AP Psych- Personality Modules

Define narcissism, and explain what Jean Twenge's studies have shown about the increase in narcissism across the last several decades.

Narcissism is an excessive self-love and self-absorption. Jean Twenge's studies have shown that narcissim is growing and the new generation, "Generation Me," is expressing more narcissim.

How does self-esteem differ from self-efficacy? Give an example of each.

Self-esteem is one's feelings of high or low self-worth, such as "I am fun to be with."Self-efficacy is one's sense of competence and effectiveness or one's belief in one's abilities, such as "I know I can ride this horse."

Last week, Clint scored two goals against the rival soccer team in the regional competition. When asked after the game about his goals, Clint told the school reporter that he was ranked #3 in the state and was just very skilled at the game. Last night, in the state competition, Clint was unable to score any goals. When the school reporter asked him about the game, Clint said the rain made the field too slick and the referee missed several calls. As a student of psychology, you know that Clint is affected by a .

Self-serving bias

What is "self"

The "self" is assumed to be the center of personality and the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Robert is 5 years of age. According to Freud, Robert is likely a. in the oral stage and focused on biting and sucking. b. in the phallic stage and attempting to identify with his father. c. in the anal stage and focusing on bladder control. d. in the latency stage and not interested in sexual feelings. e. in the genital stage and developing sexual interest.

b

A characteristic pattern of behavior and conscious motive, such as stubbornness, is referred to as a

trait

How does identification help children cope with the threatening feelings present during the phallic stage, according to Freud?

Children cope by identifying with the rival parent, incorporating their values into the developing superego.

Define "empirically derived" and then apply the term to the items on the MMPI.

Empirically derived means using scientific means to gather the data. The 10 clinical scales of the MMPI were established by choosing particular test items on which particular diagnostic groups differed.

Discuss the downside to excessive optimism. How is this often tempered in real-life situations? How do we prepare ourselves to receive potential bad news?

Excessive optimism can lead to blindness of risk. This is often tempered in real-life situations when the outcome is not as the optimist predicted. Negative outcomes often squash optimism. We prepare our-selves to receive bad news by bracing for feedback and our natural positive-thinking bias seems to vanish.

Explain the research studies that have supported Freud's view of a. the defense mechanism of projection b. unconsciously defending ourselves against anxiety

a. Baumeister et al. found that people tend to see their foibles and attitudes in others, a phenomenon that Freud called projection and that today's researchers call the false consensus effect. Defense mechanisms are there to protect our self image. b. One source of anxiety has been found to be the terror resulting from our awareness of vulnerability and death. Nearly 300 experiments testing terror-management theory show that thinking about one's mortality provokes various terror-management defenses

America is an example of a(n)____________ culture, while South Korea is an example of a(n)_______________ culture.

individualist collective

Jean Twenge's research on common baby names supports the contention that Americans are

individualists

According to Freud, around the age of 4 or 5, the aspect of the mind that is the voice of our moral conscience develops. He called this the ego superego the unconscious id Oedipus complex

superego

Margarite is a therapist who believes the characteristics her patients show in therapy are probably similar to those they show at home or at work. Margarite is likely a ____________ therapist.

trait

Students who blame their poor grades on the teacher's dislike of them can be said to have a _________________________attributional style.

pessimistic

displacement

shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a less threatening object or person Freud

Explain, using examples, how an individualist culture differs from a collectivist culture.

Answers will vary but should include the concept that individualist cultures give priority to one's own goals over the group goal, whereas collectivist cultures give priority to the goals of one's group before self.

According to trait theorists Costa and McCrae, what are the five basic dimensions of personality?

CANOE: Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, Extraversion.

EGO

Conscious, Reality principle, satisfying "executive" part of id's desires in a way that will personality that bring pleasure rather than pain. mediates among the id, superego, and reality.

Discuss how the data collected on newborn baby names supports Jean Twenge's assertion that Americans are experiencing increasing narcissism. How might these results simply be a reflection of a changing society?

From 1880 to 2007, the percentage of boys and girls given one of the 10 most common names for their birth year has plunged. It may just be that society's ideas about naming babies have changed, not that Americans are becoming more narcissistic.

A personality inventory that has hundreds of T/F questions grouped into 10 clinical scales is the

MMPI

The leading proponent of positive psychology is ____________________________.

Martin Seligman

Give a brief summary of each of Freud's psychosexual stages, and explain the conflicts that Freud believed were present during each.

Oral: Pleasure centers on the mouth. Anal: Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control. Phallic: Pleasure zone in the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings. Latency: A phase of dormant sexual feelings. Genital: Maturation of sexual interests.

How is personality defined?

Personality is an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

Sandra thinks everyone will notice the large pimple on her cheek and is very anxious about going to school. At the end of the day she is certain all of her classmates have been talking about her pimple when in reality not a single person noticed. Having studied psychology, you know that Sandra is falling victim to the ____________.

Spoltlight effect

Oral stage of psychosexual

Stage 0-18 months of life. Pleasure centers on the mouth Freud

ID

Strives to satisfy Pleasure principle, demanding basic sexual and immediate gratification. aggressive drives.

Reciprocal determinism

The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment Albert Bandura

Define the self-serving bias, and discuss research findings that support the phenomenon. Give an example from your own life.

The self-serving bias is the readiness to perceive oneself favorably—most business executives say they are more ethical than their average counterpart. In a survey of families, 49 percent of men said they provided half or more of the child care, though only 31 percent of their wives saw it that way. Personal answers will vary.

WWhat are the three components of reciprocal determinism as explained by Albert Bandura? Briefly describe each.

The three components of reciprocal determinism as explained by Albert Bandura are behavior (how we act), internal personal factors (our thoughts and feelings), and environmental factors (our family, the me-dia, friends, societal expectations, and so on).

Discuss the dangers of artificially inflated self-esteem.

There are dangers of violence and aggression when people with high-self esteem experience rejection.

Discuss what experiments reveal about the effect of low self-esteem.

Those with low self-esteem tend to be more oversensitive and judgmental. People made to feel insecure in experiments have acted more critical toward others

According to Freud, which of the following defense mechanisms underlies all the others? a. repression b. projection c. sublimation d. reaction formation e. denial

a

According to Carl Jung, humans have a collection of archetypes or images derived from our species' universal experiences. He called this the a. manifest content. b. latent content. c. collective conscious. d. collective unconscious. e. inferiority complex.

d

Jeannette is an overweight adult who eats excessively and is often found chomping loudly on gum. Freud might propose that she is fixated in the a. anal stage. b. phallic stage. c. latency stage. d. oral stage. e. genital stage.

d

narcissism

excessive self-love Twenge

Simon is asked to go skiing with friends and eagerly accepts. Although he has not skied before, he feels that he will do well because his skills as a skateboarder will transfer to skiing. Psychologists would say he has a high sense of .___________

self- efficacy

Give an example of how a therapist might treat a client with unconditional positive regard.

Answers will vary but should indicate understanding of totally accepting the client without regard to their behavior.

Explain the criticism of humanistic views.

Critics think the concepts of humanism are vague and subjective. Using the example of Maslow's self-actualized person, critics state that the definition is merely a reflection of Maslow's own ideals and be-liefs. If a different theorist created the definition of self-actualized, it may be completely different. Critics purport that the individualism encouraged by humanistic psychology can lead to selfishness. Critics also accuse humanistic psychology of being naive.

SUPEREGO

Represents Provides standards for internalized judgment and for future ideals. aspirations.

What is the purpose of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?

The MMPI is meant to assess "abnormal" personality tendencies.

Briefly describe the intent and usage of the Rorschach test. How do the responses that individuals provide differ on the TAT test from the Rorschach test?

The Rorschach asks people to describe what they see in a series of inkblots. The responses people provide may give an indication of personality traits or hopes/fears, very similar to the TAT. According to the quote in the margin, "We don't see things as they are, we see things as we are"; both tests tell us more about what the person cares about, thinks about, or how the person sees the world.

What is the Rorschach Test?

The Rorschach is a projective test in which a person is asked to describe what they see in a series of inkblots. The test seeks to identify people's inner feelings through their interpretations of the inkblots.

What is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

The TAT is a projective test in which a person is asked to tell a story about an ambiguous figure or scene. The person's inner feelings and interests are expressed in the story

Nichole was raised in a physically and emotionally abusive home for over a decade before being removed to foster care. When speaking with her social worker, she professes great love for her birth parents and praises them for their care of her. Her social worker, being a great fan of Sigmund Freud, recognizes which of the following defense mechanisms at work? a. reaction formation b. sublimation c. displacement d. regression e. rationalization

a

The terror-management theory is best defined as a. the terror resulting from our awareness of vulnerability and death. b. a method of combating the terror stemming from our childhood. c. the belief that we are in control of our terror. d. the terror that can be managed in the unconscious. e. the terror we feel when defense mechanisms fail.

a

Discuss the criticisms of projective tests such as the Rorschach and TAT.

Detractors argue that the Rorschach scores do not demonstrate validity and do not yield consistent result—they are not reliable

In what ways has modern research challenged the idea of repression?

Dozens of formal studies have yielded not a single convincing case of repression. Many who have witnessed a murder or survived a Nazi death camp still retain unrepressed memories of the horror.

Which personality dimensions are most readily associated with the work and theories of Hans and Sybil Eysenck?

Extraversion-introversionEmotional stability-instability

How is factor analysis used to condense large lists of personality traits into a manageable number of basic traits?

Factor analysis is a statistical procedure used to identify clusters of test items that tap basic components of intelligence.

Briefly explain Hazel Markus' work on possible selves. Explain why this process is important for one's devel-opment.

Markus thought possible selves include visions of the self you dream of becoming and also the self you fear becoming. She thought these selves motivated us by laying out specific goals and calling forth the energy to work toward them.

What is the goal of projective tests?

Projective tests are meant to trigger the projection of one's inner dynamics, giving insight into a person's "psychological X-ray."

Freud's use of free association was intended to a. bring out the thoughts of the superego. b. develop a relationship between the therapist and the patient. c. allow an exploration of the unconscious. d. release the patient's inhibitions. e. tap into the conscious control of the unconscious.

c

Jerry regularly drives above the speed limit to and from work and claims that most other drivers speed. Freud might call this , whereas modern research would refer to Jerry's belief as ____________________. a. sublimation; the latency effect b. rationalization; the manifest effect c. projection; the false consensus effect d. reaction formation; the latency effect e. displacement; the false consensus effect

c

Jonathan dreams of a snake that enters a cave and tells his therapist about the dream. His therapist, a psychoanalyst, interprets the dream to be sexual and tells Jonathan that he is working through anxiety relating to the act of sex. First, define manifest and latent content. Then, label both the manifest and latent content of Jonathan's dream.

According to Freud, the manifest content of the dream is that which is remembered and is thought to be the censored expression of the dream. The latent content is the dreamer's unconscious wishes. In this example, the manifest content is that a snake entered a cave while the latent content is involves sex.

Briefly describe Alfred Adler's beliefs about personality formation and discuss the ways in which his theories agreed and disagreed with Sigmund Freud's. What childhood conditions in Adler's life may have influenced his theories?

Alfred Adler agreed with Freud that childhood is important but believed that childhood social, not sexual, tension was crucial for personality formation. He proposed the idea of the inferiority complex and believed that much of our behavior is driven by efforts to conquer childhood inferiority feelings that trigger our strivings for superiority and power. Adler's own childhood illnesses and accidents may have influenced his theories.

Compare and contrast the theories of Carl Jung, Karen Horney, and Alfred Adler to those of Sigmund Freud. Discuss the aspects of Freud's theories on which they agreed and those on which they disagreed.

All agreed on the importance of childhood in personality formation. Jung, Horney, and Adler did not agree with Freud about the role sex played in personality formation. Horney did not agree with Freud's concept of penis envy

Explain how Gordon Allport differed from Sigmund Freud in his description of personality.

Allport did not focus on finding hidden motives but instead described personality in terms of fundamental traits.

Explain how the image of an iceberg illustrates the three components of Sigmund Freud's view of the mind

An iceberg shows only a small portion of its mass above water. As Freud viewed it, the mind showed only a portion of itself as consciousness. The bulk of the mind, the unconscious id, was hidden, but the superego and ego had both conscious and preconscious components.

Angelika is often unhappy with those around her and feels she misses out on much that life has to offer. She is dissatisfied with her job and her home life and is seeking help from a humanistic therapist. Most likely the therapist would begin by recognizing what about her self-concept? In what way might the therapist help Angelika?

Angelika likely has a negative self-concept. The therapist would help her to know, accept, and be true to herself.

Using Table 58.1 describe the personality characteristics of someone you know who demonstrates high levels of conscientiousness and openness and low levels of neuroticism, extraversion and agreeableness.

Answers will vary but should have indicators of high levels of conscientiousness (organized, careful, disciplined) and openness (imaginative, prefers variety and independent), as well as low levels of neuroticism (calm, secure, self-satisfied), extraversion (retiring, sober, reserved), and agreeablenss (ruthless, suspicious, uncooperative),

How might knowledge of the Big Five personality traits affect the creation of something like an online dating profile?

Answers will vary but should include the mention of any of the Big Five traits (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism) and which would be more effective in creating a dating profile that might attract a like-minded partner.

Explain how astrology and fortune telling utilize "stock" statements to produce the Barnum effect. How is this different from an empirically derived exam such as the MMPI?

Astrologers utilize stock statements—statements that are true of most all of us such as "I sense that you worry about things more than you let on"—to produce the Barnum effect, named for the circus master, P.T. Barnum, who said "We've got something for everyone." These statements are not empirically derived, and tests have shown that people will believe even bogus astrological predictions if they are favorable to them

Explain why blindness to one's own incompetence may skew one's self-perception. Why do we often fail to recognize those areas in which we are not particularly strong?

Blindness to one's own incompetence skews self-perception because it takes competence to recognize competence. If we do not recognize that we lack in certain areas, then we will not include that lack in our self-perception.

Discuss the ways in which biology and autonomic nervous system arousal are connected with personality traits.

Brain scans of extraverts suggest their normal brain arousal is relatively low, which motivates them to seek stimulation. A PET scan of frontal lobes of an extravert shows less activity—frontal lobes are in-volved in behavior inhibition.

Briefly outline Carl Jung's beliefs about personality formation and discuss the ways in which his theories agreed and disagreed with Sigmund Freud's. Explain the concepts that add to Freud's levels of consciousness and the symbols which Jung believes tie all cultures together.

Carl Jung placed less emphasis on social factors and agreed with Freud that the unconscious is a powerful influence. But Jung thought that the unconscious contains more than our repressed thoughts and feelings. He believed we also have a collective unconscious, a common reservoir of archetypal images derived from our species' universal experiences. Jung said the collective unconscious explains why spiritual concerns are deeply rooted and why people in different cultures share certain myths and images, such as "mother" as a symbol of nurturance.

Juan is investigating the link between caffeine consumption and energy levels. He asks his co-worker how many cups of coffee he drinks each day and then charts his co-worker's energy highs and lulls. Juan is conducting a __________________.

Case study

The two researchers recognized for their work on the five dimensions of personality are

Costa and McCrae

In what way have social-cognitive researchers been criticized? How have they responded to this criticism?

Critics charge that the theories focus so much on the situation that they fail to appreciate the person's inner traits.

Briefly summarize the evidence that suggests personality traits are consistent over time

Data from Roberts and DelVecchio show that traits become more stable over time. Data from 152 long-term studies show that trait scores are positively correlated with scores obtained seven years later.

According to Freud, what role do defense mechanisms serve? Which part of the personality is responsible for controlling defense mechanisms?

Defense mechanisms serve to reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting reality. They protect our self understanding. The ego is the part of the personality that is responsible.

The New Yorker cartoon on text page 558 features King Henry VIII of England and one of his six wives. King Henry called for the beheading of two of his wives for various reasons. Discuss how the cartoon describes Freud's idea that nothing is ever accidental and illustrates a "Freudian slip."

Freud believed he could glimpse the unconscious through people's slips of the tongue. In the cartoon, King Henry makes a slip in calling his queen "beheaded" instead of "beloved" and this refers to the idea that unconsciously, King Henry wanted to behead his wife.

List some of the aspects of Freud's theories that endure today

Freud brought up the unconscious and the irrational, self-protective defenses, importance of human sexuality, tension between our biological impulses and social well-being.

Why is it important to study Freud's ideas, even though many of them are no longer relevant to contemporary psychology?

Freud is important because he presumed that our childhood relations with parents, stepparents, and caregivers influence our developing identity, personality, and frailties and that holds true today

What is considered the most serious problem with Freud's theory, and why?

Freud's theory offers after-the-fact explanations of any characteristic, yet fails to predict such behaviors and traits.

Name and briefly discuss each of Carl Roger's three conditions for ideal growth:

Genuineness: open with their own feelings, transparent, and self-disclosing Acceptance: offering unconditional positive regard Empathy: sharing and mirroring others' feelings and meanings

What characteristics did Maslow find were common among those who had achieved self-actualization?

He studied healthy, creative people rather than troubled clinical cases. He based his description of selfactualization on people who were notable for their rich and productive lives. They were self-aware, self-accepting, open and spontaneous, loving and caring, and not paralyzed by others' opinions. Their interests were problem-centered rather than self-centered, and they focused their energies on one particular task regarded as their mission in life. They enjoyed just a few deep relationships and had been moved by spiritual or personal peak experiences.

Discuss the heritability of the "Big Five" personality characteristics.

Heritability varies with the diversity of people studied, but it generally runs 50 percent or a tad more for each dimension, and genetic influences are similar in different nations.

Explain the essential difference between the 1960s humanistic view on personality and the earlier emphasis on psychoanalytic and behaviorist views.

Humanistic theorists focused on the ways people strive for self-determination and self-realization. In contrast to behaviorism's scientific objectivity, they studied people through their own self-reported experiences and feelings. Unlike psychoanalysts, humanistic theorists did not focus on the unconscious drives and conflicts of the human mind.

How might Sigmund Freud explain an adult's exaggerated sarcasm?

It's an oral fixation

Briefly outline Karen Horney's beliefs about personality formation and discuss the ways in which her theories agreed and disagreed with Sigmund Freud's. Make sure to use the key terms associated with Horney's theory in your response.

Karen Horney agreed with Freud that childhood is important but believed that it was childhood social rather than sexual tension that is crucial for personality formation. Horney said childhood anxiety triggers our desire for love and security. She countered Freud's assumptions that women have weak superegos and suffer "penis envy," and attempted to balance the bias she detected in his masculine view of psychology.

In what ways have the beliefs of humanistic psychologists influenced our modern perception of personality?

Many now believe that a positive self-concept is the key to happiness and success, or that people are basi-cally good and capable of self-improvement.

Using Figure 58.1, describe four characteristics of unstable people. Briefly address why you believe these factors may lead to classification of instability.

Moody, anxious, touchy, restless—these factors may lead to a classification of instability because these are the traits that lead to impulsive or maladaptive behaviors.

What is the correct order of the stages of the psycho-sexual development according to Freud

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital

Discuss the relationship between personal control and Martin Selgiman's idea of attributional style.

Personal control is whether we learn to see ourselves as controlling or controlled by our environment. One measure of how helpless or effective we feel is how we explain events: If our attributional style is pessimistic, we attribute poor performance to our own lack of ability or to situations beyond our control. Attributional style impacts grades, self-esteem, even relationships.

Define positive psychology, and explain the work being done in this field. Who is the individual prominent in the movement?

Positive psychology is concerned not only with weakness and damage, but also with strength and virtue. Positive psychology is interested in advancing human fulfillment with scientific methodology. It explores positive well-being, positive health, positive neuroscience, and positive education. Martin Seligman is the prominent individual of this movement.

Discuss the problems and criticisms of Freud's theories

Recent research contradicts many of his specific ideas: Developmental psychologists see our development as lifelong, not fixed in childhood; they doubt infants' neural networks are mature enough to sustain as much emotional trauma as Freud assumed. Some think he overestimated parental influence and doubt that conscience and gender form as the child resolves the Oedipus complex at age 5. Freud is also criticized for his scientific shortcomings; there are not many testable hypotheses among his theories

How has the view of the unconscious changed into today's belief in dual processing?

Researchers agree that we have limited access to all that goes on in our minds, but now think of it as information processing that occurs without our awareness.

Elias is a seventeen-year-old high school student in a middle-class neighborhood. The crime rate in his neighborhood is the lowest in the state and his neighbors throw block parties and get-togethers monthly. Elias is popular in school and gets good grades. He participates in the drama program and is on the debate team. Elias has been dating a girl steadily for 6 months and they enjoy many of the same activities. All-in-all, Elias is a well-adjusted teenager and feels good about his achievements. According to the hierarchy of needs proposed by Abraham Maslow, what is Elias's next "task"?

Self actualization

How do Maslow and Rogers define "self-concept"? What happens if our self-concept is positive? Negative?

Self-concept is all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question, "Who am I?" If we have a positive self-concept, we tend to act and perceive the world positively. If our self-concept is negative, if we fall far short of our ideal self, we feel dissatisfied and unhappy.

Explain the role of environment on personality development according to both a social-cognitivist and a behaviorist. In what ways are their explanations similar or different?

Social-cognitivists emphasize the interaction of our traits with our situations, while a behaviorist empha-sizes the effects of learning. Social cognitivists do consider the behavioral perspective, including others' influences, but also emphasize the importance of mental processes—what we think about our situations. They think not only about how our environment controls us, as behaviorists do, but also how we and our environment interact.

Which aspects of Freud's theories have been retained and which have been refuted by today's psychodynamic theorists? How do psychodynamic psychologists differ from traditional psychoanalytic psychologists?

Some of Freud's ideas have been incorporated into the diversity of modern perspectives that make up psychodynamic theory. Modern psychodynamic psychologists do not believe sex is the basis of personality; they do not talk about ids and egos and they don't classify patients as oral, anal, and so on. They do believe, however, that much of our mental life is unconscious. Like Freud, they assume that we often struggle with inner conflicts among our wishes, fears, and values, and that childhood shapes our personality and ways of becoming attached to others.

Explain how assessment centers look at past behavior to predict future behavior. Why is this currently a pre-ferred strategy for assessing personality?

Student teaching, internships, military exercises, and so on all provide a way to evaluate behavior to as-sess success in future endeavors. This is currently preferred because past behavior seems to be the best indicator of future behavior.

2. Briefly describe the intent and usage of the Thematic Apperception Test.

The TAT is a test in which a person views an ambiguous picture and then makes up a story about it. The clinician may presume that the client's answer about the image's desires, hopes, and fears are true projections of their own feelings or conflicts.

Describe how free association is used as a tool in psychoanalysis

The analyst tells the patient to relax and say whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing. It is assumed that a line of "mental dominoes" would fall from the patient's distant past to their troubled present, and free association would allow the therapist to retrace that line of thought leading into a patient's unconscious, where the painful memories from childhood would be revealed and released.

Explain why the ego is considered the "executive" of personality.

The ego is considered the "executive" of personality because it manages the demands of the id and balances them with the rules of the superego.

Summarize the person-situation controversy. What is your personal opinion on the consistency of traits over time and across situations?

The person-situation controversy questions whether our personality is more stable or more subject to the demands of the situation.Answers will vary.

Lamont is administering projective tests to his patients and is trying to get at their unconscious desires and urges. What advice can you give Lamont regarding the results of these tests?

The results will have weak validity and reliability.

Explain Thomas Gilovich's research on the spotlight effect. Provide an example of when you felt like the spot-light effect was happening to you.

The spotlight effect is when we overestimate how much others notice and evaluate our appearance, performance, and blunders. Gilovich found that far fewer people notice than we presume.

Discuss the likelihood that the Big Five traits actually predict behavior.

They are likely to predict actual behavior, according to McCrae.

Describe the process humanistic psychologists use to assess a person's sense of self.

They ask people to fill out questionnaires that evaluate their self-concept. Other humanistic psychologists believe any standardized assessment of personality is depersonalizing and would utilize interviews and intimate conversation to get a better understanding of each person's unique experiences.

Discuss the work of Isabel Briggs Myers and Katharine Briggs in sorting personality traits. How has their as-sessment tool been used? What are the criticisms of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)?

They attempted to sort people according to Carl Jung's personality types based on their responses to 126 questions. Their assessment tool has been used by more than 2 million people in over 21 languages mostly for counseling, leadership training, and work-team development. Critics of the MBTI say its value as a predictor of job performance and the popularity of this instrument in the absence of proven scientific worth is troublesome.

What conclusion did Hans and Sybil Eysenck come to regarding personality traits?

They believed that we can reduce most of our normal individual variations to two or three dimensions, including extraversion-introversion and emotional stability-instability.

Suzanne is a high school student who is well-liked by her peers. She is an open and transparent friend and can be counted on to tell the truth and share her feelings. She is praised by others for her understanding of friends' problems. She is the first person people go to when they need a good listener. According to Carl Rogers' person-centered perspective, which additional condi-tion should be present in Suzanne's ideal growth climate?

Unconditional positive regard

Explain how we are both the "products and the architects of our environments."

We are both a result of the environments we are in and an architect of that environment in that we have made our own choices, for example.

Anh recently immigrated to America and is generally scared and distrustful of her new environment. Among her friends she is known to criticize her American classmates for their standoffishness and rudeness toward her. Freud might explain that Anh is utilizing the defense mechanism of ___________________________ to protect her mind from her anxiety about not being liked or accepted. a. reaction formation b. denial c. sublimation d. projection e. displacement

d

Luis was a violent child who frequently got into fights at school. This caused him a great deal of anxiety as he was always in the principal's office and frequently shunned by classmates and labeled a trouble maker. As an adult, he became a prize-winning boxer. Freud would explain this career choice in terms of which defense mechanism? a. projection b. denial c. rationalization d. reaction formation e. sublimation

e

Jason is a therapist who is helping his clients focus on healthy behaviors and developing a positive self-concept. Jason is likely a___________ therapist.

humanist

The aspect of the mind, according to Freud, Operates on the pleasure principle and is chiefly concerned with gratification of needs and wants. ego superego the unconscious id free association

id

Suzanne is using the Rorschach and TAT to assess her patient's underlying unconscious conflicts. During therapy sessions, she asks her patients to reflect on their childhood experiences and dream content. Suzanne is likely a ________ therapist.

psychodynamic

Lakisha is curious to know how many of her classmates actually tune in to watch the Olympics. She de-velops a list of questions about the Olympics and circulates it in her classes throughout the day. Lakisha is conducting a _____________________.

survey