A+P II Ch. 16 Study Guide
Which of the following is part of the adaptive immune response
Production of antibodies
Stops tumor growth, releases growth factors, causes fever (with bacterial infection), stimulates T and B cell differentiation
Tumor necrosis factor
Click and drag each characteristic into the appropriate box, describing each type of hypersensitivity
Type I - IgE and mast cells, symptoms due to histamine and other mediators, hay fever, for example Type II - Lysis of antigen due to complement, transfusion reaction, for example Type III - Antibody-antigen complexes lodge in small vessels, autoimmune reactions for example Type IV - Involves cellular immune response, about 48 hours from exposure to symptoms, dermatitis, for example
The lymph nodes of the axillary region receive lymph mainly from the
Upper limb and mammary gland
The receptors on cytotoxic T cells bind to
Viral Antigens and Class I MHC
Immunity that occurs following vaccination with an antigen is called
Artificially acquired active immunity
Immunity acquired with the injection of antibodies from another source is called
Artificially acquired passive immunity
Injections of gamma globulin are sometimes given to provide
Artificially acquired passive immunity
What term is used for disorders resulting from the immune system attacking "self" cells
Autoimmune diseases
Filter lymph from upper limbs, mammary glands, upper wall of abdomen, wall of thorax
Axillary lymph nodes
B cells are activated by (1) the binding of their antigen and (2) interaction with
Helper T cells
Macrophages that are displaying a pathogenic antigen will interact with __________ which then continue the immune response
Helper T cells
Isograft
Identical twin
Antibodies are found in exocrine gland secretions, such as within the nose, breathing passages, digestive tract, ears, eyes, and vagina. They defend against bacteria and viruses
IgA
The primary cells of the immune response are the T and B cells. T and B cells are what type of cell
Lymphocytes
The cells that are primarily responsible for immunity are
Lymphocytes and macrophages
Interacts Directly with Antigen
Macrophage, B cell, antibody
Name the cells included in the mononuclear phagocytic system. (Check all that apply.)
Macrophages, monocytes, eosinophils, lymphocytes
Immunity resulting when one's own immune system responds to an antigen encountered through normal routes is called
Naturally acquired active immunity
Immunity in a newborn due to the passing of maternal antibodies through the placenta is called
Naturally acquired passive immunity
Newborns can acquire __________ immunity through breast milk
Passive
Cytotoxic T cells produce __________ which creates holes in the cell membranes of target cells
Perforin
What type of cell produces antibodies
Plasma Cells
B cells divide and differentiate into __________ which produce and secrete antibodies
Plasma cells
Low-grade fever is an effective defense for short periods of time because it
increases temperature, which slows the growth of bacteria
Macrophages secrete __________ which then activates __________
interleukin-1 ; helper T cells
Which cells can act as antigen-presenting cells
macrophages and B cells
Helper T cells secrete __________ to stimulate the proliferation of B cells
Cytokines
Name the immune cell that interacts with and kills an infected "self" cell
Cytotoxic T cell
Helper T cells stimulate the proliferation of
Cytotoxic T cells and B cells
Which of the following is not a mechanical barrier against microorganisms
Diarrhea
Xenograft
Different species
Class II MHC antigens are found in the membranes of
Antigen-presenting cells, thymus cells, and activated T cells
Helper T cells interact with target cells by recognizing __________ on their cell surfaces
Antigen/MHC Complexes
Foreign substances that elicit an immune response are called
Antigens
Classify each item as a feature of innate defense or adaptive defense
Adaptive - T and B lymphocytes, antibodies, antigen-presenting cells, response to antigen Innate - Barriers, NK cells, mononuclear phagocytic system, fever, interferons, complement
Class I MHC antigens are found in the membranes of
All body cells except RBCs
What term refers to any molecule that elicits an immune response?
Antigen
Phagocytic cells such as macrophages digest a pathogen, then insert a bit of pathogenic antigen on their cell membrane. In this role, these cells are described as being __________ cells
Antigen-presenting
A macrophage that has phagocytized and displayed the antigen on its surface is acting as a(n)
Antigen-presenting cell
Drag each label to the appropriate box to indicate if the label is associated with B cells or T cells. Labels can be used more than once
B Cells - Bone marrow, type of lymphocyte, 20-30% of circulating lymphocytes T Cells - Cytotoxic cells, helper cells, thymus, bone marrow, type of lymphocyte, 70-80% of circulating lymphocytes
Interacts with Antigen Bound to Antigen-Presenting Cell
B cell, helper T cell, Cytotoxic cell
The lymphatic system has several diverse functions. Vessels called lymphatic _________ , found in most tissues, drain excess ______, thus helping with fluid balance Several lymphatic organs, including the thymus, _____ , and lymph nodes, have roles in defending the body against pathogens An additional role for the lymphatic system is the absorption of _____ from the digestive system. These molecules are too large to be absorped into the blood, and so are carried via the lymph to the venous system
Capillaries, tissue fluid Spleen Fats
Cytotoxic T cells mount an immune response against
Cells that display foreign proteins on their surface
Lymph nodes are grouped throughout the body except in the
Central nervous system
Filter lymph from scalp, face, nasal cavities, and pharynx
Cervical lymph nodes
Interferons and complement proteins are examples of
Chemical Barriers
Cell membrane proteins called _______ histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens are found on antigen-presenting cells, thymus cells, and activated T cells. The _______ MHC antigens are found on membranes of all body cells, except red blood cells
Class II Class I
Antibodies binding to their antigen can activate complement. This, in turn, leads to opsonization of the antigen-antibody complexes. What is meant by opsonization
Coating antibody-antigen complexes, making them more easily phagocytized by macrophages and neutrophils
Antimicrobial substances; bind to sugar groups on pathogen; enhance phagocytosis
Collectins
Stimulate bone marrow to produce lymphocytes
Colony-stimulating factors
Group of proteins that, when activated, stimulate inflammation and phagocytosis
Complement
The labels describe either a primary or secondary immune response. Drop each label into the appropriate box
Days after exposure - Primary response, IgM made first, then IgG, follows first encounter with antigen, measurable antibody concentration in 5-10 days Days after re-exposure - Secondary response, antibodies produced for several weeks, only IgG produced, follows second and subsequent encounters with antigen, memory cells involved, measurable antibody concentration in 1-2 days
Antimicrobial substances that put holes in pathogen cell membranes
Defensins
Antigen-presenting cells include: (Check all that apply.)
Dendritic Cells, macrophages, B cells
Absence or blockage of lymph vessels in a body region leads directly to what condition
Edema
The supratrochlear lymph nodes are located near the
Elbow
Innate defenses are
Fast and nonspecific
A chemical called endogenous pyrogen may be released from lymphocytes that are responding to a pathogen. What does this compound cause
Fever
The function(s) of lymph nodes include
Filter lymph, Immune surveillance, Filter Blood
In a typical blood capillary bed, the balance of hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures results in _________ occurring at the arterial end of the capillaries and ________ occurring at the venous end. Overall, ________ from the plasma normally exceeds ________, resulting in the net formation of tissue fluid
Filtration, reabsorption Filtration, reabsorption
Consider the types of defense. Drop each label into the flow chart to indicate whether it is a first, second, or third line of defense
First line of defense - Mechanical barriers Second line of defense - Chemical barriers, NK cells, Inflammation, Phagocytosis, Fever Third line of defense - Cellular immune response, humoral immune response
Drop each label into the appropriate box, indicating which class of immunoglobulin is being described. Some labels are used more than once
IgA - In excocrine gland secretions, defends against viruses and bacteria, in breast milk, tears, nasal fluid, gastric juice, urine IgG - Crosses placenta, defends against viruses, bacteria, and toxins, activates complement proteins IgE - In exocrine gland secretions, promotes inflammation and allergic reactions IgM - Activates complement proteins, causes agglutination in transfusion reactions IgD - On surface of most B lymphocytes, functions in B cell activation
Name the immunoglobulin classes that are found in secretions
IgA and IgE
Antibodies are found as surface receptors on most B-cells
IgD
Antibodies are found in the lungs, skin, and mucous membranes. This type of antibody is involved in allergies
IgE
Antibodies are found in all body fluids and are the smallest but most abundant of the antibodies. They activate the complement system
IgG
The most abundant type of immunoglobulin is
IgG
Antibodies are the first type of antibody produced in response to an infection. They activate the complement system
IgM
Cytotoxic T cells target and destroy
Infected "self" cells
The changes that occur in infected or injured tissue (redness, swelling, heat, pain) are due to the process of
Inflammation
Filter lymph from lower limbs, lower abdominal wall, external genitalia
Inguinal lymph nodes
Henry has a cut on his thigh that becomes infected. As a result, the lymph nodes in his __________ enlarge
Inguinal region
Block viral replication, stimulate macrophages to engulf viruses, stimulate B cells to produce antibodies, attack cancer cells
Interferons
Released by virally infected cells; protects nearby uninfected cells
Interferons
Control lymphocyte differentiation and proliferation
Interleukins
Allograft
Same Species
Memory T and B cells function in what type of response
Secondary immune response
Autograft
Self
Mechanical barriers include
Skin and mucous membranes
Indicate where in the lymph nodes the listed cell types are found by dragging labels to the appropriate boxes. Some labels are used more than once
Subcapsule - Macrophages, B cells Medulla - Macrophages, T cells Germinal Centers in Cortex - B cells
Filter lymph from hands and wrists
Supratrochlear lymph nodes
Fluid is kept from accumulating in tissue spaces by
The lymphatic system
How do cytotoxic T cells recognize that a cell is infected with a virus and needs to be destroyed?
The presence of foreign (viral) proteins on the target cell surface
What is the first component(s) of the immune system to decline with age
Thymus
Macrophages have a role in both innate and adaptive defenses. What is the function of macrophages during infection by a pathogen
To phagocytize the pathogen
The figure illustrates the sites of lymphocyte precursor production, the site where T cells are processed, the site where B cells are processed, and an eventual location for the lymphocytes. Label each site
Top left - Site of processing lymphocyte precursors to become B cells Top Right - Site of processing lymphocyte precursors to become T cells Bottom Right - Both T and B cells later reside in lymph organs such as lymph nodes
Plasma cells are B cells that produce antibodies
True
The secondary immune response to a previously encountered pathogen is swifter and stronger than the primary immune response
True
Lymph differs from plasma in that
plasma has more protein than lymph.