AP Psychology Operant Conditioning and Cognitive Learning

Schedules of reinforcement have a direct eff ect on maintaining your behavior. Which of the following schedules of reinforcement is identifi ed in this example: Calling a friend and getting a busy signal because he or she is frequently on the phone?

Variable interval

What is the goal of both positive and negative reinforcement?

To increase the likelihood that the preceding behavior will be repeated

In classical conditioning, events critical to the learning occur __________ the response.

before

Which of the following might serve as a secondary reinforcer?

grades

A team coach who benches a player for poor performance is using

negative reinforcement

In a study of punishment, shock is administered to a hamster through a wire grid on the bottom of the cage. To the researcher's surprise, the hamster learns to roll on its back when shocked so that its fur insulates it from the shock. The hamster's response demonstrates

negative reinforcement

To be effective, punishment should be

paired with reinforcement

The presentation of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a positive stimulus are both examples of

punishment

A rat learns to push a button in order to turn on a tone previously associated with food. The button pushing has been rewarded by a(n) __________ reinforcer

secondary (food is primary)

The greatest degree of resistance to extinction is typically caused by a __________ schedule of reinforcement.

variable interval

Which of the following responses is not learned through operant conditioning?

A baby takes his first steps.

Which of the following is the best example of a negative reinforcement?

A mother taking an aspirin to eliminate her headache

Which of the following psychologists would argue that learning can take place when someone is watching another person and performs that behavior even when not reinforced?

Albert Bandura (social cognitive learning)

Punishment can best be defined as:

An attempt to weaken a response by following it with something unpleasant

Which of the following statements best explains E. L. Thorndike's law of eff ect?

Behaviors are strengthened by positive consequences and weakened by negative ones.

Which of the following describes the state of affairs after conditioning?

CS-CR

Thorndike's law of effect neglects the inner drives or motives that make learners pursue the "satisfying state," allowing learners to reach their goals. Which of the following psychologists would have agreed with that statement?

Edward Tolman

In Albert Bandura's "bobo" doll experiment, which group of children spontaneously acted aggressively toward the doll rather quickly?

In Albert Bandura's "bobo" doll experiment, which group of children spontaneously acted aggressively toward the doll rather quickly?

While taking his math placement exam, Spencer became stuck on one problem. With only fi ve minutes left, he suddenly arrived at the answer. This is an example of:

Insight

Wolfgang Kohler conducted a series of experiments in which he placed a chimpanzee in a cage with a banana on the ground just out of his reach outside of the cage. After a period of inaction, the chimp suddenly grabbed the stick in the cage, poked it through the cage, and dragged the banana within reach. This type of learning is called:

Insight

After several attempts at escape with no success, the electrically shocked dogs give up. At that moment the gates open and the dogs could simply walk out, but they don't; instead, they just sit there. This could most likely be explained by the concept of:

Learned helplessness

Which of the following statements best exemplifies the idea behind social cognitive learning?

Learning is likely to happen whether we see someone else punished or rewarded for behavior.

Harry Harlows's goal was to get his monkeys to figure out that in any set of six trials, the food was always under the same box. Initially the monkeys chose the boxes randomly, sometimes finding food and sometimes not. However, after a while their behavior changed: after two consistent trials of finding the correct box, they continually went back to the same box. Harlow concluded that the monkeys had "learned how to learn." According to Harlow the monkeys established:

Learning sets

Latent learning can best be described as:

Learning that is not immediately refl ected in a behavior change

A defendant is harassed and tortured until he confesses. This is an example of:

Negative reinforcement

What is one major diff erence between operant conditioning and classical conditioning?

Operant conditioning takes place as a result of some voluntary action, while classical conditioning takes place without choice.

Salina receives a one-thousand-dollar bonus at her job after she sold the most cars this month. Th e one-thousand-dollar bonus is an example of a:

Primary reinforcer

Suspending a basketball player for committing a fl agrant foul is an example of:

Punishment

B. F. Skinner used his "Skinner Box" to work on a procedure in which the experimenter successfully reinforced behaviors, which led up to the desired behavior. Th is procedure is known as:

Shaping

Operant conditioning was studied by

Skinner

After overcoming her fear of the dentist, Jada finds out she needs a root canal. On her way to the dentist's office, her old fears and anxieties return and she begins to panic. This is an example of:

Spontaneous recovery (reappearance of a previously extinct behavior)

Joey is refusing to complete his homework on time. After learning about Joey's love of trains, Mrs. Anderson promises to reward Joey with a Thomas and Friends video upon completion of his next two homework assignments. Th is is an example of:

The Premack Principle: more probable behaviors will reinforce less probable behaviors

Which of the following best describes the basic principle behind operant conditioning?

The consequences one receives are directly based on his or her behavior.

Devyn watches a violent television show and then pretends to shoot her brother Tyler with a toy pistol. A psychologist would say that Devyn has learned this behavior through:

Vicarious learning (observational learning)

Which of the following scenarios is the best example of a cognitive map?

When asked for directions to his job, a man recites them in great detail.

The most basic form of learning that is not heavily dependent on higher order intellectual processes is known as

conditioning

A child has learned to avoid a furry, black cat. However, she still plays with her grandmother's short-haired tabby. Her response demonstrates

discrimination

A series of responses that gradually approach a desired pattern of behavior are called

successive approximations

In operant conditioning, what is the relationship between events critical to learning and the response to be learned?

they occur after the response