`AP Psych Ch 12 and 13
Bipolar Disorder
(formerly manic depression) symptoms- (mania) hyperactivity, wild optimism, rapid speech, may have psychotic features -may correlate with other risky behaviors such as drugs, gambling, and sex -bipolar I, II, cyclothymic
rule of thirds
-1/3 get better after 1 or 2 psychotic episodes -1/3 get better with medication and supervision -1/3 never get better which leads to institutionalization
Dissociative Disorders
-Psychogenic Amnesia -Fugue -Dissociative Identity Disorder
Psychogenic Amnesia
-created in the mind symptoms- inability to recall patient personal info -due to a traumatic event
paranoid schizophrenia
-delusions and hallucinations -persecution/ grandiosity -disorganized -word salad, bizarre behaviors, flat or inappropriate emotions
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
-depression that occurs at the same time of the year -mostly due to winter but not always -latitude of location is important to amount of sunlight -light exposure therapy
psychodynamic therapy
-face to face -shorter theory -de emphasis of sex
Suicide with Major Depressive Disorder
-globally -more common in rural areas
OCD
-ritualized behavior -obsession= repetitive thoughts symptoms- compulsion- repetitive action neatness, drive for perfection that may ruin their lives
operant conditioning
-skinner -token economy -behavior modification -extrinsic vs intrinsic
DID
-symptoms are identity confusions which include at least 2 or more personality alters
Hypochondriasis
-symptoms- preoccupation with the fear/idea of having a serious disease based on the persons misinterpretations of bodily symptoms
negative symptoms
-things that should be there are missing, (ex emotions) -inappropriate emotions or actions, emotional disturbances, flat affect (laughter at funerals, etc), bizare motor behavior, catatonia- waxy flexibility - negative symptoms can be a result of schizophrenia or the medication
stress inoculation training
1) education about stress 2) skill acquisition (aka problem solving and communication) 3) application
antisocial personality disorder
A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.
systematic desensitization
A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.
Cognitive Therapy
Aaron Beck Cognitive Triad -situational (not dispositional)
Drew's depression seems an outgrowth of his belief that everyone should like him. If his therapist were to utilize REBT, how might he proceed in treating Drew's depression?
C) He would challenge Drew's belief so that in defending it Drew will recognize just how absurd it sounds.
humanism
Carl Rogers -goal of human growth -self actualization + self realization -conscious -focuses on future more than past
Ezra always goes shopping with Maria. Because Ezra has no confidence in her own decisions, she lets Maria decide what she should buy, and pays for clothes for Maria with the money she was saving for a haircut. Ezra shows signs of which of the following personality disorders
Depedent
Anxiety Disorders
GAD Panic Disorder Phobia OCD PTSD
Somatoform Disorders
Hypochondriasis Conversion Schizophrenia
Mood Disorders
Major Depressive Disorder Seasonal Affective Disorder Bipolar Disorder
schizotypal personality disorder
Person has several traits that causes interpersonal problems, including inappropriate affect, paranoid/magical thinking, off beliefs
Research on anxiety disorders indicates that
Some people are more genetically predisposed than others to develop anxiety disorders
Albert Ellis Rational Emotive Therapy
Type of cognitive therapy, that focuses on changing the clients irrational beliefs
Lithium Carbonate
a chemical used to counteract mood swings of bipolar disorder
A soldier who experiences sudden blindness after seeing his buddies killed in battle is best diagnosed with
a conversion disorder
client-centered therapy
a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)
histrionic personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being the center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior
schizoid personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion
aversive conditioning
a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)
ABC's of Treatment
actual event of adversity belief system consequential feeling
virtual reality exposure therapy
an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking
what disorder is culturally dependent
anorexia
Herb lied easily as a child, he considers himself good with the ladies, has little remorse for his actions, and has repeated trouble with authority figures, his likely diagnosis is
antisocial personality disorder
the distinctive term psychopath refers to an individual with
antisocial personality disorder
Cluster B personality disorders
antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
in an effort to help a child overcome a fear of dogs, a ____ therapist might pair a trigger stimulus with a new stimulus that causes a response that is incompatible with fear
behavior
intrinsic
belonging naturally; essential
Causes of schizophrenia
biology - 1% of population has is, it runs in families -either too much or not enough dopamine -too much = positive symptoms -not enough= negative symptoms -excess brain fluid -prenatal mutations -drug/alcohol use
causes of anxiety
biology, genetics predisposition, neurology- low serotonin and GABA levels, and evolution
which disorder is more commonly diagnosed in females than males
borderline behavior disorder
narcissistic personality disorder
characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with fantasies of success or power, and a need for constant attention or admiration
the DSM is used for
classifying disorders
borderline personality disorder
condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control
bio-psycho-social model
contemporary perspective that assumes biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders
GAD
continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability across many areas of life functioning -not caused by a particular event or situation, or substance or medical issues
behavioral therapy
counter-conditioning (pavlov + watson) -exposure therapy -systematic desensitization
Schizophrenia
disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions -word salad, disturbed perceptions, hallucinations
most conventional antipsychotic drugs are similar enough to the molecules of the neurotransmitter ____________ to occupy receptor sites and block its activity
dopamine
claustrophobia
fear of enclosed or narrow spaces
acrophobia
fear of heights
agoraophobia
fear of open spaces and interactions with other people
ophidiophobia
fear of snakes
arachnaphobia
fear of spiders
Interpersonal Theory
focuses on current relationships and not past
Jenna is telling her therapist about the dream she had last night, and her therapist begins to interpret it for her. Which approach to psychotherapy does Jenna's therapist probably represent?
gestalt
id, ego, superego
id- bad decisions ego- middle ground superego- good decisions
catatonic schizophrenia
immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike repeating of another's speech or movements -chronic, slow developing,
free association
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
In treating depression, a psychiatrist would probably prescribe a drug that would
increase levels of norepinephrine
projective tests in psychoanalysis
ink blots, dream analysis, hypnosis
Doug was unable to tell the difference between right and wrong, which definition of abnormal behavior is described in this example
insanity
drawback of group therapy
it does not require the services of a mental health professional
self realization
learning about and developing the self to the fullest possible extent
Gender differences with Major Depressive Disorder
more women attempt, but men are 4x more likely to commit
Age differences in Major Depressive Disorder
mostly males over 75
extrinsic
not inherent of essential
what disorder has excessive levels of dopamine
paranoid schizophrenia
Cluster A personality disorders
paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
biomedical therapy
prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system
proactive preventive services available from many community mental health centers include all of the following except
psychoanalytic therapy
which kind of therapist would be the most likely to notes the following in a session, "blocks in the flow of free association indicate resistance"
psychodynamic
actions, beliefs, and consequences are involved in
rational emotive therapy
positive symptoms
recognizable issues, word salad, disturbed perceptions, hallucinations, symptoms can depend on how they're helped
the behavioral approach attributes the cause of abnormal behavior to
reinforcement of maladaptive behaviors learned through experience
Evidence that symptoms of dissociative identity disorder are triggered by the suggestions and leading questions of therapists most clearly points out the importance of ________ in the onset of this disorder.
role-playing
a drug receptor that blocks dopamine would most likely be used to treat
schizophrenia
manual is extremely shy and so easily embarrassed when he is with other people that he often avoids college classes to avoid social interactions. This a form of a(n)
social phobia
A rape victim may experience a panic attack when she sees anyone wearing a red coat, facial hair, or cologne that reminds her of her attacker. This reaction best illustrates the process of
stimulus generalization
The vicious cycle of depression is often initiated by
stressful life experiences
Panic Disorder
sudden episodes of dread, terror, chest pains, difficulty breathing, diziness -panic attacks -anxiety caused by the fear of having an attack -may lead to agoraphobia
Conversion Disorder
symptoms- a loss of voluntary motor/sensory functions -types include, blindness, paralysis, deafness, laryngitis
Fugue
symptoms- amnesia and travel - may assume a new identity and or new job
Major Depressive Disorder
symptoms- depressed mood, diminished interest, weight loss/gain, too much sleep, too little/too much sleep, suicidal thoughts
PTSD
symptoms- nightmares, persistent fears, troubling memories -caused by a traumatic event -rape, war, death of a loved one
phobia
terror, avoidance, panic, apprehension, chest pains, difficulty breathing fear is consistent for at least 6 months
Comorbidity
the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual
the main difference between GAD and panic disorder is
the duration of the symptoms
self-actualization
the motivation to fulfill one's potential
psychopharmacology
the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
Goal of psychoanalytic therapy
to bring unconscious conflicts to conscious awareness and gain insight
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the manic state of bipolar 1 disorder
too much sleep
paranoid personality disorder
type of personality disorder characterized by extreme suspiciousness or mistrust of others
psychoanalysis
unconscious conflicts are what causes abnormal behavior through repression because of trauma freuds theories (classical)
paranoid personality disorder is characterized by
unwarranted suspiciousness and mistrust of other people
in contrast to a clinical psychologist, a psychiatrist is more likely to
use a biomedical/somatic treatment
Racial Differences with Major Depressive Disorder
white Americans more likely to have it
