AP psychology- multiple choice

DOC In a study on visual perception, participants were presented with the figure depicted and asked to describe what they saw. Of the 100 participants in the study, 97 saw a cube. Which of the following Gestalt principles best describes the phenomenon that has impacted these results? Responses A Closure B Proximity C Relative Height D Similarity

A Closure

The table depicts the number of points a basketball player earns per game wearing certain colored socks. DOC A player tracks the number of points he earns per game for five games wearing different colors of his team socks. After the data is gathered, he develops a superstition and always wears green socks. What is the mean number of points earned when wearing green socks? Responses A. 13 B. 6 C. 2 D. 4

A. 13

Hyrum is at a concert when a flute player hits a very high note at the end of a song. Which of the following best explains why the pitch of the note sounds so high? Responses A It has a long wavelength and high frequency. B It has a short wavelength and high frequency. C It has a long wavelength and low frequency. D It has a large amplitude.

B It has a short wavelength and high frequency.

DOC The graph provides evidence for which of the following aspects of language acquisition? Responses A Morphemes develop more quickly than phonemes when learning a second language. B There may be a critical period in learning a second language for the learner to achieve fluency. C Telegraphic speech is more quickly developed in learning a second language because the learner has already gone through that stage while learning their primary language. D Grammatical fluency is not related to the age at which someone begins learning a second language.

B There may be a critical period in learning a second language for the learner to achieve fluency.

Mark and Matt are twins. A psychologist studies Mark and Matt from birth until their 25th birthday. The psychologist gathers data about their likes and dislikes, extracurricular activities, school success, and doctor visits. The psychologist is interested in the interaction of nature and nurture on their development. Which of the following research methods is the psychologist using to study Mark and Matt? Responses A Case Study B Experimental method C Survey D Cross-sectional

A Case Study

Which of the following ethical procedures did the researcher neglect when they published the research with Arjun? Responses A Confidentiality B Informed consent C Deception D Sampling bias

A Confidentiality

Which of the following is a testable hypothesis using operational definitions about people who have undergone split-brain surgery to help control severe epilepsy? Responses A Split-brain patients will not be able to name an object placed in their left visual field. B Split-brain patients will no longer appreciate art following the surgery. C Split-brain patients will have very vivid dreams following the surgery. D Split-brain patients will be more amused by jokes following the surgery.

A Split-brain patients will not be able to name an object placed in their left visual field.

Waking up frequently, loud snoring, silent pauses in breathing, and sleepiness during the day are symptoms of which of the following disorders? Responses A sleep apnea B narcolepsy C REM sleep disorder D insomnia

A sleep apnea

DOC Elementary-school students were reinforced with stickers every Monday and Friday for turning in their homework on time. These stickers could later be used to purchase candy and toys from the school store. Using the data presented in the table, what is the mode for the students who received a sticker on Friday? Responses A. 13 B. 4 C. 10 D. 3

A. 13

A researcher studied rats to determine the effectiveness of a new drug on acetylcholine receptor sites. First, the rats were trained to find a reward at the end of a maze. Next, the rats were randomly assigned to two groups. One group of rats were injected with the new acetylcholine-like drug. The second group of rats were injected with a saline solution. Finally, researchers measured how many mistakes the rats made as they navigated the maze. Which of the following research methods was used by the researchers? Responses A Correlational B Experimental C Naturalistic observation D Case study

B Experimental

Which of the following activities most directly relies on the hippocampus? Responses A Remembering events specific to one's life B Memorizing the layout of a neighborhood C Using short-term memory to recreate a picture when drawing a copy of the picture D Rehearsing a fact to remember it for a short period of time

B Memorizing the layout of a neighborhood

DOC The figure shows the myelin sheath, a semipermeable membrane that provides support and helps speed up the action potential in neurons. What condition occurs when the immune system causes the deterioration of the myelin sheath? Responses A Alzheimer's disease B Multiple sclerosis C Autism D Myasthenia gravis

B Multiple sclerosis

A small sample of living neural tissue is being studied under a powerful microscope. The researcher notices that some of the neural cells have connections to capillaries and seem to nourish and support the other neural cells. What type of research is being conducted? Responses A Experiment B Naturalistic observation C Correlational D Case study

B Naturalistic observation

Kara thinks she sees a spider on the floor of her bathroom. She is extremely afraid of spiders. Upon further inspection, though, she realizes the "spider" is only a ball of hair. Which of the following nervous systems would be responsible for calming her down after she realizes the ball of hair is not a spider? Responses A Somatic nervous system B Parasympathetic nervous system C Sympathetic nervous system D Central nervous system

B Parasympathetic nervous system

An institutional review board (IRB) rejected a proposal for research where participants requesting to lesion Wernicke's Area in otherwise healthy individuals to study the resulting speech comprehension issues. Which of the following is the most likely ethical consideration for rejecting the study? Responses A Informed Consent B Protection from Harm C Deception D Generalizability of Results

B Protection from Harm

Sebastian wants to earn an "A" in his biology course but finds it difficult to stay motivated to study every night. His teacher recommends that he surround himself with peers who study regularly to increase his studying behavior. Sebastian's teacher made her recommendation based on the learning concept of Responses A acquisition B classical conditioning C modeling D generalization

C modeling

Based on its effects on the central nervous system, alcohol can be classified as which of the following concepts? Responses A a hallucinogen B a depressant C an antagonist D a neurotransmitter

B a depressant

DOC Which psychological principle is represented in the area highlighted in the graph? Responses A The variable-interval schedule of reinforcement. B The forgetting curve. C The refractory period of the neural transmission process. D Spontaneous recovery of a classically conditioned response

C The refractory period of the neural transmission process.

DOC Based on the findings presented in the graph above, a researcher proposed a study in which 100 10-year-old students would be randomly assigned to two groups. One group would be exposed to a course with instruction for a second language every day during school, and the second group would not be allowed to take a second- language course. The principal of the school agreed to the study, but students were not aware of the purpose of the study. Which of the following is the most significant ethical concern in this study? Responses A The proposed study would not allow researchers to debrief once the research concluded. B The researcher would not be able to maintain confidentiality about student performance. C The study would cause too much psychological stress for the students. D The students did not provide informed consent.

D The students did not provide informed consent.

Johnny often hits his brother even though his brother does not do anything to antagonize him. Johnny's aggression is most likely due to a combination of which of the following factors? Responses A his genetic makeup, the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive, and a lack of neuroplasticity B the environment he grew up in, developmental delays, and the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive C his genetic makeup, developmental delays, and a lack of neuroplasticity D his genetic makeup, the environment he grew up in, and the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive

D his genetic makeup, the environment he grew up in, and the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive

The table shows players' ratings of the level of pain they experienced while using their heads to make goals with a soccer ball. Measures were first taken during practice without an audience and later in front of a crowd during warmups prior to a game. DOC What is the average level of pain experienced by the players during practice without an audience? A. 3 B. 36 C. 18 D. 6

D. 6

Dr. Adeyemi obtains IRB approval for a study examining the effects of growth mindset versus fixed mindset on people's motivation for learning new information. They recruit 80 participants and receive informed consent from them. Participants then complete a questionnaire about learning strategies. Next, the participants are told that, based on their results, they are either able to readily learn new information or that they will struggle to learn new information. In reality, this questionnaire is meaningless, and participants are randomly told fake results. After hearing their results, the participants are then tested on their ability to learn complex new information. In terms of ethical procedures, after the data are collected, it will be important for Dr. Adeyemi to do which of the following?

NEXT CARD

Which of the follow scenarios is the best example of natural selection? Responses A During a drought, the foliage in a region turns brown. More brownish moths than whitish moths from a particular breed survive predation and produce more offspring. Subsequent generations of moths have a higher percentage of brownish moths than the generation before. B During a hurricane, both brownish and whitish moths are killed in approximately equal numbers by the storm. The population of moths is substantially reduced. C Just before the moth breeding season, the weather conditions result in an unusual abundance of food. With so much food, the moth population increases dramatically, regardless of color. D An increase in predation substantially reduces the population of adult brownish and whitish moths. Relatively few moths survive to breed, and the population is reduced in the next generation.

A During a drought, the foliage in a region turns brown. More brownish moths than whitish moths from a particular breed survive predation and produce more offspring. Subsequent generations of moths have a higher percentage of brownish moths than the generation before.

Dr. Carvalho performed a study to examine the relationships among measures of general intelligence and specific types of intelligence. They recruited 80 college students to complete a set of intelligence tests. Participants gave their informed consent to participate. After the data were collected, the researchers examined the test scores for correlations among the different measures of intelligence. In terms of ethical procedures, after the data are collected, it will be important for Dr. Carvalho to do which of the following? Responses A Ensure confidentiality of the data B Make sure the results are part of the students' records C Inform the students' professors about the results D Destroy the data after the study, since intelligence test scores can be used to discriminate against individuals

A Ensure confidentiality of the data

The operant conditioning concept of negative reinforcement is illustrated in which of the following scenarios? Responses A Ervin always buckles his seat belt to stop the beeping sound his car makes when the seat belt is unbuckled. B Whenever Gizele masters a piano piece, her teacher puts a sticker on the page of music. C When Grizilla's dog tries to steal her food, she taps him on the nose and says "NO!" sharply. D After Ben stays out after curfew, his parents tell him he is not allowed to spend time with his friends for one month.

A Ervin always buckles his seat belt to stop the beeping sound his car makes when the seat belt is unbuckled.

A Fully debrief the participants on the deception involved in the study. B Report each participant's results to the IRB. C Destroy all informed consent forms. D File the results with IRB.

A Fully debrief the participants on the deception involved in the study.

Fatima tries out for the debate team at her school because she believes that debate team members are the smartest kids in school. She is not chosen as a team member. After failing to make the debate team, Fatima remembers that the students who made the team last school year were juniors and members of the History Club. She now decides that she knew she should not have tried out since she is a sophomore and not a member of the History Club. Which of the following cognitive processes is Fatima using to justify her failure to make the team? Responses A Hindsight bias B The representativeness heuristic C Accommodation D Assimilation

A Hindsight bias

Which scenario below best depicts insight learning? Responses A Laramie suddenly realized that he could put some of his groceries in a cabinet after repeatedly failing to fit them into a pantry. B Kyler audited a physics class and was not required to be formally tested on the material. However, when Kyler's mother asked him a tough question about physics he was able to answer it correctly. C Marley screamed when she saw her neighbor's dog after watching her father scream in fear around dogs. D Karla never tried to leave the house in the middle of the night again after her parents grounded her for sneaking out of the house.

A Laramie suddenly realized that he could put some of his groceries in a cabinet after repeatedly failing to fit them into a pantry.

DOC Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is described by the functions listed in Part B of the table? Responses A Parasympathetic nervous system B Sympathetic nervous system C Central nervous system D Somatic nervous system

A Parasympathetic nervous system

Which of the following is the best conclusion based the data in the table? Responses A Participants in the Reward condition are more likely to report seeing a horizontal line even when there isn't one. B Participants in the Punishment condition do not report seeing the target stimulus on the majority of trials. C Participants are more likely miss the target stimulus than to report seeing it when it isn't there. D Participants in the Reward condition are less likely to report seeing a horizontal line even when there isn't one.

A Participants in the Reward condition are more likely to report seeing a horizontal line even when there isn't one.

DOC Based on the data presented in the table, which consequence was used by the training staff for dog #2? A Reinforcement B Punishment C Habituation D High-order Conditioning

A Reinforcement

DOC If various cultures expect students to master more than one language in school, which of the following courses of action are supported by the evidence presented in the graph? Responses A Students should be introduced to the second language as soon as they start going to school. B If schools offer effective programs, students can easily become fluent in a second language as long as they start learning it in high school. C Schools should not implement a second language program for the youngest students because that instruction might impede their ability to master their primary language. D Schools should introduce students to a second language between the ages of 11-15 to get the strongest results.

A Students should be introduced to the second language as soon as they start going to school.

A The average angle the participant first notices movement will be larger than the average angle for first noticing the color. B The average angle the participant first notices the color will be larger than the average angle for first noticing movement. C The average angle the participant first notices the color will be the same as the average angle for first noticing movement. D There is not enough evidence to predict how each person will perceive based on the photoreceptors of the retina.

A The average angle the participant first notices movement will be larger than the average angle for first noticing the color.

Professor Janeja is studying which brain regions are involved in learning to correctly navigate a maze task. She randomly assigns half of a group of mice to get a lesion in one area of the brain. The other half does not get a lesion. Based on the following graph, where in the brain is the most likely site of the lesion? DOC A The hippocampus B Wernicke's area C The thalamus D The pons

A The hippocampus

Janice cleaned out the office refrigerator without being asked. The operant conditioning concept of positive reinforcement is illustrated in which scenario? Responses A The next day, her boss gave her a gift certificate to a local coffee shop. As a result, Janice now regularly cleans out the office refrigerator. B The next day, her boss said Janice could take some time off work. As a result, Janice now regularly cleans out the office refrigerator. C The next day, Janice's coworker cleaned out the office refrigerator. As a result, now everyone in the office takes turn cleaning out the refrigerator. D The next day, her boss reprimanded Janice loudly in front of everyone. As a result, Janice never cleaned the office refrigerator again.

A The next day, her boss gave her a gift certificate to a local coffee shop. As a result, Janice now regularly cleans out the office refrigerator.

The table depicts the number of good behaviors that are reinforced for students in elementary classrooms. Group 1 is offered pizza or ice cream they can eat immediately when they demonstrate good behavior. Group 2 is offered a "good behavior ticket" for each good behavior that they can use to "purchase" pizza or ice cream at the end of the week. DOC Which type of reinforcement has a larger range according to the data depicted in the table? Responses A Token economy B Continuous reinforcement C Negative reinforcement D Variable-ratio reinforcement

A Token economy

DOC Based on the graph, which schedule of reinforcement would a parent choose to create the fastest rate of learning in their child? Responses A Variable Ratio B Variable Interval C Fixed Interval D Fixed Ratio

A Variable Ratio

Dr. Schmidt was interested in the relationship between sensation of a stimulus and the sensation of change in a stimulus. She tested this using sensation of weight. Participants were blindfolded and given two equal weights to hold one in each hand. With each trial, she added a slightly heavier weight to one hand than the other. The participant was asked to notify her if or when one felt heavier. She found that it was more difficult for the participants to determine the difference in the weights when the equal weights from the first trial were heavy. Dr. Schmidt's findings best support which of the following psychological concepts? Responses A Weber's law B The Law of Effect C Sensory adaptation D Yerkes-Dodson Law

A Weber's law

The explanation that holds that dreams are merely the brain's attempt to make sense of meaningless patterns of brain activity during sleep is best identified as which of the following theories? Responses A activation-synthesis theory B psychoanalytic theory C social learning theory D cognitive theory

A activation-synthesis theory

The parietal lobe is most involved in which of the following processes? Responses A processing sensory information B storing information in long-term memory C coordinating complex motor movements D regulating emotions

A processing sensory information

The drugs that block the reabsorption of neurotransmitters in the synapse during neural transmission are best identified as which of the following concepts? Responses A reuptake inhibitors B antipsychotics C antihistamines D stimulants

A reuptake inhibitors

Participants anonymously consented to an experiment where they would be classically conditioned to have a positive emotional response to advertisements for various products. In reality, the experimenter was attempting to see if subliminal messages in an advertisement influenced participant views on the product being advertised. Which of the following ethical guidelines might be of concern to an institutional review board (IRB) concerning this research? Responses A. There might be more deception than is deemed appropriate. B. This would cause too much stress for the participants involved. C. The identities of the participants could be leaked to the public. D. Participants would not be allowed to leave the study if they wanted to drop out.

A. There might be more deception than is deemed appropriate.

Below is a transcript of a case study about an individual named Arjun. Arjun was diagnosed with epilepsy and struggled with seizures regularly. After trying multiple unsuccessful treatments, his neurologist recommended surgery that severed the connections between the two hemispheres of the brain. Arjun agreed to the surgery. CONTINUE ON OTHER SIDE

After surgery, Arjun experienced changes that were noticed during special testing in a laboratory setting by a researcher. In the laboratory, psychologists flashed different images or words to his left and right visual fields. Arjun could easily speak the names of items that were flashed to his right visual field. He could not easily speak the names of items that were flashed to this left visual field. Arjun was studied by a researcher for many years, and his experiences went unchanged. The researcher published the research with Arjun where he shared Arjun's experience and his first and last name. NEXT 3 QUESTIONS

DOC Which of the following is an example of the schedule of reinforcement that has the slowest response rate as depicted in the graph? Responses A A person receives a free cup of coffee after purchasing 10 cups of coffee from the local coffee shop. B A local fast-food restaurant tells customers they are going to release a coupon for a free meal on their app at some point during the day. C Someone wins a prize in a lottery drawing. D Every Tuesday, the local movie theater offers free popcorn and a drink with a purchase of a movie ticket.

B A local fast-food restaurant tells customers they are going to release a coupon for a free meal on their app at some point during the day.

Which of the following scenarios most clearly describes the effects of a strong kinesthetic sense? Responses A Developing a craving for a food after smelling it B Being able to tell exact bodily position without looking at the body C Being able to locate where a sound is coming from D Balancing oneself on a ladder

B Being able to tell exact bodily position without looking at the body

Dimitri and Dominic are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised by different families. When they found each other through DNA tracking, they were surprised to see how different they were. Which research method would a psychologist most likely use to document their behavioral differences? Responses A Experiment B Correlation C Case Study D Meta-analysis

B Correlation

Dr. Rudolph's class has a big test coming up next week. Which of the following students is using a studying strategy that is most likely to lead to memory consolidation? Responses A Marcus does not study until the night before the test, when he studies for eight hours straight. B Elizabeth studies for a half hour before she goes to bed each night the week before the exam. C Sharon does not study for the test, but she pays close attention, asks lots of questions, and takes good notes during class. D Mario studies by repeating his class notes to himself multiple times.

B Elizabeth studies for a half hour before she goes to bed each night the week before the exam.

If a therapist were using counterconditioning techniques to alleviate a patient's intense fear of heights, they would need to do which of the following? Responses A Make sure the patient does not experience any stress during therapy. B Ensure that the patient is informed of the therapeutic procedures that will be utilized. C Have an IRB review their plan for therapy. D Involve the patient's family in discussing the progress made during the therapy sessions.

B Ensure that the patient is informed of the therapeutic procedures that will be utilized.

Researchers measured changes in neural firing in the frontal lobes for ten rats that were exposed to stimulants. The researchers used an MRI that indicates brain activity with colors. Normal brain activity is indicated by greens and yellows. High brain activity is indicated by reds and oranges. Low brain activity is indicated by grays and blues. All the rat's brains showed normal activity prior to being exposed to the stimulant. What type of study was being conducted by the researcher? Responses A Correlational B Experiment C Case D Longitudinal

B Experiment

In homes where parents do not use correct grammar, their children tend to make more grammatical errors. Which of the following concepts identifies a type of error children might make? Responses A Telegraphic speech B Babbling C Overgeneralization D Non-verbal manual gestures

C Overgeneralization

In which of the following scenarios is someone showing evidence of extinction in classical conditioning? Responses A After a painful procedure at the hospital, Erin experiences anxiety any time she sees a hospital. B Randy was always worried about his exams in high school and felt anxiety when in the building. However, now that he is a teacher at the same high school the anxiety has gone away. C Marta always associated her mother's fruitcake with the happiness of the holidays. After being on her own for some time the fruitcake no longer had that association, but when a colleague brought a fruitcake to work she felt the happiness return. D After his first kiss at a school dance, Lester not only gets a warm feeling every time he hears the song that was playing during the kiss, but also whenever he hears a song by the same artist.

B Randy was always worried about his exams in high school and felt anxiety when in the building. However, now that he is a teacher at the same high school the anxiety has gone away.

Dr. Wilson, who teaches engineering classes, is interested in learning about how lack of sleep affects performance. What would be the best way to ensure that her findings are generalizable to all the students at her university? Responses A Randomly assigning half the students in one of her classes she teaches at into a condition where they are told to sleep four hours a night and other half a condition in which they are told to sleep eight hours a night B Surveying every tenth student listed in the university directory about their sleep habits C Surveying all students in the classes she teaches D Studying 40 students over time, from their freshman year through their senior year, to see differences as the students mature

B Surveying every tenth student listed in the university directory about their sleep habits

Researchers conducted an experiment on baboons by inserting a wire into the reticular activating system (RAS) that produced a mild electrical current. The researchers stimulated the RAS while the baboons were performing different tasks. Which of the following operational definitions would be most easily replicated by other researchers trying to duplicate the experiment? Responses A The baboons were observed to see if they were more awake after they had the RAS stimulated. B The baboons' heart rates were measured by a monitor attached to their chest before and after the RAS was stimulated. C The baboons enjoyed a food reward after the mild electrical current was experienced. D The baboons were observed to see if they were more aggressive after having the RAS stimulated.

B The baboons' heart rates were measured by a monitor attached to their chest before and after the RAS was stimulated.

DOC Volunteers were asked to rate the taste of foods during allergy season on a scale of 1 to 10, with 1 meaning low intensity of flavor and 10 meaning high intensity of flavor. The researchers also asked participants to rate their level of nasal congestion on a scale of 1 to 10, with 1 meaning no nasal congestion and 10 meaning complete blockage of airways with congestion. Which of the following is an appropriate conclusion to draw from the data presented in the scatterplot? Responses A The experience of flavor is not related to the ability to smell. B The experience of flavor is negatively correlated with levels of nasal congestion. C The experience of flavor is positively correlated with levels of nasal congestion. D Nasal congestion causes our sense of taste to improve.

B The experience of flavor is negatively correlated with levels of nasal congestion.

Much of the research regarding the function of brain areas has been gathered from case studies of individuals with brain injury or disease. Which of the following identifies a reason for this? Responses A Quantitative research studies cannot demonstrate cause and effect between variables. B The independent variable in an experiment would inflict brain injury, which is unethical. C There would be no relationship between an injured area of the brain and the functioning of that respective area. D It is not possible to find enough participants to conduct a proper qualitative research study.

B The independent variable in an experiment would inflict brain injury, which is unethical.

A There would be no way to get informed consent. B The procedure could potentially cause harm to the babies by interfering with their language development. C There is too much deception involved in this research proposal. D There would be no way to keep the information about each child confidential.

B The procedure could potentially cause harm to the babies by interfering with their language development.

A researcher wants to examine how much information from waking life ends up in dreams. The researcher recruits 40 volunteers from a local community college to record the details of their daily activities. The participants will be given a sleep monitor that gently wakes them each time they end an REM cycle, after which they will complete a detailed dream diary. The study is planned to last for two weeks. Why would an institutional review board be hesitant to approve this study? Responses A This type of research should be done with animal subjects. B The researchers are disrupting sleep for an extended period, which may cause harm. C The researchers would not be able to hide the identities of the participants. D The researchers would be using deception without debriefing.

B The researchers are disrupting sleep for an extended period, which may cause harm.

Researchers created a study to try to assess the extent to which 2-year-old children could detect emotion in telegraphic speech coming from adults. Children would be exposed to neutral phrases, happy phrases, and angry phrases. Which of the following statements about ethical guidelines is accurate for this study? Responses A This research is unethical because the children may be uncomfortable with the different phrases. B The researchers will first need to obtain informed consent from the parents of each child. C The researchers will need to attempt to debrief the children prior to beginning the study. D The study is flawed because researchers would not be able to maintain the confidentiality of the participants.

B The researchers will first need to obtain informed consent from the parents of each child.

By age six months, infants from different countries in the world will distinguish hearing a change in small units of sound. For example, in one study, when six-month old babies hear the RRR sound change to an LLL sound, they sucked faster on a special pacifier that measured their rate of sucking. By twelve months, however, Japanese children no longer distinguish these sounds since culturally, they are not exposed to them. Which of the following terms were researchers studying on a cross-cultural level? Responses A Morpheme B Semantics C Phoneme D Syntax

C Phoneme

Dr. Ravi wants to conduct a study to investigate the effect of sleep deprivation on problem-solving abilities. Her procedure involves randomly assigning participants to groups and depriving one group of sleep for a period of five consecutive days. She then had each of them take a test that measures their ability to solve various problems. Which of the following is most problematic about Dr. Ravi's research design? Responses A There is no dependent variable in this study. B The study raises ethical concerns because the amount of sleep deprivation could be harmful to participants in the study. C There would be no way to create a control group for comparison. D The results would be invalid because everyone has different problem-solving abilities.

B The study raises ethical concerns because the amount of sleep deprivation could be harmful to participants in the study.

DOC The physiological changes in the table most clearly represent activation of which of the following? Responses A The parasympathetic nervous system B The sympathetic nervous system C A spinal reflex arc D The vestibular system

B The sympathetic nervous system

Which of the following operant conditioning concepts is an example of positive punishment? Responses A As a reward for LaKeisha getting good grades, her parents take her out to dinner at her favorite restaurant. B While driving through the state of Mississippi, Lance was stopped for speeding and had to pay an expensive speeding ticket. As a result, he no longer goes over the speed limit when driving in Mississippi. C Caroline was caught stealing money from her brother's room. As punishment, her parents said she could not use social media for three weeks. D A rat was taught to dunk a ball into a miniature basketball hoop in order to receive a treat. After the rat stopped receiving treats, it eventually stopped playing basketball. A week later, however, the rat randomly started playing basketball again.

B While driving through the state of Mississippi, Lance was stopped for speeding and had to pay an expensive speeding ticket. As a result, he no longer goes over the speed limit when driving in Mississippi.

Ruth and Debbie are identical twins who were raised by the same family. Vince and Frankie are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised by different families. According to research on the heritability of personality traits, Ruth's and Debbie's personalities are statistically Responses A more likely to be similar to one another than are Vince's and Frankie's personalities B likely to be as similar and dissimilar to one another as are Vince's and Frankie's personalities C more likely to be dissimilar to one another than are Vince's and Frankie's personalities D less likely to match on the personality dimensions of agreeableness and extraversion than are Vince and Frankie but not on other personality dimensions

B likely to be as similar and dissimilar to one another as are Vince's and Frankie's personalities

Getting a headache from not having a morning coffee after substantial daily coffee consumption for several months is most likely due to which of the following concepts? Responses A tolerance B withdrawal C dependence D accommodation

B withdrawal

DOC Which of the following aspects of classical conditioning is demonstrated by Quadrant 1 in the figure? A. Conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus. B. Unconditioned response to an unconditioned stimulus. C. Extinction of a conditioned response. D. Spontaneous recovery of a conditioned response.

B. Unconditioned response to an unconditioned stimulus.

Trinna and Suzanne are identical twins who were the same length at birth. They were adopted by different families at birth and then reconnected in their early thirties. Trinna is two inches shorter and was a severely selective eater as a child. A researcher was conducting an investigation about twins separated at birth. What research method and explanation best fit this scenario? Responses A A longitudinal study, because heredity is much more important than environment in determining length and height. B A case study, because environment is much more important than heredity in determining length and height. C A case study, because both heredity and environment are important in determining length and height. D A longitudinal study, because environment is much less important than heredity in determining height in early childhood.

C A case study, because both heredity and environment are important in determining length and height.

Dr. Schmidt was interested in the relationship between sensation of a stimulus and the sensation of change in a stimulus. She tested this using sensation of weight. Participants were blindfolded and given two equal weights to hold one in each hand. With each trial, she added a slightly heavier weight to one hand than the other. The participant was asked to notify her if or when one felt heavier. She found that it was more difficult for the participants to determine the difference in the weights when the equal weights from the first trial were heavy. What type of research study did Dr. Schmidt conduct? Responses A A correlational study B A meta-analysis C An experiment D A cross-sectional study

C An experiment

Dr. Handler conducted research to explore the extent to which hearing acuity changes with age. She tested the absolute threshold for hearing in 10 subjects of various ages. The results are presented in the table. DOC Which of the following is an appropriate conclusion based on the data presented in the table? Responses A There is no relationship between age and pitch perception. B There is a causal relationship between age and pitch perception. C As age increases, the ability to detect higher pitched sounds tends to decrease. D No conclusions can be drawn because the subjects were not randomly assigned.

C As age increases, the ability to detect higher pitched sounds tends to decrease.

Xander can no longer stomach the taste of sushi after he vomited from eating a spoiled serving of it. However, the appearance of sushi does not make him sick. Which of the following best accounts for why Xander becomes sick upon tasting sushi but not seeing sushi? Responses A Latent learning, because sushi acts as a reinforcer. B Insight learning, because sushi acts as a reinforcer. C Biological predisposition, because this example illustrates taste aversion. D Negative punishment, because this example illustrates taste aversion.

C Biological predisposition, because this example illustrates taste aversion.

Which dog is demonstrating stimulus discrimination in the following scenarios? Responses A Princess used to sit on command, but since her owner stopped giving her a treat for it, she no longer does. B Chug, a fearful dog after growing up without a home, gradually became more trusting of people after being exposed to them. Then, Chug suddenly returns to his fearful behavior. C Cookie cowers when she hears the pop of fireworks, but not when she hears the pop of lightning. D Brodie associates the sound of the doorbell with guests and excitedly goes to the door when he hears it, but he also does so when he hears a game show contestant ring a bell to answer a question.

C Cookie cowers when she hears the pop of fireworks, but not when she hears the pop of lightning.

Which of the following parts of the brain was severed to address Arjun's epileptic seizures? Responses A Amygdala B Cerebellum C Corpus Callosum D Medulla

C Corpus Callosum

Dr. Felder is studying whether the color of a drink impacts how a person experiences the taste of the drink. She has an orange-flavored liquid that she dyes either orange, purple, or blue, and gives it to participants to drink. She then asks them to describe the taste. Which of the following would best help her evaluate the impact of vision on taste? Responses A Have participants taste it as a group and take turns describing the taste out loud. B Obscure the purpose of the experiment until after participants have completed the study. C Create an additional control condition in which participants wear blindfolds while they taste the drink. D Use participants who have the same gender identity.

C Create an additional control condition in which participants wear blindfolds while they taste the drink.

DOC Research was conducted on the frequency of accidents involving construction workers being hit by construction vehicles in a work zone. The researchers measured the response of the pedestrians to the volume of warning sounds for each of the vehicles involved in the accidents. The data are depicted in the graph. Which of the following principles of learning is demonstrated by the results? Responses A Counterconditioning B Higher-Order Conditioning C Habituation D Biological Preparedness

C Habituation

In an effort to demonstrate that phobias were the result of environmental conditioning rather than mental processes, a researcher conditioned an 8-month-old child named Albert to have an intense fear of a white fluffy rat. While the result supported the researcher's behaviorist viewpoint, which of the following reasons explains why this research would not be allowed today? Responses A. The use of confederates in the research created too much deception. B. There was no operational definition of the variables being tested. C. It created too much stress for the participant, which violates the code of ethics for psychological research. D. Researchers are not allowed to work with children under the age of 18.

C It created too much stress for the participant, which violates the code of ethics for psychological research.

A group of 25 American college students who were taking introductory psychology during the spring semester participated in a study about cognition. Participants were first asked to read a story about a Russian battle from the 19th century. Later, participants were asked to write down as many details as they could remember from the story. Twenty-two out of 25 of the students changed some of the details of the story, such as referring to a "house" instead of using the Russian word "dacha" that was used in the story. Which of the following best describes the type of sample used in this study? Responses A It was a study that involved a sample from a case study. B It was a study that involved random assignment. C It was a study that involved convenience sampling. D It was a study that involved random sampling.

C It was a study that involved convenience sampling.

Researchers randomly assigned 50 elementary school children to place a plug on their nose to limit their sense of smell. The children were then presented with a series of different foods and asked to rate the taste, texture, and intensity on a scale from 1 to 5. Another 50 children were randomly placed in a group with no nose plug and asked to rate the same food using the same scale. Using random assignment in this study can help with which of the following? Responses A Random assignment can eliminate the need for a control group. B Random assignment allows researchers to generalize the findings to the target population. C Random assignment to groups would allow researchers to understand if the differences between groups was due to the independent variable (the nose plug). D Random assignment will allow researchers to determine if the results are statistically significant.

C Random assignment to groups would allow researchers to understand if the differences between groups was due to the independent variable (the nose plug).

Ms. Harrison asks students in her psychology class to record how many hours of sleep they get every night and what they eat for breakfast. When the class looks at the data, they find that the fewer hours of sleep they get, the more they eat for breakfast. Which of the following is a limitation of self-report research? Responses A Self-report results are generalizable to a large group B Careful control of the self-report variables means the data are unusable C Self-report data is subject to the social desirability bias D The artificial constraints of self-report mean the data aren't meaningful.

C Self-report data is subject to the social desirability bias

Dalton developed a phobia of dogs after watching his older cousin act fearfully when he interacted with dogs in their neighborhood. Which of the following best explains why Dalton developed his phobia of dogs? Responses A Classical conditioning, because dogs are associated with classical conditioning studies. B Operant conditioning, because Dalton is being reinforced for his behavior. C Social learning theory, because Dalton learned from observing his cousin's behavior toward dogs. D Overactive amygdala, because the amygdala is associated with fear.

C Social learning theory, because Dalton learned from observing his cousin's behavior toward dogs.

Kara thinks she sees a spider on the floor of her bathroom. She is extremely afraid of spiders. Which of the following nervous systems would be responsible for her fearful reaction to the spider? Responses A Somatic nervous system B Parasympathetic nervous system C Sympathetic nervous system D Central nervous system

C Sympathetic nervous system

Researchers measured changes in neural firing in the frontal lobes for ten rats that were exposed to stimulants. The researchers used an MRI that indicates brain activity with colors. Normal brain activity is indicated by greens and yellows. High brain activity is indicated by reds and oranges. Low brain activity is indicated by grays and blues. All the rat's brains showed normal activity prior to being exposed to the stimulant. What is the operational definition of neural activity in the rats? Responses A The amount of stimulant given to each rat. B Random selection of the rats from a large population to be part of the stimulant group. C The color presented in the MRI images. D The size of the rats' frontal lobes.

C The color presented in the MRI images.

Researchers conducted a correlational study during the winter season, which has shorter days and longer nights. The researcher asked about people's experiences with depression-like symptoms, including feelings of tiredness and reduction in energy output. The researcher found that there was a positive correlation between the amount of daylight and depression-like symptoms. Which of the following statements best reflects how to interpret this correlational finding? Responses A There is a cause-and-effect relationship between the length of daytime and depression-like symptoms. B The variables used in correlational research such as daylight and depressive symptoms are not measurable. C The relationship between daylight and depressive symptoms may also be linked to a third variable. D Correlation studies about mental health offer little in the way of scientific knowledge.

C The relationship between daylight and depressive symptoms may also be linked to a third variable.

Julia is practicing her trumpet and produces a loud sound. Which of the following is the best explanation for the loudness of the sound? Responses A The sound has a long wavelength. B The sound has a short wavelength. C The sound has a high-amplitude sound wave. D The sound has a low-amplitude sound wave.

C The sound has a high-amplitude sound wave.

An adult with a healthy sleep cycle is most likely to enter REM sleep in which of the following ways? Responses A immediately after falling asleep B after the dream stage is completed C after cycling through the NREM sleep stages D soon after falling asleep and then remain there for the majority of the night

C after cycling through the NREM sleep stages

DOC Using the information presented in the graph, what is most likely the reason for the fall in the strength of the conditioned response in trials 16-20? A. The CS and the US are continuing to be paired together. B. The CS is getting weaker. C. The CS and US are no longer being paired together. D. The US is growing stronger.

C. The CS and US are no longer being paired together.

A researcher discovered a chemical compound that seems to slow down the heart rate of monkeys by targeting an area of the medulla. The researcher believes that the compound could help reduce the symptoms associated with panic disorder. Which of the following is the appropriate next step for the researcher to take after developing the compound into a new drug? Responses A Immediately begin giving the drug to humans to test its effects. B Publish the findings in an appropriate journal and see if the results can be replicated. C Report the findings to a reputable pharmaceutical company to apply for a patent. D Apply to an institutional review board (IRB) to begin animal trials for the drug.

D Apply to an institutional review board (IRB) to begin animal trials for the drug.

A group of 25 American college students who were taking introductory psychology during the spring semester participated in a study about cognition. Participants were first asked to read a story about a Russian battle from the 19th century. Later, participants were asked to write down as many details as they could remember from the story. Twenty-two out of 25 of the students changed some of the details of the story, such as referring to a "house" instead of using the Russian word "dacha" that was used in the story. Which of the following would explain why the students changed details in their recall of the study? Responses A Confirmation bias B Bottom-up processing C Hindsight bias D Availability heuristic

D Availability heuristic

Which of the following parts of the brain allowed Arjun to speak the names of the items flashed to his right visual field? Responses A Hypothalamus B Hippocampus C Primary visual cortex D Broca's Area

D Broca's Area

DOC Which of the following identifies the part of the nervous system the arrows are pointing toward? Responses A. Limbic B. Sympathetic C. Parasympathetic D. Central

D Central

Which of the following best describes a major role of the thalamus? Responses A It regulates body temperature. B It regulates hunger. C It regulates the autonomic nervous system. D It relays most sensory signals to the cortex.

D It relays most sensory signals to the cortex.

Tamara's coach reminds the team not to eat for several hours before the basketball game because the digestive process will be slowed down due to the intense activity. Which of the following aspects of the peripheral nervous system is directly responsible for slowing down digestive processes during the game? Responses A Somatic nervous system B Parasympathetic nervous system C Central nervous system D Sympathetic nervous system

D Sympathetic nervous system

Researchers asked subjects to complete various activities and documented the lobe of the cerebral cortex activated for each one. The results are stated in the table. DOC Which of the following is the lobe most likely represented by the activity in "Lobe C"? A Frontal Lobe B Parietal Lobe C Occipital Lobe D Temporal Lobe

D Temporal Lobe

Researchers measured changes in neural firing in the frontal lobes for ten rats that were exposed to stimulants. The researchers used an MRI that indicates brain activity with colors. Normal brain activity is indicated by greens and yellows. High brain activity is indicated by reds and oranges. Low brain activity is indicated by grays and blues. All the rat's brains showed normal activity prior to being exposed to the stimulant. Which of the following is a prediction that could be made about the activity of the rats' brains when exposed to the stimulant? Responses A The MRI will show more greens and yellows when exposed to the stimulants. B The MRI will show more blues and grays when exposed to the stimulant. C The MRI will show no difference in neural activity. D The MRI should show more oranges and reds when exposed to the stimulant.

D The MRI should show more oranges and reds when exposed to the stimulant.

A psychological study to determine the harmful effects of sleep disruption asked a company to start an overnight shift without notice. Many of the employees began to have accidents while on the job. The researchers conclude that a sudden change in circadian rhythm causes an effect on job performance. What ethical concern may be present in this study? Responses A There are some people that are "night owls," and they would bias the study. B The researchers did not have a clear independent variable in the study. C The researchers didn't consider the normal number of accidents that already occurred in the factory. D The employees did not provide informed consent and were not given the option to withdraw from the study.

D The employees did not provide informed consent and were not given the option to withdraw from the study.

Which of the following scenarios is best explained by long-term potentiation? Responses A Erik and Harry don't like each other when they are first assigned to the same a room during a class trip, but after spending a great deal of time together, they begin to like each other more. B When Sruthi first enters a dark room after coming in from outside, she can't see anything, but her eyes adjust after a few minutes. C At first, Benjamin needs to drink only a small amount of a caffeinated beverage to feel its effects, but after drinking it regularly for a while, he needs more to feel the same effects. D The first time Colleen tries to remember Leo's name it takes her a long time, but over time she remembers it more quickly.

D The first time Colleen tries to remember Leo's name it takes her a long time, but over time she remembers it more quickly

Dr. Schmidt was interested in the relationship between sensation of a stimulus and the sensation of change in a stimulus. She tested this using sensation of weight. Participants were blindfolded and given two equal weights to hold one in each hand. With each trial, she added a slightly heavier weight to one hand than the other. The participant was asked to notify her if or when one felt heavier. She found that it was more difficult for the participants to determine the difference in the weights when the equal weights from the first trial were heavy. What was the independent variable in this research study? Responses A Blindfolding the participants B Comparison of the weights in both hands C The number of trials completed D The heaviness of the weights

D The heaviness of the weights

A group of 25 American college students who were taking introductory psychology during the spring semester participated in a study about cognition. Participants were first asked to read a story about a Russian battle from the 19th century. Later, participants were asked to write down as many details as they could remember from the story. Twenty-two out of 25 of the students changed some of the details of the story, such as referring to a "house" instead of using the Russian word "dacha" that was used in the story. If this study were to run as an experiment, which of the following would be necessary? Responses A The study must examine at least 200 participants to be valid. B There must be a predictable relationship between the variables examined in the study. C The results of the study must be significant. D The participants must be randomly assigned to a control or experimental condition.

D The participants must be randomly assigned to a control or experimental condition.

DOC The graph depicts which of the following? Responses A Long-term potentiation B Brain plasticity C The sleep/wake cycle D The process of neural transmission

D The process of neural transmission

DOC Researchers were interested in whether the rods or the cones in the retina were more sensitive to detecting the movement and the color of objects in the environment. Research participants were asked to stare at a focus point while the researcher, starting at 0º, moved a red-colored object slowly around the edge of the arc apparatus. The degree of the angle when the participants first observed movement and color were documented. The mean degrees for each are presented in the table. Which of the following conclusions is best supported by this data? Responses

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In an experiment, participants sat at a computer and were told to focus on an X on the screen for 50 milliseconds. After this, a horizontal or vertical line was presented for 100 milliseconds. Participants were instructed to press a button every time a horizontal line appeared. Participants in the Reward condition received ten cents for each time they correctly pressed the button when the horizontal line appeared, while participants in the Punishment condition started the experiment with $10 and lost ten cents every time they incorrectly pressed the button when there was no horizontal line. The results are given in the table. DOC

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Researchers proposed a study on language acquisition to see if exposing 10-month-old babies to phonemes outside of their primary language had an impact on the child's fluency in their primary language. One hundred babies are randomly assigned to one of two conditions. In one condition babies would only be exposed to phonemes of their primary language for one hour per day over the course of six months. The other group would be exposed to phonemes from several different languages for one hour per day over the course of six months. The researchers hoped to explore whether exposure to phonemes from several different languages helped or impeded language development. Which of the following concerns would an IRB likely have about this study?

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