ap psych midterm
Which of the following is a circadian rhythm?
A cycle of biological functioning that lasts about 25 hours
The depletion of which of the following neurotransmitters is most closely associated with the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease?
Acetylcholine
Sally says that her dream about going to a circus is just her brain attempting to make sense of random stimulation from the brain stem. Sally's explanation is consistent with which of the following theories of dreaming?
Activation-synthesis
Electrically stimulating a rat's amygdala would most likely produce which of the following?
Aggression
Which of the following statements concerning sleep is valid?
Individuals do not typically act out their dreams.
If an individual has lost the ability to feel pain in the left arm, there is most likely damage to what area of the brain?
Right parietal lobe
Elizabeth picks up the clothes from her bedroom floor and puts them away to avoid her mother's repeated nagging. Elizabeth's behavior is being influenced by
negative reinforcement
Dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine are all
neurotransmitters that excite or inhibit a neural signal across a synapse
The brain's ability to adapt after it is damaged is known as
plasticity
Which of the following is an explanation of why travelers suffer from jet lag?
There is a disruption in their circadian rhythm.
In a set of studies, Ivan Pavlov first touched a dog lightly on the side of its body and a few seconds later placed vinegar on the dog's tongue. The vinegar made the dog salivate. After several pairings of touch and vinegar, the dog began to salivate as soon as it was touched and before it was given the vinegar. In these studies which of the following was the conditioned stimulus?
Touch to the body
Damage to the cerebellum would most likely result in which of the following problems?
A loss of motor coordination
Which of the following is classified as an antagonist?
A tricyclic antidepressant, because they block serotonin and norepinephrine transporters.
For every twenty cell phones that Tom sells, he will get a $50 bonus. The bonuses are an example of which of the following types of reinforcement schedules?
Fixed ratio
The nature-nurture issue is best exemplified by which of the following questions?
Is level of intelligence the result of one's environment and specific learning, or is it a result of biological maturation?
In adult humans, which of the following is typically true of REM sleep?
It is correlated with dreaming.
A sudden inability to remember how to tie a certain kind of knot indicates a deficit in which kind of memory?
Procedural
Which of the following is NOT a product of learning?
Squinting in bright light
Based only on the variable described for each of the following pairs of individuals, which individuals are most likely to show different facial expressions when experiencing the same emotion?
Two individuals who are from different cultures that have different display rules for the emotion
A person will most likely develop aphasia as a result of damage to which of the following parts of the brain?
Wernicke's area
Which of the following best describes the primacy effect?
When people have better recall of things that occur at the beginning of a sequence.
Jerome does not like his English teacher, and he believes that the teacher thinks that he is not a good student. As a result, Jerome slouches at his desk and gazes out the window instead of paying attention in class. Jerome's behavior is most representative of
a self-fulfilling prophecy
The principles of operant conditioning are best illustrated by
a token economy to reinforce adaptive behaviors
Reuptake of a neurotransmitter refers to
absorption of the neurotransmitter into the terminal buttons of the sending neuron
The explanation that holds that dreams are merely the brain's attempt to make sense of meaningless patterns of brain activity during sleep is called the
activation-synthesis theory
During English class, Caleb is worried about an unfinished history project he needs to turn in later in the day. While the English teacher and other students discuss a short story the class just read, Caleb's attention is focused on how to finish the history project. The next day he is unable to recall the short story details presented in English class. The recall problem is most likely due to
encoding failure
Chuck recalls the day last summer when he fell off his bicycle and scraped his knee. This is an example of
episodic memory
Barney is a somewhat distractible second-grade student who finds schoolwork a bit boring. After a couple of minutes of working silently, Barney often starts to misbehave until his teacher, Ms. Skinner, calls his name and scolds him. However, he enjoys this attention from her and continues to misbehave. With respect to Barney's misbehavior, Ms. Skinner's attention serves as
positive reinforcement
In elementary school, Lisa learned to speak some Japanese in addition to English. As a sophomore in high school, Lisa took a class in Chinese. She found that some of the new vocabulary was difficult to learn because her earlier Japanese vocabulary was competing with the new Chinese words. This situation best illustrates
proactive interference
People who have difficulty remembering recently learned materials because of similar information learned earlier in life are demonstrating the phenomenon of
proactive interference
According to research on motivation, employers are most likely to ensure high performance and job satisfaction from their workers if the employers
redesign jobs to increase workers' responsibility and flexibility
Ted is hiking along a mountain trail when he sees a large snake slithering across the path ahead of him. According to the James-Lange theory, after seeing the snake, Ted will most likely
start trembling and then feel fear without explicitly processing the snake
Hunger and eating are primarily regulated by which of the following?
The hypothalamus
Damage to which of the following brain structures may cause the inability to detect the emotional significance of facial expressions, especially those demonstrating fear?
Amygdala
The following item refers to a snake frightening Ted. Ted is hiking along a mountain trail when he sees a large snake slithering across the path ahead of him. Which of the following brain structures is most closely associated with Ted's fear response?
Amygdala
Malia is 10 years of age, and her grandmother, Anna Rosa, is 60 years old. Which statement is likely to be true concerning their sleep patterns?
Anna Rosa sleeps fewer hours per day than Malia does.
Which of the following correctly pairs subdivisions within the major divisions of the human nervous system?
Autonomic . . sympathetic and parasympathetic
Areas that have a large prevalence of malaria, such as Africa, have a high frequency of children who have sickle cell anemia or are carriers of the trait. What role does the concept of natural selection play in this trend?
Being a carrier of, or having sickle cell anemia is adaptive in this region, because it protects against malaria. Subsequently, children born with sickle cell anemia are less likely to die from malaria.
Sam has shown some marked changes in the way he is able to communicate after having a stroke. He knows what he wants to say, but his speech is slow and labored. Sam's grammar is also quite poor. The part of Sam's brain that most likely sustained damage is
Broca's area
Which of the following parts of the brain is most active in decision-making?
Cerebral cortex
Which of the following allows the examination of living brain tissue visually without performing surgery?
Computerized axial tomography
A person with damage to Broca's area would most likely demonstrate which of the following symptoms?
Difficulty with speech production
Neurotransmitters that function like the drug morphine and are involved in pain modulation include which of the following?
Endorphins
Which of the following groups of characteristics best describes the REM sleep stage?
Fast breathing, relatively high heart rate, relatively high blood pressure
Jeff lives in the United States, and he recently flew to Spain. Even after sleeping for several hours on the flight, he still felt lethargic for a few days. If Jeff has not caught an illness, which of the following is the most likely explanation for his physical response?
His circadian rhythm has been disrupted.
Juana accidentally touched a hot iron. She immediately drew back her hand. Which of the following is true about the withdrawal of her hand?
It was initiated in the spinal cord.
REM sleep, generally an "active" state of sleep, is accompanied by which of the following paradoxical characteristics?
Lowered muscle tone
Rafael has a sleep disorder for which he takes medically prescribed amphetamines. For which of the following sleep disorders is Rafael most likely being treated?
Narcolepsy
Beth received a hemispherectomy to treat a seizure disorder when she was two years old. However, by the time she was five years old, her cognitive abilities were the same as those of a neurotypical five year old. Which of the following best explains her abilities?
Neuroplasticity
Which of the following terms refers to the brain's ability to physically change over time in reaction to experiences?
Neuroplasticity
Which of the following are involved in regulating circadian rhythms?
Photoreceptors, hypothalamus, pineal gland
Which of the following provides information regarding brain function by monitoring the brain at work through metabolism of glucose?
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Significant damage to which of the following parts of the brain will most likely cause a person to fall into a deep coma from which the person will be unable to awaken?
Reticular formation
The drugs that block the reabsorption of neurotransmitters in the synapse during neural transmission are
SSRIs
A patient reports constant sleepiness. A series of tests reveal that the patient's sleep is frequently disrupted by periods of interrupted breathing and brief awakenings. Which of the following diagnoses would account for such symptoms?
Sleep apnea
During the night, Alicia stops breathing repeatedly, frequently gasps for air, and snores loudly at regular intervals. Alicia is most likely suffering from which of the following conditions?
Sleep apnea
Which of the following are NOT part of a neuron?
Synapses
What hormone seems to be most closely linked with aggressive behavior?
Testosterone
Split-brain research has illustrated which of the following?
The left hemisphere of the brain is responsible for language in most people.
Sara had an argument with her coworker, Adam. That night, Sara had a dream that she was shopping at a mall and Adam was in every store in which she shopped. A psychoanalyst would say that Adam's being at the mall in her dream was an example of which of the following?
The manifest content
Which of the following occurs when a neuron is stimulated to its threshold?
The movements of sodium and potassium ions across the membrane creates an action potential.
Neurotransmitters are typically stored in which of the following parts of a neuron?
The terminal buttons
Which of the following assertions is best supported by empirical evidence?
The two cerebral hemispheres are specialized to process different types of cognitive tasks.
The biological clock that operates in human beings to adjust their functioning to night-and-day periodicity is referred to as
a circadian rhythm
An individual was admitted to the hospital after experiencing a mild tingling on the right side ofthe face and a sudden inability to speak. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a doctor would likely find
an abnormality in the brain tissue of the left hemisphere
A drug that has the effect of intensifying or mimicking a particular neurotransmitter can be characterized as
an agonist, because it intensifies the effects of a particular neurotransmitter
Judy believes that her fate is determined by her own actions. Judy's belief best illustrates
an internal locus of control
Curare blocks action at acetylcholine synapses and causes paralysis. This drug is an example of an
antagonist
Difficulty in typing smoothly on a keyboard would most likely result from damage to the
cerebellum
The autonomic nervous system is most directly involved in
digesting food
Incentive theories of motivation explain the desire of people to achieve goals in terms of
external stimuli that have the capacity to affect behavior
Sigmund Freud believed that dream analysis was a useful device for
gaining insight into unconscious motives
The brain scans of people with amnesia are most likely to show damage to the
hippocampus
The part of the endocrine system that is responsible for overseeing and regulating the release of hormones across the entire body is the
hypothalamus
The pituitary gland is controlled by the
hypothalamus
Sleep paralysis typically occurs in people who are
in REM sleep
Brain lateralization refers to the
inclination for certain cognitive processes to be specialized to one hemisphere of the brain or the other
The primary effect of the myelin sheath is to
increase the velocity of conduction of the action potential along the axon
Many common antidepressants ease symptoms of depression by
inhibiting serotonin reuptake, which makes serotonin more available
The area of the brain stem that is important in controlling breathing is the
medulla
The process by which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed into the neuron after it fires is called
reuptake
The division of the nervous system that most directly allows voluntary muscle movement is the
somatic
Ben was enjoying a walk in the woods on a beautiful Saturday afternoon. As he went around a curve, he noticed a bear walking toward him. Immediately his pupils dilated, he began to perspire, and his heart accelerated. These changes are most closely related to the function of the
sympathetic nervous system
Immediately after firing, a neuron is incapable of responding to stimulation. This condition is referred to as
the absolute refractory phase
During neuronal firing, the part of the neuron that acts as an insulator and conductor to speed the electrical impulse as it travels down the axon is
the myelin sheath
The time shortly after a neuron fires is referred to as
the refractory period
Damage to the occipital lobe would most likely affect a person's
vision
Damage to a small part of the occipital lobe would most likely result in a
visual deficit
Which of the following responses was most likely acquired through classical conditioning?
A child's fear of dogs after the child has been bitten by a dog
Which of the following is the best example of shaping?
A teacher rewards a student for sitting quietly for ten minutes on Monday, fifteen minutes on Tuesday, twenty minutes on Wednesday, and thirty minutes on Thursday.
Gustav was out for his daily walk when he was approached by a thief who demanded his wallet. He immediately felt an increase in his breathing and heart rate. Which of the following accurately describes Gustav's physiological response?
Alarm reaction
Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the role of context effects in memory?
Amy studied for a vocab test in the same classroom and at the same time of day as the normal class, and she performed better than students who studied in different classrooms under different conditions.
Which of the following best supports the hypothesis that basic human emotions, such as sadness, are innate?
Basic emotions are understood and expressed in a similar fashion by individuals from diverse cultures.
Xander can no longer stomach the taste of sushi after he vomited from eating a spoiled serving of it. However, the appearance of sushi does not make him sick. Which of the following best accounts for why Xander becomes sick upon tasting sushi but not seeing sushi?
Biological predisposition, because this example illustrates taste aversion.
During a political debate, Candidate A expresses detailed facts on an important issue. Candidate B responds with an emotional appeal on the same issue. Which method of persuasion is each candidate using?
Candidate A is using the central route, and Candidate B is using the peripheral route.
After school, George and his friends complain of intense hunger. They go to George's home and immediately open his refrigerator to look for a snack. Which of the following is a theory of motivation that best explains their behavior?
Drive reduction
Homeostasis is most closely associated with which motivation theory?
Drive-reduction theory
An individual experiencing a low blood-glucose level would be best advised to do which of the following?
Eat a snack
Which of the following psychologists is most strongly associated with research on false memories?
Elizabeth Loftus
Dr. Rudolph's class has a big test coming up next week. Which of the following students is using a studying strategy that is most likely to lead to memory consolidation?
Elizabeth studies for a half hour before she goes to bed each night the week before the exam.
In the James-Lange theory of emotion, which of the following immediately precedes an emotion?
Experience of physiological changes
A rat always completes a maze successfully but is only rewarded every third trial. The rat is being rewarded using which of the following reinforcement schedules?
Fixed-ratio
Four-year-old Scott fell down the stairs at his grandmother's house. Although he was not badly hurt, he was very frightened. Now, whenever his parents mention visiting his grandmother's house, he feels anxious and fearful. In classical conditioning terms, what are the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the scenario, respectively?
Grandmother's house; falling
A hostile person with a type A personality is most at risk for developing which of the following?
Heart disease
After Doug witnessed two cars involved in a car accident, a police officer asked Doug how fast the cars were going when the accident happened. According to research by Elizabeth Loftus, which of the following questions could the officer ask that would make Doug most susceptible to the misinformation effect?
How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other.
Hillary glances at a graph and then turns her head away less than a second later. When she tries to immediately remember what she saw, which of the following types of memory does Hillary use?
Iconic memory
Emiko's cat often meows for food. Emiko decides to eliminate the behavior by feeding the cat only when it does not meow. Over the next few weeks, she sometimes ignores the cat when it meows. Other times, she feeds the cat when it meows. Which of the following is the most reasonable prediction to make about the cat's meowing for food?
It will increase due to a variable schedule of reinforcement.
Which of the following is the best example of the learning principle of reinforcement?
James drank coffee before he took and passed a difficult test with a high grade, so now he drinks coffee before every test he takes because he believes doing so will help him score well on the tests.
Jasmine is worried about an upcoming exam. Which scenario best illustrates emotion-focused coping?
Jasmine reaches out to her friends for comfort to reduce her stress.
Which of the following best illustrates Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve?
Laurence studied for his first Spanish test by sitting down and cramming for two hours, and he studied for the second Spanish test by spacing out his studying for 30 minutes over the course of a week. He did better on the second test than the first.
Leo and Caitlin are both experiencing feelings about their date tonight. Leo has had bad dates lately, and so he feels fear and dejection. Caitlin, meanwhile, has had very good dates, and so she feels excited and happy. According to Richard Lazarus' appraisal theory,
Leo and Caitlin have an immediate unconscious interpretation of the scenario, which leads them to simultaneously both label their feelings as either positive or negative and have the appropriate physiological response
When studying for a vocabulary test, Catherine read one of her vocabulary words and its definition aloud several times. About twenty seconds later, she still remembered the word's meaning, but then she moved on to the next word in the list without engaging in any further strategies to enhance her memory. The next day, she tested herself on the same vocabulary word at the same time, in the same mood, and in the same location as when she had first studied the word, but she could not remember its definition. It is most likely that Catherine could not remember the word because she failed to engage which of the following memory functions?
Long-term memory, because Catherine failed to encode the word, therefore, the word did not become part of her long term memory.
Which of the following most clearly demonstrates social learning theory?
Mavis learns a line dance by watching her friends perform it.
Which of the following behaviors best demonstrates an emotional response associated with the short route from the thalamus to the amygdala, as described by Joseph LeDoux?
Miguel jumps up on a chair because he thinks he sees something moving along the wall. When he realizes it was just a dust ball, he gets off the chair.
Taking a painkiller to relieve a toothache is behavior learned through which of the following processes?
Negative reinforcement
A researcher wants to test whether increasing the size of a monetary incentive will motivate a person to perform better on a skill-based task. Which of the following methods is the best way to test this question, and what result will the researcher most likely find?
Offer three different groups of participants three different payment amounts (small, medium, or large) based on their performance on a single task. The researcher will likely find that participants perform best on the task that pays the most.
In the morning, Jorge watched a cartoon about a sarcastic rabbit. Later, in his psychology class, he viewed the image above and readily identified it as a rabbit instead of a duck. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?
Priming
In which of the following scenarios is someone showing evidence of extinction in classical conditioning?
Randy was always worried about his exams in high school and felt anxiety when in the building. However, now that he is a teacher at the same high school the anxiety has gone away.
Melvin, a server at a restaurant, is in the middle of a lunch rush. He is completing orders, serving customers, and seating new guests. He has adapted to this level of stress and is coping. Which of the following terms identifies a stage in Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome that Melvin is currently experiencing?
Resistance
Melinda went skydiving. As soon as she landed, a handsome man helped her gather her parachute. Melinda's heart was beating quickly and her hands were perspiring. Melinda inferred that she must be attracted to him. Which of the following is a theory of emotion that would best explain the relationship between Melinda's physiological state and her apparent attraction to the man that helped her?
Schachter two-factor
When given a drug that produced general arousal, research participants placed in a room with a happy confederate described their emotional state as happy, while those placed in a room with an angry confederate described their emotional state as angry. Which theory of emotion best explains these results?
Schachter-Singer
Which of the following kinds of learning is indicated by the ability to recall a memorized list of unrelated words in reverse order?
Serial Learning
The terms "modeling" and "imitation" are most closely associated with which of the following?
Social learning theory
Drive reduction as a motivational concept is best exemplified by which of the following?
The injection of heroin by an addict to avoid withdrawal symptoms
When Jeremy hears that his neighbor's house has been robbed, he argues that the neighbor deserved it because he leaves his expensive electronics out where people can see them. Jeremy's belief is best explained by which of the following cognitive biases?
The just-world hypothesis
According to Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer's theory of emotion, which of the following is true?
The same physiological response can produce different emotions, depending on the context within which the response occurs and a person's interpretation of that context.
Karl goes to see Dr. Norton to help him overcome his fear of cats. Karl's fear began in childhood when he petted a cat and someone slammed a door. Every time Karl petted the cat, the door slammed. Now whenever Karl sees a cat, he becomes very anxious. In the development of Karl's fear of cats, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) ?
The slamming of the door
Which of the following explanations most clearly demonstrates an internal attribution for the reason a student fell asleep in class?
The student does not care about the class.
Firefighters are often required to walk through local buildings and drive trucks around the areas they serve as part of their training. The most likely purpose of this type of training is to develop
a cognitive map
A cancer patient becomes nauseated following chemotherapy treatments. After a few treatments, the patient begins having a sick feeling whenever entering the treatment room. The treatment room has become
a conditioned stimulus
Amanda experienced discomfort in class. She put on a sweater when she realized her discomfort was caused by the cold. Her behavior was motivated by
a drive
When a child behaves well for an entire day, the child earns a star. After acquiring fifteen stars, the child is allowed to pick a prize from a toy chest. The star is best described as
a secondary reinforcer
When Julie's boyfriend bought her a nice present, she thought, "He buys me presents because he's such a nice person." This kind of explanation is referred to as
an attribution
A complex pattern of organized, unlearned behavior that is species-specific is called
an instinct
A brain tumor that results in obesity would most likely be located in the
area of the hypothalamus
Individuals exhibiting a hostile type A personality pattern are at an increased risk for
cardiovascular disease
Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer view emotion as resulting from
cognitive labels of physiological changes
A mental image of a spatial layout is called
cognitive map
Hans grew up in Germany and later moved to Japan for a job opportunity. Back at home, he never had issues making friends or had interpersonal issues with colleagues at work, but in his new home, Hans is having difficulty interacting with his colleagues. According to psychologists who study how culture influences behavior, his difficulties most likely stem from
cultural differences in emotional expression and body language between Japan and Germany
On Diane's first day of work she was offered a cookie. When she bit into the cookie, it tasted horrible, but because she wanted to make a good impression, Diane concealed her disgust and smiled instead. Diane's reaction best illustrates
display rules
The neurotransmitter that is primarily associated with the feeling of wanting something is
dopamine
Danielle was laid off from her job six months ago and has been unsuccessful at finding a new one. The income from her long hours of temp work barely covers her bills. She has begun to have frequent cold and flu symptoms and has become depressed. Danielle is most likely in the stage of Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome known as
exhaustion
The final stage of general adaptation theory is known as
exhaustion
The view that human emotions are universal has been supported by studies of
facial expressions
B. F. Skinner's claim that the environment determines an individual's behavior was criticized for
failing to acknowledge cognitive influences on behavior
Chuck is walking down the street and someone asks him to sign a petition to put clean-air legislation on the next ballot. He decides to sign the petition. Then the person asks whether he would like to give a donation to the associated environmental group. This technique is known as
foot in the door
A researcher shows the same video of an automobile accident to two different groups of participants. Participants in group one are asked: "Did you see a broken headlight?" Participants in group two are asked: "Did you see the broken headlight?" The researcher finds that participants in group two are much more likely to recall having seen a broken headlight, even though there actually was no broken headlight in the video. The researcher is investigating the effects of which of the following on recall?
framing
Ahmet is allergic to dogs. While in the toy store he sees a stuffed toy dog and has an allergic reaction. Ahmet's reaction to the toy best demonstrates the process of
generalization
Andrene is having difficulties with her roommate. A problem-focused coping strategy for Andrene would be
going directly to her roommate to see if they can work things out
Theories of motivation that assert the existence of biological motives to maintain the body in a steady state are called
homeostatic
When Amy was seven years of age, she had a babysitter from France. During this time Amy learned to speak a little French. Years later, when Amy got to college, she signed up for a beginning French class. Amy learned the material in her French class much more quickly than her classmates did. Amy's rapid learning was most likely due to
implicit memory
Dylan has difficulty solving a physics problem in class. The next day, he suddenly thinks of a solution to the problem as he is watching a friend play the guitar. The thought process that Dylan experienced is an example of
insight learning
Carla tutors other students because she likes to be helpful, whereas Jane tutors classmates strictly for pay. Their behaviors demonstrate the difference between
intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
An animal will gain weight when
its ventromedial hypothalamus is damaged
In the first part of an experiment, one group of rats received reinforcement after correctly navigating a maze. A second group received no reinforcement after wandering around the maze. In the next part, both groups received reinforcement after navigating the maze. Despite not receiving reinforcement at the beginning of the experiment, the second group performed as well as the first. The learning that occurred in the second group in the absence of reinforcement is called
latent learning
In a two-phase study, participants were randomly assigned to either group A or group B. All participants were subjected to a series of irritating air puffs directed at the face. In the first phase of the study, participants in group A pressed a button that stopped the air puffs. Participants in group B pressed a button that had no effect on the air puffs. In the second phase of the study, both groups had buttons that, if pressed, would stop the air puffs.
learned helplessness
A basic assumption underlying short-term memory is that it is
limited in capacity?
After each bar press, a laboratory rat receives electric stimulation to its brain. The rate of bar pressing increases. This is an example of
positive reinforcement
The difference between divided attention and selective attention is that divided attention
requires more automatic processing than selective attention does
Learned helplessness is most likely to result when
responses have no effect on the environment
A teacher has to learn 170 new student names every year and finds it difficult to remember the names of former students. The teacher's memory problem most likely results from
retroactive interference
Carlos wants to lose weight but is having a hard time motivating himself to go to the gym after work because he enjoys watching movies after work instead. To increase his likelihood of going to the gym, Carlos should
reward himself immediately after going to the gym
When his team wins a basketball game, Joe says it is because his team is so good; however, when his team loses, he says it is because the referees made a lot of unfair calls. Joe is most clearly demonstrating
self-serving bias, because he sees his team as being better than it is
Dr. Roberts conducts a study in which one group of participants counts the number of syllables in each member of a list of twenty words, and the second group creates stories from the same set of words. When later asked to write down as many of the previously seen words as possible, the second group of participants recalls more words than the first group. This study shows the importance of
semantic encoding
The first time four-year-old Savannah attempted to make her bed, her father praised her for covering the pillow with a blanket. After a few times, her father began praising Savannah for covering the pillow and tucking in the corners of the sheet. Finally, Savannah's father praised her when she covered the pillow, tucked in the corners of the sheet, and smoothed the blanket. The process described in this scenario is known as
shaping
A child whose family owns a dog may refer to any four-legged animal as "dog." In learning theory, such behavior is known as
stimulus generalization
Karen had been working overtime to complete a project so that she could go skiing at the end of the month. On the day of her trip, Karen got sick with the flu and had to cancel. Stress hormones had most likely affected her immune system by
suppressing white blood cells called T lymphocytes
Katie is trying to explain to her parents why they should allow her to attend State University. She presents them with information on tuition, graduation and retention rates, financial aid, and enrollment. Katie is using
the central route to persuasion
The tendency to believe that another person's behavior is caused by dispositional factors rather than by environmental factors is called
the fundamental attribution error
The feeling that you know someone's name, but cannot quite recall it, is an example of
the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Tahani is hiking in the woods and sees some movement in the trees. She immediately tenses up. A few moments later, after she realizes that the trees were just rustling in the wind, she calms down. According to Joseph LeDoux, Tahani's reaction is due to the fact that
there is a fast processing path that sends sensory information directly to the amygdala, causing Tahani's initial fear response, and a slower processing path that processes the content of sensory information first, which overrode Tahani's fear response
