1-2 days

Antimicrobial substances that put holes in pathogen cell membranes

Defensins

Antigen-presenting cells include: (Check all that apply.)

Dendritic Cells, macrophages, B cells

Absence or blockage of lymph vessels in a body region leads directly to what condition

Edema

The supratrochlear lymph nodes are located near the

Elbow

Innate defenses are

Fast and nonspecific

A chemical called endogenous pyrogen may be released from lymphocytes that are responding to a pathogen. What does this compound cause

Fever

The function(s) of lymph nodes include

Filter lymph, Immune surveillance, Filter Blood

In a typical blood capillary bed, the balance of hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures results in _________ occurring at the arterial end of the capillaries and ________ occurring at the venous end. Overall, ________ from the plasma normally exceeds ________, resulting in the net formation of tissue fluid

Filtration, reabsorption Filtration, reabsorption

Consider the types of defense. Drop each label into the flow chart to indicate whether it is a first, second, or third line of defense

First line of defense - Mechanical barriers Second line of defense - Chemical barriers, NK cells, Inflammation, Phagocytosis, Fever Third line of defense - Cellular immune response, humoral immune response

Drop each label into the appropriate box, indicating which class of immunoglobulin is being described. Some labels are used more than once

IgA - In excocrine gland secretions, defends against viruses and bacteria, in breast milk, tears, nasal fluid, gastric juice, urine IgG - Crosses placenta, defends against viruses, bacteria, and toxins, activates complement proteins IgE - In exocrine gland secretions, promotes inflammation and allergic reactions IgM - Activates complement proteins, causes agglutination in transfusion reactions IgD - On surface of most B lymphocytes, functions in B cell activation

Name the immunoglobulin classes that are found in secretions

IgA and IgE

Antibodies are found as surface receptors on most B-cells

IgD

Antibodies are found in the lungs, skin, and mucous membranes. This type of antibody is involved in allergies

IgE

Antibodies are found in all body fluids and are the smallest but most abundant of the antibodies. They activate the complement system

IgG

The most abundant type of immunoglobulin is

IgG

Antibodies are the first type of antibody produced in response to an infection. They activate the complement system

IgM

Cytotoxic T cells target and destroy

Infected "self" cells

The changes that occur in infected or injured tissue (redness, swelling, heat, pain) are due to the process of

Inflammation

Filter lymph from lower limbs, lower abdominal wall, external genitalia

Inguinal lymph nodes

Henry has a cut on his thigh that becomes infected. As a result, the lymph nodes in his __________ enlarge

Inguinal region

Block viral replication, stimulate macrophages to engulf viruses, stimulate B cells to produce antibodies, attack cancer cells

Interferons

Released by virally infected cells; protects nearby uninfected cells

Interferons

Control lymphocyte differentiation and proliferation

Interleukins

Allograft

Same Species

Memory T and B cells function in what type of response

Secondary immune response

Autograft

Self

Mechanical barriers include

Skin and mucous membranes

Indicate where in the lymph nodes the listed cell types are found by dragging labels to the appropriate boxes. Some labels are used more than once

Subcapsule - Macrophages, B cells Medulla - Macrophages, T cells Germinal Centers in Cortex - B cells

Filter lymph from hands and wrists

Supratrochlear lymph nodes

Fluid is kept from accumulating in tissue spaces by

The lymphatic system

How do cytotoxic T cells recognize that a cell is infected with a virus and needs to be destroyed?

The presence of foreign (viral) proteins on the target cell surface

What is the first component(s) of the immune system to decline with age

Thymus

Macrophages have a role in both innate and adaptive defenses. What is the function of macrophages during infection by a pathogen

To phagocytize the pathogen

The figure illustrates the sites of lymphocyte precursor production, the site where T cells are processed, the site where B cells are processed, and an eventual location for the lymphocytes. Label each site

Top left - Site of processing lymphocyte precursors to become B cells Top Right - Site of processing lymphocyte precursors to become T cells Bottom Right - Both T and B cells later reside in lymph organs such as lymph nodes

Plasma cells are B cells that produce antibodies

True

The secondary immune response to a previously encountered pathogen is swifter and stronger than the primary immune response

True

Lymph differs from plasma in that

plasma has more protein than lymph.