AP US History Part B

Question refers to the excerpt below. "The conditions shown by even this short inspection to exist in the Chicago stock yards are revolting. It is imperatively necessary in the interest of health and of decency that they should be radically changed. Under the existing law it is wholly impossible to secure satisfactory results. When my attention was first directed to this matter an investigation was made under the Bureau of Animal Industry of the Department of Agriculture."—President Roosevelt, from a cover letter to the Neill-Reynolds Report, June 4, 1906 What was the main impetus for investigations like the one for which this report was generated? (5 points)

A negative account of food-processing facilities written by a muckraker

How did the nature of international migration to the United States change and affect policy after 1980? (1 point)

A surge in both legal and illegal migration from Latin American nations increased public debate over regulation of migration and citizenship.

During the late 19th century, why might an American farmer have supported the Populist Movement? (5 points)

Populists were in favor of "free silver," which would improve the economic outlook for small farmers.

Which of the following domestic issues was the bracero program not designed to address? (1 point)

Prevention of Communist influence

Question refers to the excerpt below. "EVERYBODY is talkin' these days about Tammany men growin' rich on graft, but nobody thinks of drawin' the distinction between honest graft and dishonest graft. There's all the difference in the world between the two. Yes, many of our men have grown rich in politics. I have myself. I've made a big fortune out of the game, and I'm gettin' richer every day, but I've not gone in for dishonest graft—blackmailin' gamblers, saloonkeepers, disorderly people, etc.—and neither has any of the men who have made big fortunes in politics ... There's an honest graft, and I'm an example of how it works. I might sum up the whole thing by sayin': 'I seen my opportunities and I took 'em.' Just let me explain by examples. My party's in power in the city, and it's goin' to undertake a lot of public improvements. Well, I'm tipped off, say, that they're going to lay out a park at a certain place. I see my opportunity and I take it. I go to that place and I buy up all the land I can in the neighborhood. Then the board of this or that makes its plan public, and there is a rush to get my land, which nobody cared particular for before. Ain't it perfectly honest to charge a good price and make a profit on my investment and foresight? Of course, it is. Well, that's honest graft."—George W. Plunkitt, from A Defense of Political Graft, 1905 Which movement was most influential in combatting the activities described in the passage? (1 point)

Progressivism

What did the settlement house movement do? (5 points)

Provided community centers to support city dwellers

Question refers to the excerpt below. "There is no tainted money that smells so rank as the money made by the sale of tainted meat. ... Insurance frauds, Standard Oil secret rates, and railroad graft and discriminations, are simply forms of theft. The sale of diseased meat is nothing less than wholesale murder."—from an editorial in The Wall Street Journal, 1906 Which of the following Progressive Era developments does this excerpt support? (5 points)

Pure Food and Drug Act

Question refers to the excerpt below. "While the law of competition may be sometimes hard for the individual, it is best for the race, for it insures the survival of the fittest in every department."—Andrew Carnegie, from The Gospel of Wealth, 1889 Based on the quote, which of the following would Carnegie likely support? (5 points)

Social Darwinism

Question refers to the map below. Numerous cities grew in the late 1800s. The top five cities with the greatest populations by 1900 were New York City, Chicago, Philadelphia, St. Louis, and Boston.© 2012 The Exploration Company The Gilded Age was a historical period experienced primarily in which region of the United States? (5 points)

North

Which of the following was a strategy the U.S. government used to encourage industrial development? (5 points)

Offering land grants

How did the "Scopes Monkey Trial" reflect the growing cultural conflict of the United States in the 1920s? (1 point)

The trial showed that many Americans felt threatened by the effects of technology and modern ideas on society, including areas such as education.

Which of the following was decreasing during the Gilded Age and the early 20th century? (5 points)

Agricultural workers as percentage of total workforce

Question refers to the excerpt below. "Our country finds itself confronted by conditions for which there is not precedent in the history of the world; our annual agricultural productions amount to billions of dollars in value, which must, within a few weeks or months, be exchanged for billions of dollars' worth of commodities consumed in their production; the existing currency supply is wholly inadequate to make this exchange; the results are falling prices, the formation of combines and rings, the impoverishment of the producing class."—From the Populist Party Platform, 1892 What proposal did the Populist Party make to address the problems outlined in its platform? (5 points)

Allowing the free coining of silver

What incentive did an American Indian have to support the Dawes Act? (5 points)

American citizenship for farming a plot of land and giving up traditional ways

Why did events like the sinking of the Lusitania and discovery of the Zimmerman Note start to change American public opinion on World War I? (5 points)

Americans had been largely neutral, but attacks and threats against civilians, trade, and territory gave credence to the preparedness movement.

Question refers to the excerpt below. "Calling heads of state pygmies, labeling whole countries as evil, denigrating powerful Europe and allies as irrelevant—these types of crude insensitivities can do our great nation no good. We may have massive military might, but we cannot fight a global war on terrorism alone. We need the cooperation and friendship of our time-honored allies as well as the newer found friends whom we can attract with our wealth. Our awesome military machine will do us little good if we suffer another devastating attack on our homeland which severely damages our economy. Our military manpower is already stretched thin and we will need the augmenting support of those nations who can supply troop strength, not just sign letters cheering us on ... We are truly 'sleepwalking through history.' In my heart of hearts I pray that this great nation and its good and trusting citizens are not in for a rudest of awakenings. To engage in war is always to pick a wild card. And war must always be a last resort, not a first choice. I truly must question the judgment of any President who can say that a massive unprovoked military attack on a nation which is over 50% children is 'in the highest moral traditions of our country.' This war is not necessary at this time. Pressure appears to be having a good result in Iraq. Our mistake was to put ourselves in a corner so quickly. Our challenge is to now find a graceful way out of a box of our own making. Perhaps there is still a way if we allow more time."—Senator Robert Byrd, from his speech "On the War in Iraq," 2003 Which of the following is the most similar controversy to the one discussed by Byrd in this excerpt? (1 point)

Arms limitation treaty with the Soviet Union

How did increasing general affluence in the post-WWII era contribute to renewed attention to environmental issues? (1 point)

As Americans enjoyed more leisure time, they were concerned about the quality of the nation's natural resources and the impact of economic growth on them.

How does the Gilded Age compare to Reconstruction as a historical period? (5 points)

Both periods relate best to a specific region of the nation and are generally perceived as having negative outcomes.

Question refers to the excerpt below. "In bestowing charity, the main consideration should be to help those who will help themselves; to provide part of the means by which those who desire to improve may do so; ... Neither the individual nor the race is improved by almsgiving. Individualism will continue, but the millionaire will be but a trustee for the poor; entrusted for a season with a great part of the increased wealth of the community, but administering it for the community far better than it could or would have done for itself. The best minds will thus have reached a stage in the development of the race in which it is clearly seen that there is no mode of disposing of surplus wealth ... save by using it year by year for the general good."—Andrew Carnegie, from The Gospel of Wealth, 1889 How did Carnegie's ideas about the responsibility of the state for the poor differ from those that became popular during and after the Great Depression? (1 point)

Carnegie thought it best for philanthropists and community institutions to aid the poor, while later ideas focused on government power to provide relief for the poor.

Question refers to the excerpt below. "Civilization in Europe has been frequently attacked and imperiled by the barbaric hordes of Asia. If the little band of Greeks at Marathon had not beaten back ten times their number of Asiatic invaders, it is impossible to estimate the loss of civilization that would have ensued. ... But a peaceful invasion is more dangerous than a warlike attack. We can meet and defend ourselves against an open foe, but an insidious foe, under our generous laws, would be in possession of the citadel before we were aware. ... It is our inheritance to keep it pure and uncontaminated, as it is our purpose and destiny to broaden and enlarge it. We are trustees for mankind."—Excerpt from 1901 pamphlet published in San Francisco What group of migrants to the United States is the pamphlet referring to by comparing them to other migrant groups in ancient history? (5 points)

Chinese

Which of these was a central belief of the Social Gospel movement? (5 points)

Christians have a responsibility to take care of the poor and suffering.

Which of the following was an effect of the post-Civil War migration to the West? (1 point)

Conflict between whites and American Indians increased, leading to U.S. military intervention, forced relocation, and assimilation of American Indians.

Question refers to the excerpt below. "At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. The choice is too often not a free one. One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished by free institutions, representative government, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from political oppression. The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio, fixed elections, and the suppression of personal freedoms. I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way."—From the Truman Doctrine, 1947 Which of the following U.S. policies is best expressed by the ideas in this excerpt? (1 point)

Containment

Which of the following is an example of horizontal consolidation? (5 points)

Cornelius Vanderbilt bought several smaller railroad companies to combine into one corporation.

Question refers to the image below. Library of Congress [LC-DIG-ppmsca-07216] Social Security represented the general direction of the New Deal in that it (1 point)

expanded the scope of the federal government

Which economic policy was used to help American industry during the Second Industrial Revolution? (5 points)

Laissez-faire capitalism

Question refers to the excerpt below. "The main objection to the incoming of the Chinese cannot be brought against Europeans of our own race and nearly related to us. They soon assimilate with us, they are bone of our bone and flesh of our flesh, and have hopes, fears, and traditions identical with our own. They readily adopt our manners, customs, and language, and soon become an undistinguishable part of our body-politic."—Excerpt from an 1882 speech to the Senate by Hon. John P. Jones of Nevada Which of the following best expresses the main idea of this excerpt? (5 points)

European migrants are more American than the Chinese could ever be.

Which of the following represented a significant obstacle to implementing Reaganomics? (1 point)

Existing liberal programs that were very popular

Which of the following best characterizes the Progressive Era? (5 points)

Expanding the role of government

Question refers to the excerpt below. "The absence of effective state, and, especially, national, restraint upon unfair money getting has tended to create a small class of enormously wealthy and economically powerful men, whose chief object is to hold and increase their power."—Theodore Roosevelt, from his "New Nationalism" speech, 1910 What did Roosevelt advocate as a solution to the problem he highlights in this excerpt? (5 points)

Federal legislation to regulate business practices

Question refers to the excerpt below. "The great common people of this country are slaves, and monopoly is the master ... The politicians said we suffered from overproduction. Overproduction, when 10,000 little children, so statistics tell us, starve to death every year in the United States ... We will stand by our homes and stay by our fireside by force if necessary, and we will not pay our debts to the loan-shark companies until the government pays its debts to us."—Mary Elizabeth Lease, Farmer's Alliance member, circa 1890 Based on this quote, with which statement would Lease agree? (5 points)

Greater control over large corporations will help agricultural workers reclaim their livelihood and regain their financial footing.

Question refers to the image below. Public Domain Which of the following ideas about President Woodrow Wilson does this 1916 cartoon support? (5 points)

He wanted to keep the nation out of the Great War.

Question refers to the excerpt below. "One of the chief incentives for the present activity of the Department of Justice against the 'Reds' has been the hope that American citizens will, themselves, become voluntary agents for us, in a vast organization for mutual defense against the sinister agitation of men and women aliens, who appear to be either in the pay or under the spell of Trotzky and Lenine [sic] ... The Department of Justice will pursue the attack of the 'Reds' upon the Government of the United States with vigilance, and no alien, advocating the overthrow of existing law and order in this country, shall escape arrest and prompt deportation. It is my belief that while they have stirred discontent in our midst, while they have caused irritating strikes, and while they have infected our social idea with disease of their own minds and their unclean morals, we can get rid of them! And not until we have done so shall we have removed the menace of Bolshevism for good and not to people migrating from Asia." —A. Mitchell Palmer, from "The Case Against the Reds," 1920 Which of the following was a direct response to the threats described by Palmer? (1 point)

Immigration laws that reduced southern and eastern European immigration

Question refers to the excerpt below. "Women work longer and harder than most men. ... A truer spirit is the increasing desire of young girls to be independent ... and the growing objection of countless wives to the pitiful asking for money, to the beggary of their position. More and more do fathers give their daughters, and husbands their wives, a definite allowance,—a separate bank account,—something ... all their own."—Charlotte Perkins Gilman, 1898 Which of the following Progressive Era developments does this excerpt most directly support? (5 points)

Increasing women in the workforce

Question refers to the image below. Public Domain Why did ceremonies, like the one shown in the image, concern white settlers? (5 points)

It appears that the native people could be preparing to make war, an interpretation of the Ghost Dance.

How did post-war anxiety related to Cold War tensions affect American society? (1 point)

It encouraged a culture of conformity characterized by traditional family roles and polite behavior.

How did horizontal integration help businesses? (5 points)

It established a company as a monopoly by incorporating all of the competition.

Question refers to the excerpt below. "They very specifically targeted Native nations that were the most recently hostile. ... There was a very conscious effort to recruit the children of leaders, and this was also explicit, essentially to hold those children hostage. The idea was it would be much easier to keep those communities pacified with their children held in a school somewhere far away."—Tsianina Lomawaim, professor of American Indian Studies How would following the idea expressed in this excerpt further the U.S. government's aims? (5 points)

It not only reduced or ended violent conflict with native tribes but also prevented future resistance to white settlers.

Question refers to the excerpt below. "The parents of these Indian children are ignorant, and know nothing of the value of education, and there are no elevating circumstances in the home circle to arouse the ambition of the children. Parental authority is hardly known or exercised among the Indians in this agency. The agent should be endowed with some kind of authority to enforce attendance. The agent here has found that a threat to depose a captain if he does not make the children attend school has had a good effect."—John S. Ward, United States Indian Agent, Mission Agency, California How would this excerpt most likely affect those in charge of working with American Indian tribes? (5 points)

It reinforced the opinion that American Indians should be taught white ways by force when necessary.

Why would seeking citizenship have been important to many foreign migrants? (5 points)

It represented being accepted as American, with all the associated rights and responsibilities, including voting.

How was the Clayton Act related to the Sherman Act? (5 points)

It supported the Sherman Act by expanding powers of oversight and enforcement.

Which of the following is true about U.S. involvement in World War I? (1 point)

It was initially neutral but ended up playing a key role in ending the war and negotiating the peace.

Which of the following is true about the United States after World War I? (5 points)

It was mostly isolationist but did intervene in limited places and sought peace on its own terms.

Question refers to the excerpt below. "It is hard to gauge the effect of a book upon readers, but The Gilded Age must have intensified perceptions of political corruption that its readers gained from the press and magazines. Just how and why the authors chose the book's title, and what they intended it to convey, remains unclear. They presumably meant that the period's gilt of prosperity and activity covered political corruption. The term originally applied only to the first Grant administration, but later scholars extended it to include the century's entire last generation ... It seems to have been in general use in academic writing by the time of Charles Beard and Vernon Parrington in the 1920s, who by and large used it to describe the bad taste of the rich."—H. Wayne Morgan, historian (1934−2014) Which of the following conclusions does the excerpt draw about the meaning of the term "Gilded Age" based on the novel of the same name? (5 points)

Its meaning is assumed to have been negative.

Which of the following was the greatest single factor in urbanization of the Gilded Age? (5 points)

Mechanization reduced the need for farmers.

Question refers to the image below. This photo from 1901 shows a Jewish neighborhood and market on New York City's East Side: Library of Congress [LC-DIG-det-4a07950] How does this photograph illustrate the experience of many migrants in cities on the East Coast? (5 points)

Migrants frequently moved to cities and lived in neighborhoods with others from their home country.

How did the Espionage Act of 1917 reflect social conditions in the United States? (5 points)

Migration was high from Europe, and many people were concerned that those sympathetic to Germany or its cause could be spies.

Which of the following was an effect of the industrialization and urbanization from about 1890 through 1920? (1 point)

More extreme fluctuations in economic conditions

How did railroads influence industrial development? (5 points)

Railroads opened more markets, places to ship and sell products.

Which of the following did not contribute to a decline of the public's trust and confidence in government in the 1970s? (1 point)

Resurgence of conservatism

How did Wilson's and Roosevelt's platforms differ in the 1912 election? (5 points)

Roosevelt wanted to increase business regulation, while Wilson focused on strengthening the banking system.

Question refers to the excerpt below. "[W]e came upon a smouldering [sic] campfire and the remains of a buffalo ... [and] a row of Indians going down the path single file. We opened fire as we were accustomed to doing and killed two of the Indians ... [and] chased them right on into a white camp and found to our dismay that we had been chasing Government Indians ... sent out with United State Officers ... to show them how to hunt buffalo. We ... [had] to go into court over killing the Indians, but it was settled in our favor."—Noah Armstrong, former U.S. soldier Which of the following ideas does this excerpt support? (5 points)

Soldiers were not likely to be punished for violence against American Indians.

What does this sheet music cover reveal about American views on World War I? (5 points)

Some people were against the declaration of war.

During the Gilded Age, a trend arose in foreign migration where the majority of people began arriving from which of the following regions? (5 points)

Southern and Eastern Europe

Which of the following was not a characteristic of the Gilded Age? (1 point)

Successful social and labor reform

Question refers to the image below. Public Domain What idea does this 1918 poster use most to achieve its goal? (5 points)

That Americans needed to support the war effort, or Germans would end up invading the United States

Question refers to the excerpt below. "[Some historians suggest] that traditional immigrant Catholicism contributed to changing the definition of "America" from a nation of Anglo-Saxon Protestants to a culture of diversified regions and peoples."—Julie Byrne, historian What does this quote suggest about "Americanization"? (5 points)

That foreign migrants, especially certain groups, contributed to what it meant as much as they participated in it

Question refers to the excerpt below. "[D]uring their long residence but few intermarriages have taken place, and the offspring has been invariably degenerate. It is well established that the issue of the Caucasian and the Mongolian do not possess the virtues of either, but develop the vices of both. So physical assimilation is out of the question. ... The purpose, no doubt, for enacting the exclusion laws for periods of ten years is due to the intention of Congress of observing the progress of those people under American institutions, and now it has been clearly demonstrated that they cannot, for the deep and ineradicable reasons of race and mental organization, assimilate with our own people, and be moulded as are other races into strong and composite American stock."—Excerpt from 1901 pamphlet published in San Francisco What does the pamphlet author argue? (5 points)

That the Chinese Exclusion Act should be extended because the Chinese will never truly be American

Question refers to the excerpt below. "We are now prepared to obliterate more rapidly and completely every productive enterprise the Japanese have above ground in any city. We shall destroy their docks, their factories, and their communications. Let there be no mistake; we shall completely destroy Japan's power to make war. It was to spare the Japanese people from utter destruction that the ultimatum of July 26 was issued at Potsdam. Their leaders promptly rejected that ultimatum. If they do not now accept our terms they may expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth. Behind this air attack will follow sea and land forces in such numbers and power as they have not yet seen and with the fighting skill of which they are already well aware."—Harry Truman, from "Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima—The Public Explanation," 1945 What factor was most important in enabling the United States to develop the atomic bomb first? (1 point)

The American home front had more resources than enemy nations.

Question refers to the excerpt below. "To each head of a family, one-quarter of a section;To each single person over eighteen years of age, one-eighth of a section;To each orphan child under eighteen years of age, one-eighth of a section; andTo each other single person under eighteen years now living, or who may be born prior to the date of the order of the President directing an allotment of the lands embraced in any reservation, one-sixteenth of a section."—From the Dawes Act, 1887 How did the disbursement of land through the Dawes Act differ from previous agreements between the government and American Indians? (5 points)

The Dawes Act broke up lands into smaller plots for individuals, but earlier acts gave larger tracts to entire tribes.

Question refers to the excerpt below. "Let me be a free man—free to travel, free to stop, free to work, free to trade where I choose, free to ... think and talk and act for myself."—Chief Joseph, from an 1879 speech in Washington, D.C. To which of the following is Chief Joseph reacting in this excerpt? (5 points)

The Peace Commission

Question refers to the excerpt below. "America from a military point-of-view means nothing, and again nothing, and for a third time nothing."—From a high-ranking German official, 1917 What development may have changed this perspective by the end of 1918? (5 points)

The Selective Service Act increased the size and strength of the U.S. military.

Question refers to the excerpt below. "We are now prepared to obliterate more rapidly and completely every productive enterprise the Japanese have above ground in any city. We shall destroy their docks, their factories, and their communications. Let there be no mistake; we shall completely destroy Japan's power to make war. It was to spare the Japanese people from utter destruction that the ultimatum of July 26 was issued at Potsdam. Their leaders promptly rejected that ultimatum. If they do not now accept our terms they may expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth. Behind this air attack will follow sea and land forces in such numbers and power as they have not yet seen and with the fighting skill of which they are already well aware."—Harry Truman, from "Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima—The Public Explanation," 1945 In addition to the belief that using the atomic bomb would save American lives, which of the following considerations most influenced Truman's decision to drop the bomb? (1 point)

The United States wanted the Soviet Union to know that it had this capability.

Which of these had the most direct impact on the American Indians of the Great Plains? (5 points)

The hunting of the buffalo to near extinction during the 19th century

Question refers to the image below. Library of Congress How did images like this one influence efforts toward consumer protection laws? (5 points)

The images raised public awareness about business practices that had the potential to harm people.

Question refers to the excerpt below. "Earnestly desirous to remove any cause of irritation and to insure at the same time to the commerce of all nations in China the undoubted benefits which should accrue from a formal recognition by the various powers claiming 'spheres of interest' that they shall enjoy perfect equality of treatment for their commerce and navigation within such 'spheres,' the Government of the United States would be pleased to see His German Majesty's Government give formal assurances, and lend its cooperation in securing like assurances from the other interested powers, that each, within its respective sphere of whatever influence— ... The commercial interests of Great Britain and Japan will be so clearly served by the desired declaration of intentions, and the views of the Governments of these countries as to the desirability of the adoption of measures insuring the benefits of equality of treatment of all foreign trade throughout China are so similar to those entertained by the United States, that their acceptance of the propositions herein outlined and their cooperation in advocating their adoption by the other powers can be confidently expected." —John Hay, from "The Open Door in China" notes, 1899-1900 How did the position taken by the United States in China compare with the approach taken at the same time in Latin America? (1 point)

The United States was more proactive in its intervention in the affairs of Latin American countries than it was in the affairs of Asian countries.

Question refers to the image below. Public Domain How did this event eventually lead to U.S. involvement in World War I? (5 points)

The alliances of Austria included Germany, which attacked U.S. interests.

Question refers to the image below. Public Domain Which of the following developments is reflected in the image? (5 points)

The creation of a long-distance telegraph line made the operation of the Pony Express unnecessary.

Question refers to the excerpt below. "[F]rom and after the expiration of ninety days next after the passage of this act, and until the expiration of ten years next after the passage of this act, the coming of Chinese laborers to the United States be, and the same is hereby, suspended; and during such suspension it shall not be lawful for any Chinese laborer to come, or having so come after the expiration of said ninety days to remain within the United States."—From the Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882 What did the passage of this act reflect about American society in the late 1800s? (5 points)

The effect that nativism had on United States immigration policy

Question refers to the image below. The cartoon below titled "Where the Blame Lies" was created in the late 1800s: Library of Congress [LC-USZC4-5739] Which political issue does this cartoon illustrate? (5 points)

The effects of unchecked foreign migration on the country

Why might government agency workers have felt torn between the interests of conservationists and businesses in the early years of the Gilded Age? (5 points)

The federal government wanted to both develop the land and protect its natural beauty for future enjoyment.

Question refers to the image below. © 2015 NortonGrange Poster, 1873 Which of the following was a proposal that farmers believed would help their cause during the late 1800s? (1 point)

Unlimited coinage of silver

Question refers to the excerpt below. "For the last 20 years, in all the wealthy countries of the world—because of changes in the global environment, because of the growth of technology, because of increasing competition—the middle class that was created and enlarged by the wise policies of expanding trade at the end of World War II has been under severe stress. Most Americans are working harder for less. They are vulnerable to the fear tactics and the averseness to change that are behind much of the opposition to NAFTA. But I want to say to my fellow Americans, when you live in a time of change the only way to recover your security and to broaden your horizons is to adapt to the change—to embrace it, to move forward ... The only way we can recover the fortunes of the middle class in this country so that people who work harder and smarter can at least prosper more, the only way we can pass on the American dream of the last 40 years to our children and their children for the next 40, is to adapt to the changes which are occurring. In a fundamental sense, this debate about NAFTA is a debate about whether we will embrace these changes and create the jobs of tomorrow, or try to resist these changes, hoping we can preserve the economic structures of yesterday ... I believe that NAFTA will create 1 million jobs in the first 5 years of its impact ... NAFTA will generate these jobs by fostering an export boom to Mexico by tearing down tariff walls ... There will be no job loss."—Bill Clinton, from his "Speech on Signing of NAFTA," 1993 Which of the following inspired the movement toward free trade agreements like the one described by Clinton in this excerpt? (1 point)

The increasing integration of the United States into the world economy

Why did the discovery of gold in the Black Hills lead to violence with the Sioux Indian peoples? (5 points)

The location was within land that had been set aside as a Sioux reservation.

Question refers to the image below. Public Domain How did the obstacles faced by immigrants from the late 1800s, like the one in this cartoon, differ from those of immigrants in earlier eras? (1 point)

The new immigrants more often lacked the skills and proficiency in English needed to assimilate.

Question refers to the image below. The image below was displayed in Puck magazine in 1881. The caption reads "In Danger" and "Puck—'What are you going to do about it?'" Public Domain Who would most likely agree with the point of view displayed in the cartoon? (5 points)

The organizer of a local Grange

Question refers to the excerpt below. "Many members of other faiths—Jews, Protestants, and even some Muslims, Hindus and Buddhists—arrived in the successive waves of massive immigration to the United States between the 1840s and 1920s. But Catholics from various countries were the most numerous—and the most noticed. In 1850 Catholics made up only five percent of the total U.S. population. By 1906, they made up seventeen percent of the total population (14 million out of 82 million people)—and constituted the single largest religious denomination in the country."—From an essay by Julie Byrne, historian What does the excerpt suggest about nativism in the Gilded Age? (5 points)

The people arriving were much different from earlier generations of migrants, fueling discrimination.

Why did the earliest immigration restrictions appear in California? (5 points)

The policies targeted the Chinese, the largest group of migrants to the state and a target of nativism.

Question refers to the excerpt below. "I am proposing that all nations henceforth avoid entangling alliances which would draw them into competitions of power, catch them in a net of intrigue and selfish rivalry, and disturb their own affairs with influences intruded from without. There is no entangling alliance in a concert of power. When all unite to act in the same sense and with the same purpose, all act in the common interest and are free to live their own lives under a common protection."—President Woodrow Wilson, from a speech to the Senate, January 1917 How did senators like Henry Cabot Lodge react to this idea of President Wilson's? (5 points)

They did not agree that joining an international organization was compatible with isolation.

How did some veteran Civil War generals intentionally try to destroy the economy and livelihood of the Plains Indians? (5 points)

They encouraged their soldiers to go on buffalo hunts, decimating the herds on which native lives depended.

Which of the following was true about labor movements at the end of the 19th century? (5 points)

They had successfully organized workers into unions.

How did ethnic enclaves and organizations like the Six Companies assist foreign migrants in becoming "American"? (5 points)

They helped them find work and housing and provided educational opportunities such as learning English.

Why would a historian consider the "maternalist reforms" an ironic or peculiar aspect of the Progressive Era? (5 points)

They introduced gender bias into state laws, limiting women's economic independence at a time when women sought the right to vote.

How did foreign migrants preserve their identity while becoming American? (5 points)

They moved into enclaves where people were familiar but worked hard toward success and wealth.

What was the effect of business practices such as consolidation, creating trusts, and forming pools? (5 points)

They reduced the significance of competitors so a company had more control over pricing and product.

Question refers to the excerpt below. "But freedom is not enough ... It is not enough just to open the gates of opportunity. All our citizens must have the ability to walk through those gates. This is the next and the more profound stage of the battle for civil rights. We seek not just freedom but opportunity. We seek not just legal equality but human ability, not just equality as a right and a theory but equality as a fact and equality as a result. For the task is to give 20 million Negroes the same chance as every other American to learn and grow, to work and share in society, to develop their abilities—physical, mental and spiritual, and to pursue their individual happiness. To this end equal opportunity is essential but not enough, not enough. Men and women of all races are born with the same range of abilities. But ability is not just the product of birth. Ability is stretched or stunted by the family that you live with, and the neighborhood you live in—by the school you go to and the poverty or the richness of your surroundings. It is the product of a hundred unseen forces playing upon the little infant, the child, and finally the man."—Lyndon Johnson, from his "Commencement Address at Howard University," 1965 Which of the following is true about ideas such as those advocated by Johnson in this excerpt? (1 point)

They were realized through Supreme Court decisions that expanded democracy and individual freedoms.

Why were large corporations part of the competition for remaining available lands in the West? (5 points)

They would use machinery, irrigation, and railroad building to make the land profitable.

Why did business owners in the late 19th century attempt to establish trusts? (5 points)

To control markets

Which of the following would be a goal of a company that practiced vertical integration? (5 points)

To purchase or control its suppliers

Which of the following was a result of violent activities associated with union activism near the end of the 19th century? (5 points)

Unions became linked to radical ideas, and public support decreased sharply.

Question refers to the excerpt below. "What this country needs above everything else is a body of laws which will look after the men who are on the make rather than the men who are already made."—Woodrow Wilson, from his "New Freedom" speech, 1913 For which of the following is Wilson advocating protection laws, according to the above excerpt? (5 points)

Workers

Question refers to the excerpt below. "I venture, therefore, my fellow countrymen, to speak a solemn word of warning to you against that deepest, most subtle, most essential breach of neutrality which may spring out of partisanship, out of passionately taking sides. The United States must be neutral in fact, as well as in name, during these days that are to try men's souls. We must be impartial in thought, as well as action, must put a curb upon our sentiments, as well as upon every transaction that might be construed as a preference of one party to the struggle before another."—President Woodrow Wilson, from a message to Congress, 1914 Which of the following events had the greatest influence on changing Wilson's position from 1914? (5 points)

Zimmerman Note

Question refers to the excerpt below. "We understand that when Lincoln signed the emancipation proclamation, your victory was assured, for he then committed you to the cause of human liberty, against which the arms of man cannot prevail—while those of our statesmen who trusted to make slavery the corner-stone of the Confederacy doomed us to defeat as far as they could, committing us to a cause that reason could not defend or the sword maintain in sight of advancing civilization ... The old South rested everything on slavery and agriculture, unconscious that these could neither give nor maintain healthy growth. The new South presents a perfect democracy, the oligarchs leading in the popular movement—a social system compact and closely knitted, less splendid on the surface, but stronger at the core ... The new South is ... thrilling with the consciousness of growing power and prosperity. As she stands upright, full statured and equal among the people of the earth, breathing the keen air and looking out upon the expanded horizon, she understands that her emancipation came because through the inscrutable wisdom of God her honest purpose was crossed, and her brave armies were beaten."—Henry Grady, from The New South, 1886 Grady's ideas presented an important change in the economic structures of the United States by proposing (1 point)

a land use policy defined by sharecropping and crop liens

Question refers to the excerpt below. "We want, for ourselves and the other free nations, a maximum deterrent at a bearable cost ... Local defense will always be important. But there is no local defense which alone will contain the mighty land power of the Communist world. Local defenses must be reinforced by the further deterrent of massive retaliatory power. A potential aggressor must know that he cannot always prescribe battle conditions that suit him ... The way to deter aggression is for the free community to be willing and able to respond vigorously at places and with means of its own choosing ... What we do expect to insure is that any setbacks will have only temporary and local significance, because they will leave unimpaired those free world assets which in the long run will prevail. If we can deter such aggression as would mean general war, and that is our confident resolve, then we can let time and fundamentals work for us."—John Foster Dulles, from his "Massive Retaliation" speech, 1954 The position of the United States in the world after World War II was (1 point)

more engaged militarily and economically than it had ever been

Question refers to the excerpt below. "There's the biggest kind of a difference between political looters and politicians who make a fortune out of politics by keepin' their eyes wide open. The looter goes in for himself alone without considerin' his organization or his city. The politician looks after his own interests, the organization's interests, and the city's interests all at the same time. See the distinction?"—George Washington Plunkitt, New York City politician, 1905 The "organization" mentioned in this quote is most likely a (5 points)

political machine

Question refers to the excerpt below. The quote below was written by a prominent figure in 1889: "While the law [of competition] may be sometimes hard for the individual, it is best for the race, because it insures the survival of the fittest in every department. We accept and welcome, therefore, as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves, great inequality of environment, the concentration of business, industrial and commercial, in the hands of a few, and the law of competition between these, as being not only beneficial, but essential for the future progress of the race." Proponents of the philosophy represented by this quote (5 points)

rejected governmental intervention in economic matters

Question refers to the excerpt below. "In that city, under the leadership of demagogic extremists, disorderly mobs have deliberately prevented the carrying out of proper orders from a federal court ... obviously for the purpose of again preventing the carrying out of the court's order relating to the admission of Negro children to that school ... Citizens are keenly aware of the tremendous disservice that has been done to the people of Arkansas in the eyes of the nation, and that has been done to the nation in the eyes of the world. At a time when we face grave situations abroad because of the hatred that communism bears toward a system of government based on human rights, it would be difficult to exaggerate the harm that is being done to the prestige and influence, and indeed to the safety, of our nation and the world. Our enemies are gloating over this incident and using it everywhere to misrepresent our whole nation."—Dwight D. Eisenhower, from his address on "The Situation in Little Rock," 1957 Federal government actions like those at Little Rock High School (1 point)

sought to fulfill the promises of Reconstruction

Question refers to the excerpt below. "You must understand—I must make you understand—that our membership and the hopes and aspirations of the hundreds of thousands of the poor and dispossessed that have been raised on our account are, above all, human beings, no better and no worse than any other cross-section of human society; we are not saints because we are poor, but by the same measure neither are we immoral. We are men and women who have suffered and endured much, and not only because of our abject poverty but because we have been kept poor. The colors of our skins, the languages of our cultural and native origins, the lack of formal education, the exclusion from the democratic process, the numbers of our slain in recent wars—all these burdens generation after generation have sought to demoralize us, to break our human spirit. But God knows that we are not beasts of burden, agricultural implements, or rented slaves; we are men ... We advocate militant nonviolence as our means for social revolution and to achieve justice for our people, but we are not blind or deaf to the desperate and moody winds of human frustration, impatience and rage that blow among us ... We hate the agribusiness system that seeks to keep us enslaved, and we shall overcome and change it not by retaliation or bloodshed but by a determined nonviolent struggle carried on by those masses of farm workers who intended to be free and human."—Cesar Chavez, from his "Letter from Delano," 1969 Chavez's letter reflects support for (1 point)

the rights of migrant workers to economic opportunities

Question refers to the excerpt below. "Behind me stands a wall that encircles the free sectors of this city, part of a vast system of barriers that divides the entire continent of Europe. From the Baltic, south, those barriers cut across Germany in a gash of barbed wire, concrete, dog runs, and guard towers ... In the 1950s, Khrushchev predicted: 'We will bury you.' But in the West today, we see a free world that has achieved a level of prosperity and well-being unprecedented in all human history. In the Communist world, we see failure, technological backwardness, declining standards of health, even want of the most basic kind—too little food. Even today, the Soviet Union still cannot feed itself. After these four decades, then, there stands before the entire world one great and inescapable conclusion: Freedom leads to prosperity. Freedom replaces the ancient hatreds among the nations with comity and peace. Freedom is the victor ... As I looked out a moment ago from the Reichstag, that embodiment of German unity, I noticed words crudely spray painted upon the wall, perhaps by a young Berliner: 'This wall will fall. Beliefs become reality.' Yes, across Europe, this wall will fall. For it cannot withstand faith; it cannot withstand truth. The wall cannot withstand freedom."—Ronald Reagan, from his "Tear Down this Wall" speech, 1987 The recent trend best described by the fundamental values articulated by Reagan is (1 point)

the widespread adoption of free market principles and capitalism

Question refers to the excerpt below. "EVERYBODY is talkin' these days about Tammany men growin' rich on graft, but nobody thinks of drawin' the distinction between honest graft and dishonest graft. There's all the difference in the world between the two. Yes, many of our men have grown rich in politics. I have myself. I've made a big fortune out of the game, and I'm gettin' richer every day, but I've not gone in for dishonest graft—blackmailin' gamblers, saloonkeepers, disorderly people, etc.—and neither has any of the men who have made big fortunes in politics ... There's an honest graft, and I'm an example of how it works. I might sum up the whole thing by sayin': 'I seen my opportunities and I took 'em.' Just let me explain by examples. My party's in power in the city, and it's goin' to undertake a lot of public improvements. Well, I'm tipped off, say, that they're going to lay out a park at a certain place. I see my opportunity and I take it. I go to that place and I buy up all the land I can in the neighborhood. Then the board of this or that makes its plan public, and there is a rush to get my land, which nobody cared particular for before. Ain't it perfectly honest to charge a good price and make a profit on my investment and foresight? Of course, it is. Well, that's honest graft."—George W. Plunkitt, from A Defense of Political Graft, 1905 The public became more aware of dishonest political practices because of (1 point)

the work of investigative journalists