AP W. History (ch.1-36)
How did Zhou grow strong enough to overcome Shang
Zhou military honed their skills waging campaigns against nomadic people in the west
Large kingdom of Interior and coastal east Africa that was one of best known
Zimbabwe
Concordat
a pact with the Pope a Napolean that said that the Franch state would retain church lands seized during the revolution, but the state agreed to pay chlerics' salaries, recognize Roman Catholic Christianity as the preferred faith of France, and extend the freedom of religion to Protestant Christians and Jews.
First circumnavigated the world
Magnellan (not really)
Three groups of invadeers that pillaged Frankish realm at end of eightth century
Magyars, Vikings, Muslims
differences between early Buddhism and Mahayana Biddhism
Mahayan invented notion of boddhisatva
What American crops allowed Chinese farmers to take advantage of soils that previously had gone uncultivated?
Maize,sweet potatoes,peanuts
What tropical diseases did many slaves fall victim to?
Malaria, yellow fever
What replaced Ghana as the main power in west Africa?
Mali
Reason for collapse of Ming
Manchu invaders
Establishment of qing dynasty from
Manchu military prowess and Chinese support for Manchus.
What were the rulers of the Qing dynasty?
Manchus.
Manichaeism founder
Mani
What was the most important American crop that was brought to Africa?
Manioc was the most important.
Grew Islam in kingdom of Mali by creating schools, learning more, bulding mosques, etc.
Mansa Musa
(Jainism) only way souls could gain release from imprisonment and attain state of bliss
Purification from selfish behavior
2 Prominent monuments in Teotihuacan
Pyramid of Sun and Moon
Who reigned at the height of the Qing dynasty?
Qianlong
Dynasty that took power in China after Zhou
Qin
dynasty that unifed China
Qin
First emperor of China
Qin Shihuangdi
Holy book of Islam
Quran
Daoists devote their energies to
REFLECTION AND INTOSPECTION
Father of modern India
Ram Mohan Roy
Who outfitted the ka'ba with Chinese silk cover
Ramisht
Adam Smith
Scottish philosopher who said society prospher when individuals pursued own economic interests (support capitalism)
How did Columbian Exchange increase global hum. pop. instead of decrease it
Spread of food crops and animals helped increase population more than disease hindering it
2 main sails used by european sailors during Age of Exploration
Square sails, triangular lateen sails
Two most important reformers of Monasteries
St. Basil of Caesarea in Byzantium and St. Benedict of Nursia in Italy
Napoleon died at
St.Helena Island in the South Atlantic Ocean
Why did civilians become targets in the war
The Great War established rules of engagement that made them targets. They were crucial to the war effort so they themselves became targets
wrote "white man's burden"
Rudyard Kipling
Why was Caesar assassinated?
Rule alienated elite class who considered him tyrant
How did steppe practices being about a succession problems
Ruler's relatives had a hot contest with family member to succeed the throne
Developments that reduced risks associated with travel and stimulated long-distance trade
Rulers invested heavily in construction of roads and bridges; Classical societies built large imperial states that sometimes bordered each other
Tsar
Russanized form of the term Caesar to signify imperial status
country Golden Horde overtook
Russia
Sanskrit
Sacred language of Aryan
Safavids trace ancestry to
Safi al-Din
Shun
Sage-king ordered 4 seasons of year, instituted uniform weights, measures, and units of time
Vasco de Gama
Sailed from Portugal to India around Africa
device of choice for spinning cotton
Samuel Crompton's mule
Olmec prominent cities
San Lorenzo, La Venta, Tres Zaportes
Took power after Parthians
Sansanids
raja
Sanskrit term for rex (king)
Most famous of all Greek women poets
Sappho
Shapur 1
Sasanid king stabiliozed western frontier and created buffer states between persia and romans
Frederick Barbosa
The red beard, vigerous gallant man who controlled German princes and controlled parts of Italy
caused central Asia to become open to European imperialism
The weakening of the Ottoman and Qing empires caused central Asia to become a political vacuum. This with competition between European states opened central Asia.
Who did African peoples devote most of their religious attention to?
They devoted it to powerful spirits who were thought to intervene directly in human affairs.
When did the United States abolish slavery?
They did in 1865.
Why did the kings of Kongo convert to Christianity?
They did this to establish closer commercial relations with Portuguese merchants and diplomatic relations with the Portuguese monarchy
Why didn't China, India, and Islamic lands not participate in balance-of power politics
They didn't have the forces and weapons they needed to maintain order within their boundaries and they rarely encountered foreign threats backed up with superior armaments
Why did Angolans embrace polygyny?
They embraced it because women made up more than two-thirds of the adult population in Angola.
Why did North American planters encourage their slaves to form families and bear children?
They encouraged it because the prices of fresh slaves from Africa rose dramatically.
Why didn't the Ming and Qing dynasties endorse technological innovation?
They feared it would lead to unsettling change.
Why was Egypt a more powerful state than Nubia
They had a greater flood plain
Why did Phoenicians sail so much
They had best ship; no agriculture, trade based
Why didn't Ming emperors want large number of foreginers in China
They just outsed the Mongols
Why were Mayan Priests crucial
They kept calendar and made sure planting at right times
How did merchants create new supplies of slaves when traditional sources proved insufficient to meet demand?
They raided villages, captured innocent individuals, and forced them into servitude.
Why did Confucian scholars look down on popular novels?
They saw it as crude fiction that had little to do with the realities of the world.
Why did Russian government decide to protect the "small peoples"
They saw the violence and disease sharply diminished the delivery of fur
Aztec bureaucracy
They simply conquered subjects and assessed tribute. They left local government And collection of tribute in hands of conquered people. They just received a plentiful of tribute.
How did the northern colonies still benefit from slaves
They still benefitted because they benefited from the building and outfitting of slave vessels and the seaports of New England was profitable from the istillation of rum. The chief ingredient in rum is from sugar produced by slaves in the south.
What did the shoguns do to European missionaries who refused to leave?
They tortured and executed them.
Approximately 2/3 of all slaves were young men between what ages?
They were between fourteen and thirty-four.
What were maroons?
They were runaway slaves who gathered in moutainous, forested, or swampy regions and built their own self-governing communities.
Who were the mean people?
They were slaves, indentured servants, entertainers,prostitutes, and other marginal groups.
Acted as satrap in Parthian Empire
Clan leaders
Persians and Medes organized themselves in
Clans
Renaissance architects designed buildings in what style
Classical Greek and Roman
Why didn't efforts at an imperial government work in India
Classical India fell under a sway of regional kingdoms
Those who prayed
Clergy of Roman Catholic church
fossil fuel that played a crucial role in the industrialization of BRITAIN
Coal
tactics the Dutch use aginst non-VOC merchants to gain monopoly over spice trade
Coen brought his naval power to bear on the islands and forced them to dleiver spices onlu to VOC merchants. They also mercilessly attacked people who sold their spices to merchants not associated with the VOC.
Vedas
Collection of hymns, songs, prayers, and rituals
Seneca Falls Convention
Conference of feminists that passed twelve resolutions demanding women rights
Led to decline of Mycenaeans
Conflict with city of Troy in Anatolia; fell to ruins and couldn't keep stable government
High specialization in India
Cotton
Main exports of India in long-distance trade
Cotton, aromatics, black pepper, pearls, and gems
emerged as political authority in Aryan Society
Council of Elders
How did having a large amount of skilled workers discourage technological innovation in China?
When employers needed to increase production, they found additional workers was less costly than making large investments in new technologies.
What were the British about to attak in the Opium War causing China to quickly sue for peace?
Grand Canal
greatest public works project during the Sui dynasty
Grand Canal
industrialization began in
Great Britain
Manila Galleons
Great Spanish ships
Ai Khanum
Greek Colony; hellenistic;; developed independent greek kingdom
What did Saint-Dominique become after declaring independence from France
Haiti
Zen Buddhism
accepted by samurai and emphasized meditation and devotion
Why did Christianity appeal to lower classes
accorded dignity to ind. and endowed them with a sense of spiritual freedom more meaningful than wealth, power, or social prominence
Widespread popularity of tobacco from
addictive nature of nicotine
Thebes
administrative center of upper egypt
Before the visigoths invaded the Roman empire they
adopted Roman law, contributed large numbers of soldier to Roman armies, driven further west by Huns, and converted to Christianity
du Chatelet's only fault (Volitaire)
being a woman
noble eightfold path calls for right
belief resolve, speech, behavior, occupation, effort, contemplation, meditation
Deism
believed in existence of god but denied supernatural teaching of Christianity; god set in motion and than sat back from intervening
what did socialist strongly disagree with one another about?
best means to reform society
why did death rates fall during early industrialization
better diets and improved disease control
only source of Christian religious authority according to Luther
bible
Mussolini's fascist armed guards known as
blackshirts
trademen served as community leaders
blacksmith
Monsoon winds
blew from southwest in summer and from northeast in winter
Guru Kabir
blind weaver who most famous Bhati teacher
What did Bismark say would settle the great questions of the day?
blood and iron
Zambos
born of indigenous and African parents
Why pope and emperor tension
both made large claims to authority in Christian Europe
Type of firearm replaced muskets
breech-loading firearms with rifled bores
How did Chinese merchants often gain official support for their enterprises?
bribery of government bureaucrats; profit-sharing arrangements with gentry families
major religion successful in attracting merchants as converts
buddhism
How did music, art, literature, and religion work in favor of the capitalists according the Marx and Engles?
by amusing the working class and diverting their attention from their misery
How did merchants spread and pool risks of commercial investments
by entering in partnerships with other merchants
How did Mongols contribute to spread of technological ideals
by facilitating trade and bringing technological ideals with them on their conquests.
How did the Land and Freedom Party plan to pressure government into political reform?
by promoting the assasination of prominent officials
How did westward expansion in the United States heighten tensions over slavery?
by raising question of whether settlers could extend slavery to newly acquired territories
How did trade unions try to eliminate the abuses of early industrial society and improve the lives of workers
by seeking higher wages and better working conditions for their members
How did Julius Caesar build a reputation and win election to posts in the republican government
by spending enourmous sums of money sponsoring public spectacles
US investors tried to raise money by
calling in loans, liquidating investments
most visible expressions of imperial majesty
capital cities, royal palaces
Napata
capital of Nubia after Kerma
Meroe
capital over flourishing Nubia; last capital
2 classes Marx and Engles believe capitalism divided people into
capitalists and proletarist
where did most African slaves come from
captives of war
completeted reconquista
capture of Granada
Source of Meso. slaves
captured enemies, indebt men, prisoners
Chivalric noble devoted to
cause of order, piety, Christian faith
Politburo
central governing body of Communist party
Gosplan
central state planning agency
first goal of the Meiji leaders
centralize political power
Why did a large class of educated bureaucrats emerge
centralized imperial government needed large number of ad. officials
how long did it take lands to recover from the effects of the plague
century and more
How did Mumtaz Mahal die
childbirth
_____ Influenced Italy a lot
church
Justinian's greatest construction project
church of Hagia Sophia
destroyed Toltec state
civil conflict, nomadic incursion
liberalism that emerged from Atlantic revolutions concerned with
civil rights
____ plagued Japan since 110s
civil wars
Calpulli
clans or groups of families claiming descent from common ancestor, later became groups of families who lived together in communities, organized own affairs, and allocated community property to individual families. Separating plots for family
troubadours
class of traveling poets, minstrels, and entertainers whom aristocratic women enthusically patronized.
established new rhythms of work
clocks, machines, shop rules
led to ongoing wars between various countries during 17th and 18th centuries
commercial and political rivalries
What did Church of Rome provide people of W. Europe with
common religious and cultural heritage
ayllu
community made of mostly peasants of common birth; several families who lived together, sharing land, tools, animals, crops, and work
Three maritime technological innovations that Arab and Persian mariners take from surrounding empires
compass(china), lateen saiks(se asia/inda), astrolabe-latitude(hellensic mediterranean
View St. Thomas had on Aristotle and Christian revelations
complementary authorities.
13th amendment
completely abolished slavery throughout the United States
Freud "laid at root of neurotic behavior"
conflict between conscious and unconscious mental processes
What did Japan borrow from China
confucian values, buddhist religion, system of writing, ideal of centralized imperial rule.
Han dynasty enrolled students in curriculum based on
confucianism
Why did Bogomils and Cathars reject offical churches
considered them hopelessly corrupt
horizontal organization
consolidation or cooperation of independent countries in the same buisness
Liu Bang
constructed the most highly decentralized state in China's history to that point
most important economic development in later 19th century
construction of railroad line that linked all us regions and helped create an integrated national economy
Northern India after fall of Gupta empire
continuous tension, intermittent war, tubulent, almost chaotic
Locl chiefs strengthened their own authority and increased the influence of their communities in East Africa by
controlling and taxing trade within their jurisdiction
investiture contest
controversy over the appointment of church official in the late 11th and early 12th century
Matteo Ricci main goal
convert Chinese to Christianity
caused famine and starvation to increase during the little ice age
cooler temperatures and shorter growing seasons caused agricultural production decline
became most common form of buisness organization in industrial societies
coorperations
The abbasid state was far more ___ than the Umayyad dynasty
cosmopolitan
Men in japan
could divorce wife where wife couldn't divorce husbands
Columbus believed
could sail to Asia by sailing west in Atlantic Ocean
soviets
councils with urban workers that organized strikes and negotiate with employers and government authority
serious problems paper money caused
counterfeit notes; government authorities printing currency representing more value than they acutal possessed in cash reserves
countries suffered the most from economic contractions
countries that depended on the export of a few primary products
Mobilization called
countries to the activation of military forces for imminent battle and the redirection of economic and social activities to support military effort
highest priority of Mahmud 2's reform programs
creation og more effective army
Viracocha
creator of world, humankind, and all else in universe (Inca society)
Hominid
creature in homindae family ; human and human like organisms
principal beneficiaries of independence in Latin America
creole elites
Why did Bartolomeu Dias have to return home after sailing around Cape of Good Hope
crew was restless and forced him to return
Vasco de Gama
cruised from Portugal to India.
Mithraism
cult dedicated to Persian deity Mithras; only men welcomed
Greek Peninsula good for
cultivating olives and grapes
How did businesses react when they could not sell inventories?
cutbacks in production and layoffs
No-man's land
deadly territory between opposing trenches
Spanish American Empire focused on
extraction of sugar
Why was loess bringing harvests with wooden tools
extremely fertile and easy to work with
Why did China first emperor build roads?
facilitate communication and movement of armies
How did Mongols unexpectedly speed up the spread of the Bubonic Plague
facilitating trade and communications throughout Eurasia
T/F Japan had lots of natural resources
false
T/F threats of epidemic disease turned Chinese to Buddhism for personal salvation
false
t/f Ghana imposed Islam on their society
false
t/f Muhammad had a successor
false
t/f nomadic people didn't put deep loyalty to kins groups
false
most basic unit of social organization
family
Principal occupations in Spanish America apart from mining
farming, stock raising, craft production
Reason Germans entered into the Central Powers
fear of hostile France
peasants supported Bolsheviks
feared victory of White return monarch
How could commoners win recognition as nobles
from outstanding conduct, particularly by courageous behavior during war
How did Genghis Khan choose high military and political officials
from talents or loyalty to him
Merchanys in Japan
gained lots of wealth, low social status
found as most efficient means for mass execution
gassings
Government of India Act
gave India the institutions of self-governing state
Encomienda
gave Spanish emcomenderos(settlers) the right to compel Taino to work in their mines or fields
purpose of Christianity for the masses
gave meaning to ind. lives and bound together as coherent community
"Barracks emperors"
generals who seized power and held it briefly before being displaced by rivals
weakened British power in American colonies
geographic distance, inevitable inefficiency of a imperial bureaucracy
Why were polis' not communicating with each other
geography
Brought end to Roman empire in west during fifth century
germanic invasions
Seven Years War
global conflict in that it took place in several distince geographic theaters and involved Asian, Amercian, and European people
Shiva
god of fertility and destruction; brought life and took away when season passed
main good Ghana traded with Muslim merchants
gold
economic nationalism
governments who turned their own resources and imposed high tariffs, lowered world trade
What did Russia and Poland provide instead of trade and production
grain and raw material
Khubilai Kai
grandson of Chinggis who was the most talented and ruled Yuan dynasty in China
What did patricians do to maintain integrity of Rome
granted Plebeians right to elect officials known as tributes
4 regional empires Genghis Khan's empire divided into
great Khans in China, Khanate of Chaghatai in Central Asia, ilkhans in Persia, Gordan Horde in Russia
What is in the tomb of the first emperor
great terra-cotta army of qin soldiers and cavalry
Missi dominici
group of imperial officers who traveled annually to all jurisdictions and reviewed the accounts of local authorities
brought about increasing specialization og labor in medieval Europe
growth of towns and cities
_____ formed for people in similar occupations(medivel Europe)
guilds
Japan and China viewed west as
hairy barbarians
Why didn't freed serfs like factory work?
it forced them to follow new routines and adapt to the rhythms of industrial machinery
Buddhism lost popularity in India because
it grew increasingly remote from the population at large
St. Cypian's view of the epidemic of 251 ce was that
it was a welcome event for servants of God
serfdom
labor system that required peasants to provide labor services for landowners and prevented them from marrying or moving away without their landlord's permission.
Peace of Westphalia
laif foundation for a system of independent, competing states after the Thirty years' war
why wasn't slave labor prominent in the northern colonies
land and climate were not suitable for the cultivation of labor-intensive cash crops
led to severe social tensions in Han dynasty
land concentrated in hands of small, wealthy class
What did Spanish and Portuguese peoples see the western hemisphere as
land to exploit and administer
Chinese influenced this in Japan
landscape paintings
Hippodrome
large stadium adjacent to the imperial palace in Constantinople
yurt
large tents where nomadic turks lived
Pilgrimage Season
last month of Islamic Lunar calendar
Cahokia
last surviving structure(mound) in Mesoamerica in Cahokia, Illinois.
Jock Locke studied
law of politics (saw ind. rights)
Led to decline of the Abbasid empire
led by civil war over Abbasid authority and popular uprisings and peasant rebellions and provincial governors acting independently
Rights of Arab women
legally inerit property; divorce husbands on own initiative; engage in buisness ventures
Wuwei expectation for the state
less government the better
women tend to excel at resistance work
less suspect in eyes of occupying security forces and less subject to searches
Sakk-
letters of credit; root of the modern word check
Jizya
levied special head tax on those who did not convert to Islam
Xunzi advocated
li
goals of National Assembly
liberty,equality,fraternity
personal rights individuals retained for themselves according to Locke
life, liberty, property
unalienable rights declared in the Declaration of Independence
life,liberty,pursuit of happiness
blitzkrieg
lightning war
aims of La Reforma
limit power of military and the Roman Catholic church in Mexican society
What were the "eight-legged essays"?
literary compositions with eight distinct sections-on questions posed by examiners.
legal disabilities women suffered along w/slaves
little access to education, could not enter professional occupations that required advanced education, legally deprived of right to vote
problem European merchants have in trying to sell goods in China
little demand for European products and restrictions and trade
Lebensraum
living space for resettled Germans
Why did northernmost parts of europe escape plague's worst effects
long cold winters of Scandinavia discouraged proliferation of plague-bearing rodents and fleas
exhausted treasuries of the Islamic empires
long costly, and unproductive wars
Essences
looked for their own savior
Ramayana
love and adventure story about Prince Rmama and loyal wife Sita
advocates of nationalism demanded
loyalty and solidarity
two principal networks of trade routes used by merchants in long-distance
luxary goods on silk roads; bulk commodities on Indian Ocean
How Dutch ruled Indonesia
made alliances with local authorities to maintain order since Dutch were few in numbers
Most important navigational equiptment
magnetic compases and astrolobes
south-pointing needle
magnetic compass
Great Zimbabwe
magnificent stone complex
Goods exported from China
mainly purchased w/silver from Americas which supported economy and fueled manufacturing
function of all the police and the courts according to Marx and Engles
maintain capitalists in power and enable them to continue their exploitation of the Proletarist
3 policies led to success of early Tang dynasty
maintenance of well-articulated transportation/communication network, distribution of land according to equal-field system, reliance on bureaucracy based on merit
Heavy plows in Europe helped
make heewat in heavy moist soil of north Europe
Philosophers seeked to
make kings responsible to the people they governed
Aim of Tanzimat reformers
making Ottoman law acceptable to Europeans so they could hve capitulations lifted and recover Ottoman soverignty
paterfamilias
male head of family
Constitute a village's ruling council
male heads of families
Indigenous people trapped furs and exchanged them for
manufactured goods
center of capitalist system
market
What did Herzl argue was the only defense for Jews against-Semitism?
mass migration of Jews from all over the world to a land that they could call their own
Shaped economic development throughout the Americas during 19th and early 20th centuries
mass migration, British investment
How did Mahmud 2 address problem of protesting Janissaries
massacring the protestors with troops loyal to the sultan
Thirty Years' War
massive continental conflict after the Holy Roman emperor attempted to force his Bohemian subjects to return to Roman Catholic church, main battle ground in Germany with many other independent states joining the fight for political, economic, and religious issues.
New socity emerged from mingling of Roman and Germanic traditions
medieval Europe
Ramisht
merchant who amassed a huge fortune from long-distance trading ventures
In England and Dutch, who were especially prominenet in political affairs and state building policy that favored maritime trade and the building of commercial empires oversea
merchants
What was the bottom level of the social hierarchy in Japan?
merchants
introduced Islam to sub-saharan africa
merchants
Inca did not generate a large class of
merchants and skilled artisans
Flocked to supply needs of daimyos
merchants&artisans
Placed pressure on Caste system (india)
migration, growing prominence, economic development, urbanization
Empires needed to invest in ______ to maintain trade routes that formed the silk roads
military forces, construction, and bureaucracies
Shogun
military governor who ruled in place of emperor
2 ways Archaemenmid kept satraps from becoming ind.
military officers an tax collectors checked; new category of officers-imperior spies.
Yongle
ming emperor launced naval expeditions
mestizo
mixed; children of two different ancestry; i.e. nativie americans and europeans
Byzantion
modest fishing and market town in a stragetic site
Augustus's government was
monarchy disguised as a republic
African religion concerned itself with
more practical business of explaining, predicting, and controling the experiences ofn individuals and groups in the world.
How many people did the influenze pandemic leave dead following the war
more than 20 million
Romanovs in power for
more than 300 years
Eleanor of Aquitanine
most celebrated women of day who supported romantic poets and entertainment,
St, Tho,as Aquinas
most famous scholastic theologians
Ban Zhao
most famous women is Chinese history
St. Augustine
most important and influential figures of intellectual elites that took interest in China
Zhu Xi
most important representative of Song neo-Confucianism philosopher
Emilie de Chatelet
most notable scientist women of her age who was very intelligent and translated works and helped work on mathematic and scientific disvoeries
Adulis
most prominent port in East Africa on Red Sea
Han Feizi
most systematic of Legalist theorists
samurai
mounted warrior who was specialized in use of force and art of fighting
Indian Removal Act of 1830
moved all native Americans west of the Mississippi River into "Indian Territory"/Oklahoma
Greek Fire
nasty incendiary weapon compounded of Sulphur, Lime, and Petroleum
Aboriginal people
native Australians
Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala
native of Peri that fired 1,200 page letter about the horrible conditions of native people sent to King Phillip of Spain.
turning point in Pacific war
naval engagement near Midway islands
Persepolis
near pasargadae; administrative center of persians.
Why did pastoral peoples of central Asia move frequently
needed to maintain flock
What did Voltair say about the Holy Roman Empire
neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire
School of National Learning
new ideology that placed great emphasis on Japan's unique historical experience and revival of indigenous culture;perhaps done in attempt to prevent any foreign influence from challenging tradition
Kristallnacht
night of broken glass
Did Scandanavians maintain a settlement in America long term
no
Did the Peace of Westphalia bring an end to the war
no
allowed Europeans to gain control of Phillippines
no central government and no organized resistance to the intrusion
Why were German natural resources, infrastructure, and productive capacity left unharmed during the war
no military engagement took place on German soil
"convention on the Rights and duties of States"
no state had the right to intervene in the internal or external affair of another
social classes generated by nomadic society
nobles, commoners
Uighurs
nomadic Turkish people who helped overcome Tang Dynasty
Xiongnu
nomadic people from steppes of central Asia
bedouin
nomadic people who herded in Arabia
Magyars
nomadic people who were expert horsemen from modern Hungary
Walt Whitman described the United States as
not merely a nation but a teeming nation of nations
purpose of painting
not mirror but create reality
Why did Islamic empires experience military decline
not seek actively to improve military technologies
popular sovereignty
notion that legitimate political authority resides not in kings but rather in the people who make up a society
Papal Primacy
notion that the bishop of Rome was ultimate authority for all Christian churches
why was there a constant demand for more slaves
number of deaths in slave population usually exceeded number of births
where was it possible for dense populations to congregate
oases
(Jainism) how did individuals attain purification under their beliefs
observing principle of Ahimsa or nonviolence to other living things or souls
How did lords and retainers mainly support themselves
on basis of surplu agricultural production that they commandeered from a subject peasantry.
most migrants to Latin American worked
on plantations
#husbands women can have
one
Every ton of sugar cost
one human life (slave)
first estate in old regime
one hundred thousand Roman Catholic clergy
Guam
only Pacific island that attracted substantial Spanish interest; Manila galleons went from Guam to Philllpines to New Spain (Mexico)
Emperor in Japan
only figurehead where shoguns sought to monopolize power
Developments that account for increase in agricultural yields (medival europe)
opening of new lands to cultivate, improved agricultural techniques, use of new tools and technologies, and introduction of new crops
What did the East India Company start selling in China to even the trade inequality between Chinese and European goods
opium
anarchists
opposed all forms of government and believed that individual freedom cannot be realized until all government is abolished
Why was Yongle significant
organized preparations of a vast encyclopedia that compiled all significant works of Chinese history, philosophy, and literature; Yongle Encyclopedia
How did Shi'aa sect originate?
originated as party supporting the appointment of ali and his descendants as caliphs
How did the Manchus preserve their own ethnic and cultural identity?
outlawed intermarriage between Mancchus and Chinese,forbade Chinese from traveling to Manchuria and from learning the Manchurian language.
gave nomadic peoples enourmous military power
outstanding calvalry forces
Circuses
oval structures with tracks for chariot races that housed entertainment like gladiator fight, wild animals, and naval reenactments
role of bishops
overlook priests and govern the jurisdictions according to their best understanding of the Christian doctrine
result of depressed state of agriculture in 1920s
overproduction and falling prices
Zarathurstra was
pROPHET WHO FOUND ZOROASTRIAN
After 100 ce, chinese writing most on
paper
What new industry appeared in Islamic cities during the Abbasid era
paper manufacturing
Allowed Axum to maintain its independence and prosperity
participation in trading networks of Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea
Bedoins
pastoral
Manchis mostly were
pastoral nomads
institution influenced lives of individuals and role in more ways
patriarchal family institution
Caused serious political and social tensions in Rome
patterns of land distribution
Simon Bolivar feared ____ more than war
peace
Kshan empire
peaked under rule of Kanishka and played role in Silk road; nomads from central asia that created city-state after Mauryan decline
group made vast majority of Russian pop.
peasants
3 broad classes of commoners below gentry
peasants,artisans,merchants
Sciencentific revolution where
people began to base on reason
Eunuchs
people who had posts becausedid not have family
consuls
people who weided civil and military power; elected by assembly of elite men and served one year terms
How did Indigenous peoples resist Spanish rule
rebellion, half-hearted work, retreat to the mountains andforests where Spanish power couldn't reach
Marshall Plan
rebuilt European economies through cooperation and capitalism, forestalling communist or Soviet influence on the devastated nations of Europe
Happened to Christian boys of devshirme
recieved special training, learned turkish, converted to Islam
Reconquista
reconquest of Spain
goal of Sufi mystic
recover intimacy between God and human soul, and to find the truth of divine knowledge and love through a direct personal experience of god
detente
reduction in hostility
Phoenicians
referred to self as Canaanites and land as Canaan. Big Trade economy
varna
refers to major classes
How was merit determined for government officials during the Tang dynasty
reflections of performance on imperial civil service examinations
Peter I wanted
reform to be more like western Europe
Gracchi brothers known for being
reformers
How did Ivan the Great declare Russian independence from the Mongols
refused to acknowledge khan's supremacy
Caudillos
regional military leaders
opiate of the masses
religion
Mahmud of Ghazni destroyed
religious buildings or Buddhism and Hinduism
shamans
religious specialists who possessed supernatural powers, communicated with the gods and nature spirits, involked divine aid on behalf of their communities, and informed their companions of their gods' will.
The mogols ____ people when their skill was needed other places
relocated
Mencius places most emphasis on what confucian virtue
ren
Kellogg-Briand Pact
renounced war as instrument of national policy
tanzimat
reorganization, reform in the Ottoman Empire
Sacrament of Penance
required individuals to confess their sins to their priests and atone for them by penitential acts
Gautama searched forr what when he left his family
spiritual enlightenment, explanation for suffering,
Prince Henry of Portugal
sponsored a series of voyages down the west African coast
Main goal of shogun
stabilize realm and prevent return of civil war
What was the principal aim of the Tokugawa shoguns?
stabilize their realm and prevent return of civil war.
Because of monsoon winds trade happened in
stages
What did caesar do after seizing power
started large-scale building projects, centralized military under his control, named himself dictator for life, distributed property to the veterans of his armies
facilitated transportation and distribution in the US
state governments built canals, private investors established steamship lines and railroad networks
replaced iron as key building material of industry
steel
Cicero supported
stoicism
Characteristics a port city needed
strategic location, maintain good order, resisted urge to levy excessive custom taxes
Legalists planned to harness the energy of their people by
strict and clear laws
What advantages did the British have at the beginning of the American Revolution
strong government w/clear lines of authority, most powerful navy in world, competent army, sizable pop. of loyalists in colonies, overall colonial pop. w/mixed sentiments about revolution
Xunzi believed best way to bring order to society
strong social dicipline
Kept Latin American from gaining economic independence and success enjoyed by N. America
struggled with the legacies of colonialism, slavery, economic dependence on single export
People who contradicted emperor's judgement
suffered from castration
Brazilian colonial life revolved around
sugar mill of the engenho
Engenho
sugar mill;
Copernican universe
sun centered
heliocentric
sun-centered universe
What did the British rely on building to control the seas against the Germans
super battleships or dreadnoughts
junzi
superior individuals that took broad view of public affairs and did not allow personal interests to influence judgement
Helped aid Corte's conquest of Aztec
superior tech (weapons, horse); divisions amoung indigenous peoples; small pox
Capitalism believed
supply and demand determined prices
Virgin of Guadalupe
symbol of distinct Mexican faith and promise of salvation of Mexican Christianity; nation symbol
Scholastic Theology
synthesize beliefs and values of Christianity with the logic rigor of Greek Philosophy
chinampas
system of agriculture. Mexica dredged a rich and fertile muck from the lake's bottom and built it up into small pots of lands. The Chimpas were very fertile
Writer about corruption of early Roman empire
tACITUS
townshend act
tax on a wide variety of imported goods
stamp act
tax on publications and legal documents
How did France and Spain develop new sources of finanace
taxes
How did Han Wudi pay for military ventures?
taxes and confiscating land from wealthy
majority of European migrants went to
temperate lands to work as free cultivators or industrial labor
Theoretically shogun ruled as
temporary stand-in for emperor
primary responsibility of women in nomadic societies
tend animals
type of occupations women dominated
textiles and decorative arts
What was the only ;pagan shrine not destroyed by Muhammad's followers on their return to Mecca
the Ka'ba
Germans tried to break the deadlock on the Western Front in 1916 at
the fortress of Verdun
Purpose of Spanish Inquisition
to ferret out those who secretly practiced Judaism or Islam but it was charged with the responsibility ti detect Protestant heresy in Spain
Why did Peter I and Russian observers tour western Europe
to learn western European administrative methods and military technology
Chola rulers require of local and village governments
to maintain order, deliver tax revenue on time
What was the principal concern of the Ming and Qing emperors?
to maintain stability in a large agrarian society.
principal mission of the League of Nations
to maintain world peace
Why did the British occupy Egypt in 1882
to protect British financial interests, ensure the safety of the Suez
Secret part of deal that led to Soviets removing nuclear misscles from Cuba
to remove US missiles from Turkey
Political challenge for rulers of eastern half of Roman Empire
to restore order following invasions
principle early result of Bantu migrations
to spread agriculture and herding to almost all parts of Africa
imon Bolivar's goal in S. America
to weld former Spanish colonies of South America into a great confederation like the United States
cash crop settlers in Virginia and Carolina focused on
tobacco
Layed foundation for long-term political and social stability (japan)
tokugawa shoguns
What were quipu used for
track responsibilities, keep records, and keep historical information to remember.
generated wealth that financed the organization of citypstates on the coast and large kingdoms in the interior regions of east and Central Africa
trade
Spanish policy in Philippines revolved around
trade and Christianity
What did Dutch mariners concentrate on instead of converting natives
trade in spices (cloves, nutmeg, mace)
Kingdom of Kongo actively participated in
trade networks
Most religion relied on what to spread
trade routes
three most important motives for long-distance travel between 1000-1500
trade, diplomacy, missionary activity
Muhammad occupation
trader
Babur's great ambition
transform his inheritance into a glorious central Asian empire
basic aim of five-year plan
transform the Soviet Union from a predominantly agricultural country to a leading industrial power
Mexica received what from subject people
tribute
two hostile camps had Europe's major powers transformed themselves into by 1914
triple alliance and triple entente
Perssias linked India to Egypt into vast commercial zones (t/f)
true
T/F China did not import many goods
true
The first emperor burned the books from the previous dynasty(t/)
true
t/f Mali empire taxed trade that passed through
true
t/f Nomadic people had superior equestrian skills
true
t/f although Aby al-Abbas was a Sunni Arab, he readily allied with Shiahs to shatter the Umayyad Dynasty
true
satyagraha
truth and firmness
How long was pax romana?
two and a half centuries
Who did Tang Taizong kill to become emperor
two of his brothers
how long did it take central government in Spain to respond to communications from Mexico or Peru
two years
Cataract
unavigable stretch of rapids and waterfalls
Qanat
underground canal that led to enhanced agricultural production and pop. growth
Church officials considered interest
unearned and immoral profit
Temujin
unified Mongols
Fernando of Aragon and Isabel of Castile
united 2 wealthiest and important Iberian relams with marriage; Catholic kings; destroyed Granada completed Reconquista;
Young Turks called for
universal suffrage, equality before law, freedom of religion, free public education, secularization of the states, and emancipation of women
Terra australis incognita
unknown southern land
What did African trade with lands of the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean basins promote
urban development, organzation of large states and empires, introduction of new food crops and new religious beliefs intro sub-Saharan Africa
How did Chinese craftsman develop superior grades of metal
using coke instead of coal
crusades
vast military campaigns to recapture Jerusalem and other sites holy from Muslim rule
common features by fascist movements
veneration of state, devotion to strong leader, emphasis on ultranationalism, ethnocentralaism, militarism
People idealize elite rule after Great War because
viewed democracy as product of decay and lacking in positive values
where did war of American independence begin
village of Lexington near Boston
main reason for declining fertility in industrial lands
voluntary birth control through contraception
Why did Fernando and Isabel sponsor Christopher Columbus
wanted a place for spain in Asian Markets
Immediately after the dissolution of the Han empire in 220 C.E., China
was taken over by nomadic people
allowed Islamic government institutions to become dysfunctional and social order to break down
weak, negligent, and corrupt rulers.
Why were Gracchi brothers killed
wealthy and ruling class feared brothers might gain great influence in Roman affairs
Reason for theme system failure
wealthy lndowners acquired large estates
Lower classs forbidden to(japan)
wear luxuries
Rulers of Seleucid empire couldn;t control empire because
were considered foreigners, opposed by native persians'
caused Soviet to blockade Berlin
western powers decided to merge their occupation zones in Germany
Principal European visitors to Pacific Islands during the 19th century
whalers, merchants, missionaries
caused end of Directory in France
when a young general named Napoleon Bonaparte staged a coup d'etat and seized power
Putting-out system
where entrepenuers deliuved unfinished materials to rural households where the people finished it and got paid for their services. The entrepreneuer than sold the goods for a profit
Mita syste,
where they recruit workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept. Spanish authorities required each native villages to send 1/7 of its male population to workn for four months in the mines
foot binding
young girl's feet are tightly wrapped with strips of cloth that prevented natural growth of bones/ resulted in tiny-malformed curved feet
"No plays" embraced
zen buddhism
Religions influenced Manichaeism
zoroastrian, christianity, and buddhist
Hinduism formed by
Blending of Aryan and Dravidian
first introduced tanks
British
Iron Metallurgy
Cheaper metal and more abundant
What weakened Sargon's empire?
Chronic rebellion in city-states (resented imperial rule); invasion of people who wanted Mesopotamia's wealth
Heliopolis
City of the sun; sun cult of Re
How did Pachacuti force Chimu to submit to Inca rule?
Did this by gaining control of waters that supplied Chimu's irrigation system
Wedge-Shapped Writting
Cuneiform
Why is Jainism only followed by small minority of people
Difficult/impossible for most people to observe
Not a consequence of Greek colonization
Disrupted trade and commerce
Ziggurats
Distinctive stepped pyramids that housed temples and were altars to the principle deity
Torah
Doctrine and teachings for Isrealites (hebrew for teaching)
Karma
Doctrine saying you get reincarnatied based on what you did
Samsara
Doctrine that said death would go to world of fathers before being reincarnated
Which European countries held the most prosperous possessions in sub-Saharan Africa?
Dutch/ Netherlands; British/ England
Conquered Java and islands of Indonesia
Dutch
Country conquested Java and monopolized spices
Dutch (VOC)
established Cape Town in 1652
Dutch East India Company
Two places with constitutional states
Dutch and English
first reported European sighting of Australia
Dutch sailors
group started rapid development of Italy (politically and economically)
Estruscans
Most hides went to
Europe
madrasas
institutions of higher eduction in Islam empire
Brought down the Frankish Empire
internal power struggles, fresh series of devastating invasions
Powers of tributes
intervene in all political matters and possessed right to veto unfair measures
How did Turkish people organize themselves
into clans and tribes
How did Henry Ford improve manufacturing techniques in 1913
introducing an assembly line to automobile production
Why did Turkish invasions hasten the decline of Buddhism in India
invaders looted and destroyed Buddhist stupas and shrines
What were Chola rules mostly interested in
investing profits from domination of trade
Mesopotamia water system
irrigation
China attempted to avoid military dominance of society by
placing civilian bureaucracies in the highest command positions
Reason lords reduced land available for game preserves for agriculture
it yielded a higher tax and it increased lords' wealth
What two forms of drama became popular in Japanese cities in the early seventeenth century?
kabuki theater,bunraku
trade in slaves from (silk road)
kidnapping victims; prisoners of war
purpose of the SS Einsatzgruppen
kill entire populations of Jews and Rom and non-Jewish slavs in newly occupied territories
Viceroys
king's representatives in the Americas and wielded considerable power;
Srivijaya
kingdom based on island of Sumatra took over after Funan fall.
Funan
kingdom in south Vietnam and Cambodia who reflected Indian culture
Most prosporous of the Congolese states
kingdom of Kongo
Mycenaean society used
lINEAR B
made it possible for the us to undergo rapid industrialization in the late nineteenth century
labor from abroad
how did plague generate social unrest
labor shortages
Silk roads included
land and sea lanes
Mahmud of Ghazni
leader of Turks in Afghanistan; determined warrior, patron of arts, destroyed India and followed Islam
class was the principal beneficiary of industrialization
middle class
The quran was ___ rapidly translated
not
Incas taught concept of
sin; reward/punishment based on life on earth
Many Africans recognized a
single, dominant creator god
How long did dictators hold power(rome)
six months)
What did racist thinkers seek to identify racial groups on the basis of
skin color, bone structure, nose shape, cranial capacity, other physical characteristics
Why was Portugal unable to sustain large seabourne empire for long
small population
By comparison, North American conflicts were more ____ than South American conflicts
smaller in scale
Who ended the dynasty
the Mongols
used as excuse to start a war nbetween China and Japan
the Mukden incident; Japanese blowing up rail on the Japanese built South Manchuria railroad of Mukden; accused china
Embarked on an expedition to find Dr. David Livingstone in Africa
Henry Morton Stanley
New monarchs
Henry VIII( England), King Louis XI and Francis I(France), and Fernando and Isabel (Spain)
Why did King Henry VIII come to conflict with pope
Henry wanted to divorce wife who didn't give him a male child; pope didn't allow him
conquered Aztecs
Hernan Cortes
2nd Japanese leader to unify
Hideyoshi
Describe the Chinese family.
Hierarchial, patriarchal,authoritarian
Egyptian Writing
Hieroglyphics
What did Chola public life revolve around
Hindu temples that served as economic and social centers
Operation Barbaross
Hitler sent armed forces to invade Soviet Union; planned to invade and take over Soviet Union; failed
dar al-Islam
House of Islam
Diet made up of
House of Nobles, Elected Lower House
Chinese name for yellow river
Huang Hu
elected to be king of France after the last Carolingian died
Hugh Capet
Earliest human inhabitants of Americas lived by
Hunting and Gathering
Australia people lived by
Hunting and gathering
Men responsibility in Iroquois People
Hunting, fishing, and war
best-known Muslim traveler
Ibn Battuta
Great discovery of Parthians (military advantage)
If they fed horses Alfalfa during winter, animals would grow larger and stronger.
Mussolini's title
Il Duce "the leader"
Cities differ from Neolithic villages?
Larger and more complex (specialization); city controlled political, economic, and cultural life of larger regions.
Brought Period of Warring States
Last Centuries of Zhou
Where state-building process began
Italy
first fascism movement in
Italy
Made Malaka powerful state
the faith throughout the region and trade.
Group repeatedly led coups against government of Ottoman Empire during 17th and 18th centuries
Janissaries
countries formed Axis Powers
Japan, Germany, Italy
Supplied most of the domestic capital for the Meiji program of industrialization
Japanese Peasants
Shinto
Japanese indigenous religion
most prominent advocate of political equality
Jean-Jacques Rosseau
Why did shang towns switch loyalty to Zhou
Last Shang king was criminal fool who gave himself to wine, women, tyranny, and greed
Kerma
Kush's firt capital
Mongols found what religion of Tibet attractive
Lamaist Buddhism
Eric the Red's son
Leif Ericsson
Led Vikings/Scandinavians to newfoundland, Canada
Leif Ericsson
empire replaced kingdom of Ghana
Mali
Octavian's rival
Mark Anthony
Mexica human sacrifice victims from
Mexica criminals, tribute from neighboring cities, ranks of warriors captured on battlefield
where did most Mexica slaves come from
Mexica famililes who sold young to get out of financial distress; some from criminals
Huitzilopochtli
Mexica war god
Members of triple alliance of Aztec empire
Mexica, Texacoco, Thacopan
two main centers of authority Spanish established in Americas
Mexico (New Spain); Peru( New Castile)
Reegion of Mesoamerica
Mexico to Hondorus and El sALVADOR
Medieval period of Europe also known as
Middle Ages
started peasant rebellion for Mexican independence
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
What were most Spartan resources devote to?
Military
Osman's followers
Ottoman or Osmanlis
Why did Bantu leave
Overpopulation
Invented Inca administration system
Pachacuti
Russian Mariners explored
Pacific Ocean
"land of the pure" according to Jinnah
Pakistan
Longest period of human existence
Paleolithic
New state Theodore Roosevelt helped develop in Columbia in 1903
Panama
territory in central Italy that was ruled by popes
Papal State
Papyrus
Paper-like material
Sunnia
Party who didn't support Ali for caliphs
most famous Bolshevik slogan
Peace, Land, and Bread
What saved Romulus and Remus
She-wolf
Japanese learned about west from
Small Dutc community at Deshima
Compared with Mauyan, Gupta was
Smaller in size, less powerful and stable, less centralized, longer-lived
Saljuq turks overshadowed Abbasid caliphs as
Sultan
captured Constantinople
Sultan Mehmed 2 known as Mehmed the conquerer
Islamic state Mahmud's successors established in India
Sultanate of Delhi
Ruled Turks
Sultans
Where did Abraham come from (old test.)
Sumerian City of Ur
Lion prince
Sundiata
built Mai empire
Sundiata (lion prince)
T/F visigoths did not adopt official Roman language and social customs before invading the empire
True
T/F India traded with themselves
True;
Royal Curriers travel royal road fro
Two Weeks
Kept Khubilai Khan from invading Japan
Typhoons
Why didn't the US ever join the league of nations
US senate rejected the idea
most important Mongol allies
Uighur Turks
Indo-European Homeland
Ukraine, Southern Russia
The governors of al-Andalus were
Umayyads Dynasty supporters
event ended Byzantine Empire
When Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople.
Word used to sum up the French military's master plan for war
attack
How were Muhammad's teachings an economic threat?
attacked idolatry and threatened people that profited from many shrines to deities.
Hideyoshi died from
attacking Korea
Stalin's cleansing
attempt to kill of put in labor camps the people suspected of opposition to Stalin's administration
Purpose of Congress of Vienna
attempt to restore the prerevolutionary order
ren(confucius)
attitude of kindness and benevolence or sense of humanity
What emperors endorsed Hinduism
Gupta
How did Gupta governmental organization differ from Mauryan empire
Guptas left government to local allies(like Persians)
family dominated Holy Roman Empire after 1438
Habsburg Family
Poetry in Japan done in
Haiku
His pilgrimage to this city is known as
Hajri
Dynasty after fall of Qin
Han
Xiongnu fell into dissarry
Han dynasty extended reign into central Asia
Whose throne was the Peacock throne
Shah Jahan
Ao and Yin
Shang Capitals
atempted to harmonize Hindu writings into a single system of thought
Shankara
Decentralized Administration of Zhou
Zhou rulers entrusted power to subordinates who returned allegiance, tribute, etc.
Most important Daoist work
Zhuangzi
What did the National Policy look to do?
attract migrants, protect nascent industries through tariffs, build national transportation system
Introduction of this caused a fresh migratory surge
bananas
Where did Martel turn back the Muslims
battle of Tours in central France
3 main religions that used silk roads to attract converts
buddhism, hinduism, christianity
US overcame sinking of merchant ships by Germans
built more "liberty ships" than Germans could sink
Critics of the first emperor of china(result)
burned alive
Consequence of Crusades
dealing with Musslim merchanys traded ideas, technologies, amd trade goods
economic recovery and well-being of Europe tied to
debts among allies, reparations paid by Germany annd Austria, flow of US funds to Europe
How did the population of Europe grow so rapidly without a dramatic increase in birthrates
decreasing morality
goal of Seneca Falls Convention
demand equal political and economic rights for US women
European political and social values promoted nationalist movements in India
democracy, individual freddom, equality
Johannes Kepler
demonstrated that planetary orbits were elliptical not circular as in Ptolemic theory
caliph
deputy; serves islamic community
How did May increase ag. potential after 4th cen.
designed silt traps
Why did Europeans venture onto the seas
desire to expand boundaries of Roman Catholic Christianity; desire to profit from commercial opportunities
iconoclasm
destroying religious images amd prohibiting their use in churches
held power in Holy Roman Empire during later middle ages
german princes; italian city-states
Brought prosperity to China
global trade
Charvaka sect beliefs
gods were figments of imagination and brahmins were people who enriched themselves by hoodwinking others
Sultanate of Delhi depended on
goodwill of Hindu kings
Zhou ruler duties
govern conscientiously, observe high standard of honor and justice, maintain order/harmony throughout his realm
Mencius advocated
government should be organized through benevolence and humane actice
Egypt Climate after Ice Age
grassy steppe land with numerous lakes, rivers, and streams
Jati in calassical india
had their own courts nad controlled crime and solved disputes
Haoma
hallucinogenic agent priests of Zoroastrian used
How did the British government show that it was not going to tolerate violence against machines
hanging 14 Luddites
Why did nationalist and communist in China join forces
have united front against Japan
Maosim
ideaology grounded in the conviction that peasants rather than urban proletarians were the foundation for a successful revolution
Legalists devoted all attention to
the state
Domino theory
the strategic theory that rationalized worldwide US intervention on the assumption that if one country became communist, neighboring ones would collapse to communism the way a row of dominoes falls sequentially until none remains standing
Only time Spanish and Portuguese society ignored gender
when it came to punishing disobedient slaves
How did Charlemagne officially become an emperor
when pope proclaimed it and placed imperial crown on his head
Why did Chandragupta give up throne
Became a monk
Hittities Technological Innovations
Construction of light, chariots, iron refinement
Phoenicians called their land
Canaan
Kings of France
Capetian kings
Memphis
Capital of Egypt
Xianyang
Capitol of Qin dynasty
Purpose of Maya Warfare
Capture enemies in hand-to-hand combat on battlefield
architect of French absolutism
Cardinal Richelieu
first site of interaction between European and American peoples
Caribbean
only successful slave revolt in history took place in
Caribbean island of Hispaniola
Why did Manichaeism decline
ZOROASTRIAN LEADERS URGED sASANID RULERS TO SUPPRESS IT and Rome was suspicious of it wo they persecuted them
gathas
Zarathustrs works of hymns, works, on zoroastrian
Concept previously unknown but invented by mayan
Zero
Punic wars started when Romans
expanded to Sicily
ahisma
nonviolence to other living things or souls
November crime
signing of the 1918 armistice
Incas called Cuzco?
"The Naval of the Universe"
Ming dynasty
"brilliant" Hongwu brought to destroy evidence of Mongols
Texas annexed into US in
1845
End of Qing Dynasty
1912
How long was the Great Wall?
2,500 kilometers
Who succeedded Muhammad
Abu Bakr
Founder of Abbasid Dynasty
Abu al-Abbas
4.5 Billion
Age of Earth
,Meso:Gods were associated with
Agriculture
chief target of fur trade
American beavers
compilation of Confucius's sayings
Analects
Persians culturally close to
Aryans
Mexica better known as
Aztec
Aryan Social Structure
Caste System
Indus first to domesticate
Chickens
Earliest Metal worked with
Cooper
Irrigation or Drainage (Mesoamerica)
Drainage
Who did Sultan Selim 3 threaten by remodeling army after Europes
Elite Janissary corps
Most slaves came from (china)
Enemy Warriors
Menes
First brought unified rule to Egypt
Kept Persians from success in Persian wars
Fraile line of supplies in harsh environment
Sold Louisiana territory
France/ Napoleon
Who exteneded Mongol rule to China
Genghis Khan
Reichstag
Germany's parliament building
Greek slaves from
Indebt men, prisoners of war, and slaves traded at market
Government of India act failed by
India's six hundred nominally soverign princes refused to cooperate amd Muslims feared Hindus would dominate national legislature
major deity of Inca
Inti (sun)
Turkish sultanate of Delhi
Islam authority from successors of Mahmud of Ghazni
Harihara and Bukka were _____ and converted to ______ after created Vijayanager
Islam; Hindu
Al-Andalus
Islamic Spain
First Christian emperor
Istanbul
Who were the earliest European slave traders?
It was Portuguese explorers.
Center of iron production and trade in Africa
Jenne-jeno
brought pringing press to Ottoman empire
Jewish refugees from Spain
took control of the Guomindang after Sun Yatsen's death
Jiang Jieshi
first prime minister of Canada
John A Macdonald
D-day
June 6, 1944
symbol of islamic cultural unity
Ka'ba
Mongol capital in China
Khanbaliq(city of the khans)
Why didn't British merchants want to transform Latin American states into dependent trading partners
Latin American offered no substantial market for British goods
returned centralized rule to China after first emperor's death
Lin Bang
Why were there pyramids?
Massive tombs
Most influential Indian scholars
Mathematicians
Magadha
Maurya and Gupta based in
Signed Pact of steel
May 1939
Tikal
Most important political center between 4th and 9th century (Maya) wealthy bustling with multiple pyramids
Ruled Egypt
Muhammad Ali
neolithic age
New Stone Age
last large habitable region og the earth to recieve members of the human species
New Zealand
Who did the Abbasids clash frequently with
Nomadic people from Central Asia
Apedemak
Nubia war god
Black Thursday
October 24, 1929
What era were pyramids constructed (egypt)
Old Kingdom
Paleolithic
Old Stone Age
led parliamentary forces in English Civil War
Oliver Cromwell
Yao
One of three sage kings; brought harmony to family and large China state
What percentage of slaves went to North American destinations?
Only 5 percent did.
Aryans Preserved works
Orally
Where Magnellen died
Phillipines
Skeptics
Philosohphers of Hellensic took no strong positions; sought equanimity and left contentious issues to others
Stoic
Philosophers of Hellensic who were most influential. taught to aid others and lead virtuous ,lives.
Tyre, Sidon, Beirut, Byblos
Phoenician main cities
Astarte
Phoenician main female deity for fertility
Tax in Mesoamerica
Portion of their harvests
dynasty replaced Hongwu's dynasty
Qing
Who led a resistance movement against the Portuguese in Angola for forty years?
Queen Nzinga led it.
Discouraged invaders from attacking Egypts/Nubia
Red Sea/Mediterranean sea/hostile deserts
Romanov Dynasty
Russia tsars family who held centralized government
Lenin's party
Russian Social Democratic Party
Took over Persia after Alexander's death
Seleucus
scientific racism
Social and cultural differences because scientic racism. It was the idea that humanity was divided into four races each with their own particular traits.
caste
Social class of heredity and unchangeable status
Overcame Mali empire
Songhay
How did Chandragupta die?
Starved himself to ddeath
Nirvana
State of perfect spiritual independence
Served as banks
Temples
Who restored native rule to China after the fall of the Yuan dynasty?
The Ming dynasty did. Hongwu founded the Ming.
Aten
The brief monotheism god of Egypt
Why was it impossible for the Chinese to organize large trading firms like the English East India Company or the VOC?
There wasn't government approval for large-scale commerical ventures. The government wanted to limit foreign merchants. With this, it was impossivle to have big ship yards and trading firms.
problems the Mongols face in Persia after Khubilai Khan's reign ended
They had trouble governing. They has excessive spending and overexploitation of the peasantry led to reduced revenue. Paper money also caused a problem.
three estates/classes of European society
Those who pray, Those who fight, and Those who work
Rome on what river
Tiber River
Countries made up French Indochina
Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos
group prevented Chinese from overrunning Vietnam
Viets
Empire Harihara and Bukka established
Vijayanagar
Group overpowered Guptas
White Huns
Confucius had students study
Works from Zhou dynasty
Cuneiform
Writing of Mesopotamis; symbols written into wet clay that later dried
Gregory the wonderworker
a tireless missionary with a reputation for performing miracles who populated Christianity
OCTAVIAN'S TITLE
aUGUSTUS
dictatorship of the proletariat
abolish private parties and destroy capitalist order
What did the Convention do to Monarchy
abolished it
China has little innovation in
agricultural and industrial technologies
Mongol rulers stood _____ from Chineese subjects
apart( banned inter marriage, Chinese couldn't learn Mongol language, kill Chinese, etc.)
Why did Muhammad makes almsgiving a prime moral value in Islam
because of his difficult days of his youth
Tokugawa shogunate
began centralized feudalism
How did Zhen He seek to attin his goals
by diplomacy
How did overland travel mostly travel
camel caravan
Alpaca
camel-like beasts
Ghaznavid Turks
campaigned through India
most dramatic forms of rsistance during the war
campaigns of sabotage, armed assaults on occupation forces, assassinations
what did some island peoples resort to when food supples were lacking?
cannibalism
intelligentsia
class of intellectuals who sought substantial political reform and through social change
most of Inca army made of
conquered people
Tamerlane was a conquerer or a governor or both
conquerer
first step in the revisionist process of expanisionism and aggression
conquest of Manchuria
most crucial technological breakthrough of the early industrial era
development of a general-purpose steam engine
believed that witches derived power from
devil
Neandethal
earliest evidence of reflectuve thought;
Ptolemaic Universe
earth center
geocentric
earth-centered universe
Latifundia
enourmous plantations
drove Ottoman expansion
formidable military machine
Mencius' problem
he had naively optimistic view of human nature
Solon
helped with Greek democracy
Emperor Yongle organized expeditions for what purposes
impose imperial control over foregin trade with china; impress foreign people with power and might that Ming dynasty restored to China
How did individual merchants handle long-distance trade
in stages
William Harvey
iscovered human circulation system
What did Khubilai Khan ask the Polo Brothers to bring back from Europe
learned theologians to serve as authoritative sources of information of Christine doctine
What did Japan do after the League of Nations told it to stop aggressions in Manchuria
left League
"south pointing needle"
magnetic compass
MAD
mutually assured destruction
Muslim (meaning)
one who has submitted
Renaissance
rebirth
revisionist powers
revised or overthrew the terms of the post-Great War peace; confronted nations that were committed to the international system and to the avoidance of another world war
staple foods government distribute throughout China
rice, wheat, millet
goal of Boxers
rid China of "foreign devils" and their influences
What did Constitution emphasize
rights of individuals
machismo
social ethinic that honored male strength, courage, aggressiveness, assertiveness, and cunning
most innfluential critics of industrialization
socialists
Mithraism was especially popular among
soldiers
Romansa required what from conquered people
soldiers and military support
Atahualpo
sparred by Pizarro until he delievered a large supply of gold and then he was killed
vivisection
surgery conducted on a living organism
prominent source of food throughout many Pacific islands
sweet potatos
Schlieffen plan
swift knockout of France followed by defensive action against Russia
sugar act
tax on molasses
Emerged as spiritual leader of Christian communities in the western regions of Rome as Roman imperial authority crumbled
the Pope
Nestorians emphasize
the human as opposed to the divine nature of Jesus
self-determination
the idea that people with same ethnic origins, language, and political ideals had the right to form sovereign states
Robespierre known as
the incorruptible
What happened to Silk Roads after decline of Han and Roman empires
there was less activity, but trade revived along the routes in the sixth century
Hideyoshi feared Europeans and Christians because
they began to refuse to follow orders because the orders were in direct conflict w/newly adapted faith
advantages of joint-stock companies
they enabled investors to realize handsome profits while limiting the risk to their investments.
Why did Bolsheviks execute Tsar Nicholas 2 and family
they feared that the Romanov family would fall into the hands of the whites, thereby strengthening counterevolutionary forces.
principal function of Mexica women
to bear children
Qin ended by
waves of revolts
Chinese River
yELLOW
serfdom abolished in Russia in
1861
when did socialist finally gain control of a government
1917 in Russia
Length of Persian Royal Road
2,575 kilometers (1,600 miles)
When was Han Dynasty formally abolished
22 C.E.
How many successive military commanders were needed to unify unity and peace in Japan
3
Hitler stopped education at
9th grade
Upanishad
A sitting in front of; practice of disciples gathering to discuss religious issues
Where was the capital of Charlemagne's empire in Western Europe
Aachen
What two major events were before and after the hellensic era
Alexander's death, and development/ expansion of roman empire
What happened to communities that did not report seeing crime (china legalist)
All members liable to punishment with actual violator
Walking Up-Right
Allowed Australopithecus (southern ape) to use arms for independent tasks
Principal gods in Egypt
Amon and Re (sun gods)
Evil spririt in zoroastrian
Angra Mainyu
Bordered Islamic Peninsula
Arabianb sea, persian gulf, red sea,
Nobunaga got rid of
Ashikaga shogun
guiding force behind Italian fascism
Benito Mussolini
terrorist group Gavrilo Princip member of
Black Hand
Why did gods shed blood(Americas)
Blood to water; to water crops
What is similar between the Minoan and Mycenaean societies
Both build palaces
How did Darius' invasion of India help unify India?
Bringing India under Persian role and introducing Persian techniques of administration
First European settlement in Australia
British penal colony
Common Japanese embraced
Buddhism
Dunhuang
Buddhist community in western China
Reason Nobunaga took missionaries(Christian) under wing
Buddhist monks resisting Nobunaga's rise to power
"Paris of Americas"
Buenos Aires
Bezant
Byzantine gold coin
Most powerful organizing feature of Indian society
Caste System
Most able of Peter's successors
Catherine II or Catherine the Great
Umayyad Dynasty
Centralized authority that favored Arab muslims
Hammurabi's improvement on Sargon
Centralized bureaucratic rule and regular taxation; Hammurabi stayed in same city
Louis the Pious
Charlemagne's only surviving son who lost control of local authorities
Charlemagne's grandfather
Charles Martel
Indra
Chief deity in Rig Veda, boisterous and violent character
slogan of self-strengthening movement
Chinese learning at the base, Western Learning for use
Why was Chinese silk better than other silk
Chinese silk was extremely fine because of advanced sericulture techniques
name of female banana look-alike of Carmen Miranda
Chiquita Banana
Cacao
Chocolate in Mayan civilization
Tools of "Southern Ape"
Choppers, scrapppers, food prep. tools
Phillapines converted eventually to
Christianity
What religion was most Arabs by Muhammad's time
Christianity
2 religions of salvation in sub-Saharan Africa
Christianity and Islam
What does the word Varna mean?
Color; different castes
Most distinctive creations of Olmecs
Colossal human heads
Commanded US fleet to Japan in 1853
Commodore Matthew C. Perry
Plebeians
Common People
Umma
Community of Faith (Islam)
fuel for conflict between Aryans and Dravidians
Competition for land and resources
Avesta
Compile of scriptures in holy book of zoroastrian religion
Who mistrusted Zheng He and argued that the expensive expeditions would be better use if devoted to agriculture
Confucian ministers
Kangxi
Confucian scholar that was vocacious reader organized flood-control and irrigation projects, looked after welfare, Mang emperor, conquerer who absorbed some southern China.
Who staffed the Ming and Qing dynasty bureaucracies?
Confucian scholars
3 Schools of Thoughts after Warring States
Confucianism, daoism, legalism
Ashoka's first major priority as emperor
Conquer Kalinga and bring under Mauryan control
emperor who allowed Christians to practice their faith openly for first time in Roman empire
Constantine
Byzantion later became
Constantinople
New city ordered to be built by Constantine
Constantinople
Language of Ancient Egypt
Coptic
Guild
Corporate body that supervised prices and wages in a given industry and provided welfare of the members and their families
When did Marie Gouze publish in 1791
Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female citizen
4 states part of union during Civil War
Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri
Introduced Norman principles of government and land tenure to England
Duke William of Normandy
Assumption of Zhou Theory of Politics
Earthly Events tied close to Heavenly affairs
Mandate of Heaven
Earthly events related to events in Heaven; Zhou
Two rival communities that developed between church leaders in Byzantium and Western Europe
Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic church
Theories for Harappan decline
Ecological degradation; natural catastrophes
Society of Jesus
Effective missionary society
"Gift of the Nile"
Egypt
Most Powerful land in Muslim World by 1820
Egypt
led Seneca Falls Convention
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
led lower classes in Mexican Revolution
Emiliano Zapata, Francisco (Pancho) Villa
Implemented policy of iconoism
Emperor Leo the 3rd
Ordered workers to link existing barriers of massive defensive wall
Emperor Qin
Powerful joint-stock company formed by English
English East India Company
Most powerful European states
Europe, France, Spain
Judea
Exiles of Jewish community turned to this city.
Violation go Jati rule
Expulsion from larger group
Loess
Extremely fine powder-like soil depositied in plains; covers yellow river
T/F Tang have government official based on heredity
False
Mayan were filled with coorperative villages (T/F)
False, many wars
Wheel
First use were Sumerian wheeled carts
Two places didn't like prospect of new powerful Holy Roman Empire
France and Ottoman empire
influenced Islamic empire
Greek, Persia, and India
After Nara period in Japan
Heian Japan.
Conquered Babylon
Hitties
Beaver War
Iroquois(dutch) vs Hurons(French) where Iroquois sought to expand their hunting ground
What did most zoroastrians convert to
Islam
why did Islamic empires have to rely on foregin suppliers for military goods
Islamic empires didn't have large armaments industry
Where were Minoans located?
Island of Crete
Largest Egyptian pyramid
Khufu
Reason Chinggis destroyed Persian region
Khwarazm shah killed Khan's envoys
What happened to Philip of Macedon
Killed by assassin
Who temporarily restored rule to most northern India
King Harsha
"sun king"
King Louis XIV
longest reign of any European monarch
King Louis XIV
Credited with invention of Sails
King Yu
King Assurbanipal
King of Assyrian; during conquest
King David and Solomen
Kings of Isrealites
What American crops did Portuguese ships bring to Africa?
Manioc;maize;peanuts
After Yuan dynasty
Ming
Chaldean Empire
New Babylonian Empire
great African rivers
Nile, Niger Congo, Zambesi
founded Ottoman empire
Osman Bey
Holy Roman Empire was born when ______ proclaimed emperor by pope John 7th
Otto
Queen Hatshepsut
Ruler with stepson in Egypt
Two Kinds of years from Maya
Solar and Ritual
Islam Meaning
Submission
Hong's Dynasty
Taiping
What was the principal purpose of marriage?
To continue to male line of descent.
Began rule of Tokugawa family
Tokugawa
T/F Zheng He was an eunuch
True
Duke William of Normandy known as
William the Conquerer
Moses' God
Yahweh
Europeans called plague
black death
How did Franks gain support from the pope
by converting to Christianity
Niani
capital of Ghana
ideology
coherent vision of human nature, human society, and the larger world that proposes some particular form of political and social organization as ideal
Made travel over silk roads less safe than in earlier times
collapse of Mongol empire, spread of bubonic plague
gaucho
cowboys, brave and independent ranchers
Most impressive structures of th woodlands
earth mounds
xiao(confucius)
high significance of Chinese family
John Maynard Keynes felt fundamental cause of depression
inadequate demand
religion did Mahmud of Ghazni encourage
islam
sepoys
large number of Indian troops
What is in the Mosque
no furnature, only mats.rugs to kneel and pray
3 empires of Islamic world
ottoman, safavid, mughal
Where did the 1914 German push towards Paris come to a halt
river Marne
Most respected and influential of Hellenistic philosophers
sTOICS
Galileo Galileo
showed many astronomer things such as gravity, change in other planets, discoveries, etc
tea act
tax on tea
ahims
tolerence and nonviolence
best known Buddhist monastery
Monestery at Nalanda
Mughal is Persian for
Mongol
Who fought in Punic wars
Rome vs. Carthaginaians
Dhows
preferred boat by Persians, Arab and Indians
Anti-semitism
prejudice against Jews
Shankara believed
reason more than feelings
Jina
"the conquerer" Mahavira's disciples called him this (jainism)
devout Manichaeans known as
"the elect"
Dao means
"the way"; "the way of nature"; "the way of the cosmos"
Anschuluss
"union" with Austria
Chingis Khan
"universal leader"
Homo Erectus
("UPRIGHT-WALKING HUMAN") Larger brains with tools like cleavers and hand axes. Couldn't use sophisticated language but could convey intentions and coordinate activity
How many Vedas
4
Period of the Warring State
403-221 b.c. violent last centuries of Zhou.
When did Visigoths sack Rome
410 C.E.
How long was Gutama in meditation
49 days
Medieval Period of European history
500-1500 C.E.
How long for both Maya calendars to go through all combinations
52 years
Gilgamesh
5th king of Uruk; greated hero figure of ancient mesopotamia, Sought to Fight death
Mesopotamia Number system based on
60 (hours; minutes)
date that will live in infamy
7 december 1941; attack on Pearl Harbor
How long did it take to make the Peacock throne
7 years
how long did caravan take to cross Sahara
70-90 days
Who delivered Allah's message to Muhammad
Gabriel (Jibreel)
What city was Songhay's power based in?
Gao
How did enourmous wealth bring challenge to traditional social order in India
Gave wealth to vaishyas and some shudras who became more wealthy than upper castes
Barrior to keep Mesoamerica and Andes from interacting
Geography (mountians)
built first steam-powered locomotive
George Stephenson
Sent Lenin back to Russia
German High Command
first use of poisonous gas by
German troops
official facor in the US decision to enter war
German's resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare in Feb 1917
Subgroup of Indo-European family Englsih is in
Germanic
What kigdom emerged as important gold trading site in Africa
Ghana
led unification movement in southern Italy
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Where are the pyramids located (Egypt)?
Giza
Vishnu
God known as preserver of world who intervened on behalf of virtous individuals
Horus
God of SKy represented by a hawk ; Egyptian
When did the last documented ship that carried slaves across the Atlantic arrive in Cuba?
It was in 1867.
Why did the emperor Kangxi order and end to the preaching of Christianity in China?
It was in response to the demand that missionaries in China had to suppress ancestor veneration and conduct services according to European standard.
balance-of-power politics
It was shifting alliances to ensure one state wouldn't dominate all the others. It was to prevent building empire and ensure Europe would remain a land of independent, soveregin, competing states.
What was the most dramatic form of resistance?
It was slave revolt.
Glorious Revolution
It was the change in power when parliament deposed King James II and invited his daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange, to assume the throne. This caused the king to rule in cooperation with parliament.
What was the African diaspora?
It was the dispersal of African people and their descendents.
Catholic Reformation
It was the enourmous reform effort within their own church. They wanted to define points of doctrine to differenciate from the Protestant churches, persuade Protestants to return to the Roman Catholic church, and deepen the sense of spirituality and religious commitment in their own community.
Columbian Exchange
It was the global diffusion of plants, food crops animals, human populations, and disease pathogens that took place after voyages of exploration by Christopher Columbus and other European mariners.
English Reformation
It was the severed ties of English and Roman churches. English confiscated the church weath in England. This allowed Henry to increase the size of the state and add to its responsibilities.
What was the Middle Passage?
It was the trans-Atlantic journey aboard filthy and crowded slave ships.
What was Matteo Ricci's goal?
It was to convert China to Christianity
Purpose of audiencias
It was to hear appeals aginst the viceroys' decisions and policies and had the right to address their concerns directly to the Spanish king. Thhey also conducted review of viceroys' performance at the end of their terms and negative reviews could lead to severe punishments.
What was the purpose of plantations?
It was to profit from the production and export of commercial crops.
What was the Antonian movement?
It was where an aristocratic woman, Dona Beatriz proclaimed that St. Anthony of Padua possessed her and choose her to communicate his messages.
Enlightenment
It was where philosophers abandoned Aristotelian philosophy, Christian theology, and other traditonally recognized authorities and they sought to subject the human world to purely rational analysis
Columbus was
Italian
Bronze Metallurgy
Mad eof Copper and Tin; only wealthy used
What did Olmecs use for tools
Obsidian
Dtermines jati
Occupation
United Nations created in
October 1945
Best-known PanHellenic festivals
Olympic Games
Trancontinental Railroad of US ran from
Omaha
Principal figure in expansion of Christianity beyond Judaism
Paul of Tarsus
formally recognized American independence
Peace of Paris
What were the three broad classes of commoners below the gentry according to Confucian tradition?
Peasants, artisans or workers,merchants
good Russians in search of in Siberia
Pelts
Indentured Labor
Peopl with no future in Europe sold part of their working life for passage across Atlanta
Bantu Definition
People
Why was Christianity so highly accepted in Spanish America
People concluded that the Mexican gods abandoned them after conquests and epidemic diseases; they looked for missionaries for spiritual guidance
Untouchables
People who performed dirty or unpleasant work
Who led Athens during its most prosperous time
Pericles
Earth during Ice Age
Very cold; Landbridge connected Americas to Asia; Variances in temp. and rainfall
Normans were descendants of
Vikings
Leif called Canada this because of wild grapes
Vinland
Most popular saint
Virgin MarySt. Dominic and St. Franscis founded mendicants
Led to decline of Minoan society
Volcanic eruptions, tidal waves, and earthquakes
Hittites innovations
War Chariots and Iron Metallergy
Led to population decline in northern China
War and Nomadic invasions
prevented ethnic and political differences from ripping Canada apart
War of 1912 that stimulated unity
Persian Wars
War of Persians and Greeks
Emporia
Warehouse to store goods
What led to formation of ag. economies
Warming temps (more stable conditions; increased rainfall); Women took care of crops, Men domesticated Animals
Top of Mexica society
Warriors
Soviet Union devloped to combat NATO
Warsaw Pact
best known Jewish uprising against Nazis at
Warsaw ghetto
Paul of Tarsus traveled from Palestine to Rome to
appeal hhis case
Why ddid the pope proclaim Otto emperor
appreciation for his aid to the church
Information from people of north Mexico from
archaeological discoveries
Charlmagne relied on
aristocratic deputies known as courts who held political, military, and legal authority
most important institution of Mongol state
army
quipu
array of small cords of various colors and lengths, all suspended from one large, thick cord
Francis Xavier in Japan
arrived to try to convert Japanes to Roman Catholism
How did conservatives view society
as an organism that changes slowly over the generation
Christian communities in Mesopotamia and Iran deeply influenced Christian practices in the Roman empire through their
ascetic values
Council of Trent
assembly of bishops, cardinals, other high church officials who met to address matters of doctrine and reform
Hanseatic League
association of trading cities stretching from Novgorod to London embracing all the significant commercial centers of Poland, northern Germany, and Scandinavia
most toltecs settled
at Tula
dharma
basic doctrine shared bu Buddhists of all sects (four noble truths and noble eightfold path)
mendicants
beggars who had no personal possessions and begged for food when they preached
How did Diocletian attempt to deal with problem of vast size of Roman Empire
dividing empire into two administrative districts
Pope Gregory the 7th vs.
emperor Henry the 4th
Reason for Tang decline
emperor was careless and revolts started
How were emperors in Japan able to survive changing ruling parties
emperors not associated with ruling party; weren't subject to deposition during times of turmoil
Dividends that voyages of exploration pay
enabled European mariners to chart the world's ocean basins; develop an accurate understanding of world geography
de-Stalinization
end of rule of terror, partial liberalization of Soviet society
What did the north's victory in the Civil War do?
end slavery in US, ensured US remain politically united, enhanced authority of federal government
How were Buddhist monasteries important elements in local economies and Chinese communities
engaged in banking or money-lending activities; maintained schools that provided basic education
Where did all the revolution movements around the Atlanic Ocean basin dervie their inspiration and rationalization from?
enlightenment
Why did kings of France and England begin to levy taxes and assemble armies
enormous expenses they incurred during the Hundred Years' war
Purpose of Equal-field system
ensure equitable distribution of land and to avoid concentration of land property that had caused social problems earlier
(Plato) only way to understand true nature of virtue, other qualities
enter world of forms or ideas
How did Soviets handle the Hungarian call for independence
entered Budapest and crushed Hungarian uprising
What did the United States Constitution do?
entrusted responsibility for general issues to a federal government, reserved authority for local issues for individual states, provided for the admission of new states and territories to the confederation
Mahabharata
epic about bloody civil war for control of northern India between two gorups of cousins
Long March
epic journey of 10,000 kilometers of Red army going against Gumindang forces
How did biological exchanges destroy human pop.
epidemic diseases
Why did Maya believe in shedding royal blood
essential for world survival
Why did Ming Government sponsor Zheng He's expedition
establish Chinese presence in Indian Ocean basin
What did Mahmud 2 do to make his authority more effective
established European-style ministries, constructed new roads, built telegraph lines, inaugurated a postal service
To govern over 70 distinct ethnic groups persians
established lines of communication ad centralized administration
How did Athenians relieve political and social tensions
establishing a government based on democratic principles
Hacienda
estate which produced foodstuffs for its own use and sale
concept of dao
eternal and unchanging principle that governs all the workings of the world
most important sacrament
eucharist
three reasons for war expansion
european governments carried their animosities into their colonies, embroiling them; Europe's human reserves were not enough to satisfy the appetite of war; it assumed global significance because the desire and objectives of some principal actors entered the war(Japan,US,Ottoman)had little to do with the murder in Sarajevo who other issues that drove Europeans to battle
Main objective of triple alliance
exact tribute from subject people
type of punishment church courts imposed on convicted witches
excommunication, imprisonment
Turks encouraged
expansion and conquest
metis
individuals of mixed European and indigenous ancestry
Bodhisattvas
individuals that reached spiritual perfection and has nirvana but delayed to help others still struggling
diviners
individuals who by virtue of their innate abilities or extensive training had the power to mediate between humanity and supernatural beings
Who did the Meiji government look to for knowledge and expertise in strengthening Japan
industrial lands of Europe and United States
allowed some form of economic normality to return by 1920s
industrial productivity
material benefits that industrialization brought
inexpensive manufactured products, rising standards of living, population growth
What did "thinning out the rice shoots" refer to?
infanticide
Makeup of Phillip 2's military force
infantry of small landowners and cavalry staffed by aristocrats holding large estates.
Kabuki (Japan)
influenced by "no plays" included comedy+melodrama is portraying family and historical events;women originally INVOLVED BUT LATER BANNED
chivalry
informal but widely rrecognized code of ethics and behavior considered appropriate for nobles
Roman law said
innocent until proven guilty, defendant could challenge accusers before judge, judge enjoyed discretion in applying laws, judge could set aside laws
caravanserais
inns offering lodging for caravan merchants as well as food, water, and care for their animals.
three problems people had with he provisional government that allowed Lenin's party to gain power
insistence of continuing the war, inability to feed to population, refusal to undertake land reform
How did Christian leaders standardize their faith?
instituted a hierarchy of church officials
sharia
islamic holy law
surfi
islamic sect believed in following Allah
Spanish base of operations in the Caribbean
island of Hispaniola
Where did Chiang Kai-shek's national government of China flee to escape the communist forces?
island of Taiwan
Japan imposed what that caused internal trade to flourish
isolation
Chinese emperor dispatched Zhang Qian to central asia to
seek allies against the Xiongu
practice of lay investiture
selection and installation of church officials by lay rulers such as the emperors
li(confucius)
sense of propriety, behave in appropriate manner
Grand canal
series of artificial; water-ways that ultimately reached from the south to China's imperial capital to the north
Where did political authority rest in Europe (ch.21)
series of regional states
put France on road to revolution
serious fiscal problems
Monroe Doctrine
served as justification for late US intervention in hemispheric affairs
"great war for empire"
seven years' war; global conflict that had deep implications for global affairs and laid foundation for 150 years of British imperial hegemony in the world
determined work roles in African socieites
sex
Leaders of Beqouin tribes
sheikh
demographic transition
shifting pattern of fertility and mortality
Tokugawa granted title of ____ by emperor
shogun
stupas
shrines housing relics of the Buddha and his first disciples
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
sighted Pacific Ocean in Panama
Shankara
significant philosopher of Hinduism
What did Chinese trade for goods from other lands
silk, porcelain, lacquerware
Japan only had
silver
most abundant American treasure
silver
European merchants paid for Chinese goods
silver bullion
What did the Chinese get in return for most of their exports?
silver bullion
Characterized Spartan lifestyle
simplicity, frugality, austerity
Probably most destructive diseases that spread along the silk roads
smallpox and measles and bubonic plague
According to the manifesto of the Community Party, all human history has been the struggle between
social classes
Neolithic religion reflected
Fertility and sometimes with agriculture
Pope Innocent sent envoys to see if
Mongol khans would convert and join Europe against Muslims
If enemies resisted Mongols
Mongols slaughtered population
Justinian known as
"sleepless emperor"
Chinese emperor named
"son of Heavan"
Afrikaners
"African" settlers from Europe that claimed the people and resources of the cape and farmed
Charles Martel's nickname
"Charles the Hammer"
Homo Sapiens
"Consciously Thinking Human" Well developed frontal lobe.
Tian
"Heaven" impersonal heavenly power (China)
Kong Fuzi known as
"Master Philopher King" or Confucius
Chagavad Gita
"song og the lord" expectations of Hinduism and promise of salvation
"Christ" means
"the anointed one"
Muslims called Christians and Jews
"People of the book"
Australopithecus
"The southern ape"; Hominid who was short, hairy, with limited intelligence;
jihad
"The struggle" spiritual and moral obligations on Muslims requiring them to combat vice and evil/ spread Islam.
harijans
"children of God", untouchables caste
Vijayanagar
"city of victory"
Kamikaze
"divine winds"
Pachacuti
"earthshaker"; Inca ruler who was fierce warrior
Meiji
"enlightened ruler" who took reins of power in Japan and reigned during the most eventful period in Japan's history
Boers
"farmers" settlers from Europe who took up the African land for farming
Hyksos
"foreign rulers" semetic people
Vardhamana Mahavira
"great hero" became enlightened and found Jainism
What were the daimyo?
"great names", powerful territorial lords who ruled most of Japan from their vast, hereditary landholdings.
Mahatma
"great soul"
Mahayana
"greater vehicle" less strict form of buddhism
Less zealous Manichaeans
"hearers"
Qadis
"judges"
Han Wudi known as
"martial emperor"
Mare Nostrum
"our sea" roman "lake" considered (The mediterranean)
Ulama
"people with religious knowledge"
Parsis
"persians" persian descendants in India
Qing
"pure"
Quran
"recitation" holy Islamic book
volta do mar
"return to the sea"; strategy to sail with the sea winds instead of against them
khan
"ruler"
Sultan
"ruler" source of power with Turks
If enemies surrendered to Mongols
Mongols sparred their lives
What did Shang elites do with bronze
Monopolized it by controlling access to copper and tin ores
Did SE Asia exclusively follow Islam
No; also Buddhism and Hinduism.
Aryans
Noble people; nomadic pastroal people speaking Indo-Europeon Languages
How far off was Maya calenar from now
17 seconds shorter than modern day
1st Japan leader to help unify
Nobunga
Owners had little economic incentive to improve conditions for slaves or increase birthrate because
Children required financial outlays for 12 years which was a loss in money
Gunpowder's homeland
China
ARYAN eCONOMY
Pastoral
Rulers of largest empire world had ever seen
Persia
Pact of Steel
Rome-Berlin axis allance between Germany and Italy
Ghandi married at
13
When did French people storm the Bastille
14 July 1789
When did Byzantium fall to Muslim Turkish invaders
1453
Year smallpox reached Caribbean
1518
At what point did the Spanish crown exert formal rule in the Americas
1570
When was the Constitution drafted?
1787
How long did it take to build the Taj Mahal
18 Years
When did Napoleon crown himself emperor of France
1802
When did the British take over the Cape Colony
1806
Founded City of Rome
Romulus
cables for telegrams laid on the ocean floors for reliable communication
1850
When did the US purchase Alaska from Russia
1867
When did reconstruction take place in the US
1867-1877
tRANSCONTINENTAL Railroad completed in US in
1869
Year Canadian transcontinental railroad completed
1885
# Sultans killed by assassins
19
Panama Canal opened
1914
When did Gandhi return to India
1915
Year Italy switched sides
1915
When did the US government officially establish the 4 time zones
1918
Russian civil war
1918-1920
Hitler part try to overthrow Weimer Republic in
1923
Lenin died
1924
Hitler came to power
1933
When did Germany withdraw from the League of Nations
1933
year Japan withdraw League of Nations
1933
When did Israel win recognition
1948
NATO established
1949
When did Soviet test first atomic bomb
1949
Stalin died in
1953
When did Fidel castro overthrow Cuban government
1959
when did China conduct successful nuclear test
1964
What were the three legs of triangular trade?
1st-Europe carried horses and European manufactured goods- mostly cloth and metalwares, especially firearms- that they exchanged in sub-Saharan Africa for slaves.; 2nd-Enslaved Africans went to the Cribean and American destinations; 3rd-Slaves were exchanged for mostly sugar and sometimes cash to Europe. Mostly raw materials were sold to Europe.
population of colonists estimated to be loyalists or Tories
20%
Phonencian Alphabet
22 symbols representing consonents
# of European migrants that came to American shores between 1840 and 1914
25 million
About what percentage of African slaves did not survive the middle passage?
25 percent did not.
Amount of US steel dedicated to the railroad industry in 1880s
75%
how many languages spoken in sub-Saharan Africa
800
How long for caravans to travel Persian royal road
90 days
Who disrupted the Songhay's hold on power?
A Moroccan army disrupted it.
Umayyad conquested this part of India
Sind
led huns in invasion to Rome
Attila
Origins for the GREEKS' IDEAS ABOUT THEIR GODS
Attributing supernatural powers to natural elements.
Japan surrender unconditionally
August 15, 1945
What caused the peasants to begin organizing revolts throughout China?
A series of famines
When did the Soviet Union and Germany sign the nonaggression pact
August 1939
When did US drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
August 6, 1945; August 9, 1945
mandarins
A special class of powerful officials sent out as emissaries of the central government to ensure that local officials implemented imperial policy
largest Nazi concentration camp
Auschwitz
History
Era after invention of writing
Prehistory
Era before period of writing
Pax Romana
Era of Roman peace
Discovered Greenland
Eric the Red
only part of the world not participating in global networks of commercial relations with Europeans by 1750
Australia
China equivalent to official priesthood
Patriarchal head of family
Social Distinctions in Hunting/Gathering Society
Age, strength, courage, intelligence, etc.
Economic foundation of classical Persian society
Agriculture
Foundation of Ashoka's empire
Agriculture
New Guinea lived by
Agriculture
Zarathustra called supreme god
Ahura Mazda
(T/F) Did diseases carried from the silk roads cause the greatest population loss in India
False
Most important early surfis
Al-Ghazali
who did the 12 infallible imama begin with
Ali
led Zanj Revolt
Ali Bin Muhammad
Parthians had a centralized government (t/f)
False
Romans didn't make the best roads (t/f)
False
T/F Islam was polytheistic
False
Edict of Milan
Allowed Christians to practice their faith openly in the Roman Empire
T/F Renassaince Humanist had nothing to do with religion or Christianity
False
T/F YThe mongols didn't keep trade routes safe
False
T/F Harsha used force and fear to suppress his rule
False; used personality
Deus Vult
God wills it
European trade focused where by 18th century
Atlantic Ocean basin
Reason east Asia didn't embrace Christianity
Asian people already possessed sophisticated religious and cultural traditions
Why Europeans were unsuccessful in forcing their wills on east hemisphere
Asian population large with powerful centralized states
Return imperial rule to Mesopotamia after Hitties attack
Assyrians
Who drove out Kushites from Egypt
Assyrians
Olmecs made calendar based on
Astronomical observations
Meso scholars devoted to study of
Astronomy and Math
Why is there no Zhou literature left
At end of dynasty, Qin destroyed books acept on medicine, agriculture, and divination
Who succeeded Philip of Macedon
Alexander of Macedon (the great)
Ended conflicts between Persia and Greek cities
Alexander the Macedon(great)
dynasty replaced Umayyads
Abbasid Dynasty
Cultural Capital of Hellenistic world.
Alexandria
Two powerhouses in Peloponnesian Wars
Athens and Sparta
Hunting and Gathering Prevented individuals from
Accumulating Wealth
Main reason for downfall of Mauryan empire
Acute financial and economic difficulties; couldn't get enough money to pay military
Satrapies
Administrative and Taxation districts governed by satraps
Great tragedians
Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides
Architect of Portugal aggressive policy in Indian Ocean
Afonso d'Alboquerque
4 main racial groups Gboineau divided humanity into
Africans, Asians, Native Peoples of Americas, EEuropeans
Principle meaure of welth in Aryan society
Amount of herds or cattle
Arthashastra
Ancient Indian political handbook; manuel of use od power and principles of government.
Chavin Cult
Andean society became extremely complex; religion on wild animals and
Controlled Three Parts of Alexander's empire after his death
Antigonus(Greece and Macedon), Ptolemy(Egypt),Seleucus(former araemenid empire)
Bay of Pigs Invasion failed
April 1961
Date the US entered the war against Germany
April 6, 1917
Common language of Muslims
Arabic
Swahili
Arabic for "coasters" people of east African coast
Comedist(ancient greece)
Aristophanes; aimed to influence popular attitude
Seven Years' War placed
BRITISH IN A POSITION TO DOMINATE WORLD TRADE
After Mauryan empire
Bactrian rule in northwestern India and then Kushan
Central authority of Abbasid
Baghdad
Where did Bantu settyle
Banks of rivers and forests
Most common grains in Persia
Barley, Wheat
Rounded Cape of Good Hope
Bartolomeu Dias
Hammurabai's Code
Based on Retaliation; social classes
Greek philosophy "rational" becaused
Based purely on reason
first large-scale victory for Soviets, turning point of war on Eastern front
Battle of Stalingrad
Ibn Battuta
Best known muslim traveler who used law degree to get many government positions in many Islamic lands
first universities
Bologna, Paris, Salerno
Castes
Brahmins (prisets, Kshatriyas (warriors and aristocrats),Vaishyas( cultivators, artisans, and merchant), Shudras (landless peasants)
What allowed Islamic empire to grow crops all year
Bringing in food from other places; caused surplus of food
Who did Russi fight in the Crimean War
Britain, France, Kingdom of Sardinia, Ottoman Empire
Dominant Ethnic groups in Canada
British Canadians, French Canadians
Revolution first broke out in
British colonies of North America
Imperial expansion began with
British conquest of India
Only reason the Ottoman Dynasty survived
British forces intervened out of fear that Ottoman collapse would result in a sudden and dangerous expansion of Russian influence.
what did industrial expansion begin with
British textiles
Metal replaced copper
Bronze
What transferred Chinese Society during Shang
Bronze Metallurgy
Pharaoh Amenhotep 4
Brought Aten, monotheism to Egypt; capital at Akhetaten
What did Gautama become after recieving enlightment
Buddha "the enlightened one"
Major religion became more popular throughout all of east Asia during postclassical era
Buddhism
Religion Khubilai promoted
Buddhism
What religion did the common people of Japan embrace?
Buddhism
religions Turks converted to by sixth century
Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Manchaeism
wHAT RELIGIONS ATTRACTED LARGE NUMBERS OF CONVERTS IN PERSIA
Buddhism, christianity, manichaeism, zoroastrian
Why did Mexica believe the earth's moisture came from
By letting their blood flow, gods gave Earth moisture
How did the US get permission to establish trade with Japan
By training guns on the capital at Edo and demanding trade
Two halves of medieval Christendom
Byzantine empire in east; Germanic states that succeeded western Rome
Noble Eightfold path
Calls individuales to lead balanced moderate lives.
De Gama set up a trading post for Portugal at
Calicut (India)
Egypt conqued by (persians)
Cambyses
Arrival of what animal quickened pace opf communication and transportation across Sahara
Came;
Kautalya
Chandragupta's advisor with government advice in Arthashastra
Military Advantage Hyksos over Egyptians
Chariots (horses) and Bronze Weapons
Attempted to revive Holy Roman Empire (ch. 23)
Charles V
Chalemagne known as
Charles the great
Captain Cook
Charted much of Pacific and visited Hawaii
allowed China to avoid the Great Depression
China's large agrarian economy and small industrial sector were only connected marginally to the world economy
Yangzi River
Chinese population in this river and Yellow
Why did the Chinese hesitate to adopt Christianity?
Christianity's exclusivity; Chinese people honored many religions and Christianity claimed to be the only true religion.
Slowed Islamic expansion
Christians
Why did Roman authorities try to crush Christianity?
Christians refused to observe state cults that honored emperors as divine beings
Sebiumeker
Creater Nubia God
Popul Vuh
Creation myth that people created by water and maize
Sargon of Akkad
Creator of empire in Mesopotamia; King of Kish
Yu
Credited with tireing Yellow River flood waters; founded Xia dynasty
Why did Parliament have to restore English monarchy after Charles' death
Cromwell's Puritan regime took power that soon degenerated into a disagreeable dictatorship
Xerex reputation
Cruelty and insensitivity
Most popular religion in Roman Empire prior to Christianity
Cult of Isis
Bhakti Movement
Cult of love and devotion that ultimately sought to erase distinction between Hinduism and Islam
How did Maya sacrifice victims
Cutting off fingers or lacerting body to drain blood
Launched Persian Empire
Cyrus
"the shepherd" pers.
Cyurus
ABC
DEF
mAIN BOOK OF dAOIST BELIEFS
Daogejing(classic or the way and of virtue)
Greatest Archaemenid Emperor
Darius
Lawbook ofManu
Dealt with proper moral behavior and social relationships
Veneration of Ancestors
Deceased treated well because it was believed deceased entered realm where they could help the family.
Germany and Italy declared war on US on
December 11, 1941
Decline of Maya
Deserted city for unknown reason
Most notable humanist
Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam
Hinduism 4 principal aims of life
Dharma(obedience to religious and moral law), artha(pursuit of economic well-being and honest prosperity), kama(enjoyment of social, physical, and sexual pleasure), moksha(salvation fo soul)
types of ships preferred by Indian, Persian, and Arab sailors
Dhows
Why did large animals become scarce in Americas
Didn't adapt well to warming climate; overhunting
How did Jainism challenge traditional social value in India
Didn't recognize caste system/ varnas/ jati
Varuna
Diety oversaw sky and preserved cosmic order (aryan)
Why was Dona Marina important to Cortes
Dona Marina provided Cortes with intelligence and diplomatic as well as linguistic services. She helped him get information about attacks and helped him negociate with emissaries from Tenochtitlan.
Russia's first parliamentary institution
Duma
When did the Atlantic slave trade come to an end?
It came to an end in the early nineteenth century.
Japanese capital centered at
Edo.
Hieratic
Egyptian informal writing
Hieroglyphics
Egyptian pictograph writing
Mummifying
Egyptians preserved bodies and wrapped them in linen to preserve them for the next life
Specialization of Labor
Encouraged by a large number of people and food allowing people to do other enterprises.
How did Indian moralists seek to promote stability in the midst of urban growth and economic development
Encouraged strong patriarchal families and had a well social order with well-defined roles
Most prominenet to follow Portugal into Indian Ocean
English and Dutch mariners
Trenches on the Western Front ran from
English channel to Switzerland
Issac Newton
English mathematician who discovered many gravity and astronomy and mechanics
Anglican church
English's protestant with the king as leader of the church
Why did Athens and Corinth flourish during Hellenistic Era
Enormous volumes of trade passed through their ports
Why didn't Mughals place as much emphasis on foregin trade as Ottonmans and Safavids
Enourmous size and productivity of the domestic Indian economy, Mughal rulers concentrated on their land empire and had little interest in maritime affairs
Gender Relations in Paleolithic
Equals
Why were Persians and Medes so good militarily
Equestrian skills; expert archers who frequently raided wealthy lands of Mesopotamia
only indigenous African state to resist colonization successfully
Ethiopia
Where did labor and investment capital for North American industrialization largely come from
Europe
Why did French and English settlers mostly marry within their ow groups
European women more numerous in north; saw Native Americans as inferior
Song Taizu
First song emeror
Meso. Priests recieved
Food, clothes, drinks from inhabitants
Absolute Monarchs
Form where kings had divine right
St. Ignatius Loyola
Founder of Society of Jesus
Increased maintained standing army to increase power over nobility
France and Spain
countries formed Allied powers
France, Britain, Soviet Union, China, United States
European powers sent aid to American colonists against British
France, Spain, Netherlands, several German principalities
Conquered Inca
Francisco Pizarro
Voltaire's real name
Francois-Marie Arouet
most successful and influential of Germanic people
Franks
Why did industrialists prefer free wage laborers over slaves?
Free wage laborers consumed the products of industrial manufacturers in large quantities while slave did not because they were too poor.
helped set stage for industrialization in Western Europe
French Revolution, Napoleonic wars
John Calvin
French lawyer who converted to Protestant Christianity; fled to Geneva, Switzerland where he established churchs in most prominently Netherlands and Scotland
When do Muslims worship?
Friday at noon
King of the four quarters of the world
Hammurabi
Two Large cities in Harappan
Harappa; Mohenjo-Daro
Why did hunter/gatherers live in small groups
Hard to move with large groups; hard to feed large groups
Kingdom of Vijayanagar founded by
Harihara and Bukka
Collapse of Harsha's Kingdom
Harsha assassinated and left no heir
How did Werxes get his reputation
Harshly repressing rebellions
High point of Abbasid Dynasty
Harun al-Rashid
Why didn't Toussaint declare independence for Saint-Dominique from France?
He did not want to provoke Napoleon into attacking the island
Why didn't Cyrus launch campaign against Egypts?
He died
How did al-Ghazali feel about philosophy and human reasoning.
He held philosophy and human reasoning were vain pursuits that woould inevitably lead to confuscion rather than understanding.
How did Afonso d'Alboquerque seek to control Indian Ocean trade
He sought to by forcing merchant ships to purchase safe-conduct passes and present them at Portuguese trading posts.
Age of Alexander
Hellenistic Era
caused thirty years' war
Holy Roman emperor attempting to force his Bohemian subjects to return to the Roman Catholic church.
Odyssey and Illiad composed by
Homer
Learned to start/tend fire
Homo Erectus (upright-walking)
Fashioned clothes
Homo Sapiens
"Heavenly King"
Hong Xiuquan
led Taiping Rebellion
Hong Xiuquan
Indo-Europeans domesticated what?
Horses
When did the first shipment of African slaves go from west Africa directly to the Caribbean?
In 1518 the first shipment went.
How did the examination system encourage serious pursuits of a formal education?
It opened the door to honor, power, and rewards.
Where did early Bantu inhabit
Modern Nigeria and southern Cameroon
Author of Indika conveyed
Indianas were prosperous
Why did Locke believe rulers derived their authority from the consent of those whom they governed
Individuals voluntarily formed society and established government and if the subjects withdrew their concent they had the right to replace their rulers
Medes and Persians were
Indo-Europeans who migrated from central Asia to Persia
Harappan Society developed
Indus River Valley
Role of Mesopotamias Priests
Intervene with gods to ensure good fortune for society
Why couldn't Zhou control iron
Iron was cheaper and more widely distributed
religion most Turks converted to over long term
Islam
Scandinavians turned to
Islands of North Atlantic Ocean
Rulers of the Ethiopia's Solomonic dynasty claimed descent from
Israelite kings David and Solomon
Twelve tribes of Hebrew led by Moses
Isrealites
Renamed Constantinople
Istanbul
Turks renamed Constantinople
Istanbul
Ottoman capital city
Istanbul (Constantinople)
home front
It is the front of the people at their own houses and their own nations. It was citizens without uniform. It expressed the reality of the war hinged on how each nation mobilized its economy and activated its noncombatant citizens to support the war effort.
factory system
It is where there are a large number of workers under one roof to operate complicated machinery.
What did Renaissance refer to
It refers to a round of artistic and intellectual creativity that took place from the fourteenth to the sixteenth century and that reflected the continuing development of a sophisticated urban society, particualry in west Europe.
Doctrine of Lapse
It said that is an Indian ruler failed to produce a biological male heir to the throne, his territories lapsed to the company upon his death.
How long did the journey from Africa to the Americas take the slave ships?
It took four to six weeks.
Who was the most notable freed slave who drew attention to the abolitionist cause?
It was Olaudah Equianoo.
Spanish Armada
It was a huge flotilla consisting of 130 ships and 30,000 men sent by King Phillip of Spain to detrone the Protestant Queen Elizabeth. It failed however.
Hundred Years War
It was a protracted series of intermittent campaignd in which the warring factions sought control of lands in France. It was England vs. France.
Treaty of Tordesillas
It was a treaty that divided the world along the imaginary north-south line 370 keagues west of the Azores and Cape Verde Islands. It gave Spain all land west of the line not under Christian rule and gave Portugal all land east of the lands.
What caused relations between Portugal and the Kongo to deteriorate?
It was after Portuguese agents bagan to pursue opportunities south of Kongo.
Why was it more difficult for French and English missionaries to win converts
It was because they didn't conquer a settled population. The Native Americans frequently moved around the countryside. Also, they saw the Native Americans as inferior and didn't waste time converting.
Great Prince Ivan III
Ivan the Great
Pottery and decore craft made with (MesoAmerica)
Jade
Rape of Nanjing
Japanese soldier came in with a sense of racial superority and inflamed by war passion and raped many women in Nanjing and killed people
eventually became unchallenged dictator of Soviet Union after Lenin
Joseph Stalin
Date Gavrilo Princip assasinated the Archduke Ferdinand
June 28, 1914
principal Roman god
Jupiter
constructed Angkor Wat
Khmer kings
cosolidated Mongol rule in China
Khubilai
Which Khan took a special liking to Marco Polo
Khubilai Khan
first declined Columbus' plan to find alternate route to Asia
King of Portugal
Harsha
King who temporarily unified India after Gupta Empire
Kingdom in Africa that established Christian foothold
Kingdom of Acum
Allowed mariners to sail safely and reliably to all parts of Indian Ocean
Knowledge of monsoon winds
Most tightly centralized of early Bantu kingdoms
Kongo
Ghana's capital and principle trading site
Koumbi-Saleh
Name given to Dona Marina in Mexican history
La malinche (the traitor)
Most slaves from Portugese worked as
Laborers
The lake that Tenochtitlan located
Lake Texacoco
advantages of Tenochtitlan's location
Lake harbored plentiful supplies of fish, frogs, and waterfoul; lake enabled Mexica to develop Chinampa; lake served as natural defense on all sides
Ultimate Wealth in Ag. Society
Land
How did human foragers reach New World, Oceania
Land Bridge
Mesopotamia Def.
Land between the rivers
Persians adopted idea of standardized coins from
Land of Lydia
Founder of Daoism
Laozi
Earliedt Austronesian people to sail out into Pacific Ocean
Lapita
What caused Xia to lose power to Shang
Last Xia king was oppresive despot; technological and bronze advancement
Lex Talionis
Law of Retaliation
Prakrit
Less formal Aryan language
Scripts used by Minoans
Linear A
Epic of Gilgamesh
Literature of mythology. Recounted tales of Gilgamesh and Enkidu
largest city in the world by 1900
London
Netherlands got republic after
Long struggle for independence
Why did intellectuals and young city-dwellers view the war with euphoria
Many of them long expected war and sw it a s a liberating release of pressure that would resolve the various political, social, and economic crises that have been building for years.
emerged as leader of the communist movement during Long March
Mao Zedong
Maffeo Polo's son
Marco Polo
best known long-distance traveler of Mongol time
Marco Polo
Soviets lifted Berline blockade in
May 1949
Germany surrender unconditionally
May 8, 1945
Earliest Heirs of Olmecs
Maya
What did the Jesuits use to increase Chinese curiosity?
Mechanical devices.
What gender dominated pastoal society
Men
Patriarchal Society
Men dominated public life and made decisions
Bottom of Social ladder in Japan and China
Merchants
Who fell under suspicion as greedy profiteers (Mesoamerica)
Merchants and artisans
Assyrians appointed officers by
Merit, skill, bravery (not birth)
Ways Islam entered India
Military, Muslim Merchants,, migration/invasion of Turkish-speaking peoples from Central Asia
Clan took power over Japan in mid-twelfth century
Minamoto
The Great Wall was a ____________________ dynasty project.
Ming
dynasty Hongwu established
Ming
dynasty that filled void in China after Mongols
Ming
King of Minoen
Minos
Gaul
Modern France
five Iroquois nations
Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca
Main Religious idea after Moses
Montheism
Women has more/less rights in Vietnam compared to China
More
Muslims worship in
Mosque
Shang Yang
Most notable of legalists men active in politics
Where did most African slaves go to?
Most went to the plantations in the tropical and subtropical regions of the western hemisphere.
"Seal of the prophets" final prophet
Muhammad
Order of Rule of Islam
Muhammad-Abu Bakr-Umar- Uthman(murdered)=Ali(Shi'ah)/Mu'Awiyah(Sunni)
stopped Mongol expansion to southwest
Muslim forces from Egypt
ghazi
Muslim religious warriers
Spread Sugarcane
Muslims
Five Pillars of Islam
Muslims must acknowledge Allah as the onlly god and Muhammad as his prophet; pray to Allah five times daily while facing Mecca (ka'ba); observe a fast during daylight hours during month of Ramadan; contribute alms for weak and poor; Those who are physically and financially able must undertake the hajj and make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca.
Moors
Muslims who called Spain home
policies of religious tolerance unpopular among Muslims because
Muslims worried that they would lose their religious identity and that toleration might lead to their absorption into Hindu society as another caste
Important social and cultural changes that took place in Post-Han China
Nomadic People increasingly adapted to Chinese environment; Confucian tradition lost much of its credibility
Semitic Peoples
Nomatic Herders speaking language in Semitic family; often adapted Sumerian ways
Founded English monarchy
Normans
founders of English monarchy
Normans
Direction Nile flows
North
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Where Russians focused expansion effots
Northeastern Eurasia
Korea support by
Northern Soviet zone, southern US zone
Kingdom of Kush
Nubia Kingdom
sOCRATE'S VIEW OF DEATH
NO EVIL CAN HAPPEN TO A GOOD MAN EITHER IN LIFE OR AFTER DEATH
caused Napoleon's empire to begin to unravel
Napoleon's invasion of Russia
Chinese influence more prominent in Japan during
Nara period
Hitler made only legal political party in Germany
National Socialist Party
two groups contented for power as China worked towards national identity
Nationalist Party, Communist Party
Guomindang
Nationalist People's Party
Rabban Sauma
Nestorian Christian priest sent as an envoy to the pope from Mongols to see if Europe would help Mongols invade Muslim lands
declared he achieved "peace for our time" when he returned from the Munich conference in 1938
Neville Chamberlain
FDR's plan for economic recovery
New Deal
Marco Polo's father and uncle
Niccolo and uncle Maffeo
took power after Stalin
Nikita Khrushchev
Principal source of water flowing through North Africa
Nile River
Did women in Africa have strict rules and veils as in Persia
No
Meroitic Writing
Nubia script
Reason Russian government had less motivation to spread religion than the Spanish had
Once Siberians converted to Christianity they were exempt from providing fur tribute
How many barracks emperors are known to have died of natural causes
One
Monotheism
One god
How did the moralists portray the Chinese people?
One large family where family values were extended to the larger society.
Lady Fu Hao
One of 64 wives of Shang King Wu Ding. Ding's favorite consort; lavish tomb in the palace. Did many executive decisions
Kilwa
One of busiesr city-states on east African coast
Jericho
One of earliest known neolithic villagge; site of oasis
Captain James Cook
One of the most important Pacific explorers who led three expeditions in the Pacific. He charted much of the Pacific
Where did the only slave revolt to abolish slavery take place?
Only in the French sugar colony of Saint-Domingue did it work. It lated became Haiti.
Who weighted hearts (egypt) to determine immortality
Osiris
Leader of Ottoman
Osman
Shiah
Party who supported Ali and descendants as Caliphs
Cyrus ruled from
Pasargadae
The Abbasid dynasty used what empire's administration techniques
Persian
Empire Greek poleis came in conflict with
Persians Empire
Egyptian Kings
Pharaohs
Socrates' disciple
Plato
Most important institution to restoring political order in Greece
Polis
Teotihuacan
Political domination in Maya
Alexander the Great left__________ in India
Political vacuum
Two most important Christian authorities in the early middle ages
Pope (bishop of Rome) and Patriarch of Constantinople
Most responsible for chanting independent course for the Roman church
Pope Gregory the 1st
launched crusades
Pope Urban II
Most prominent is search for fresh resources
Portugal
country built earliest trading-post empire
Portugal
country claimed Brazil as part of its empire
Portugal
What European nation used its naval power to subdue many main Swahili trade cities?
Portugal subdued them.
Who dominated trade between Europe and Asia(ch.21)
Portugese merchants and mariners
rejected Columbus' proposal to sail westward to Asia before he gained sponsorship in Spain
Portuguese court
stable food in highlands of South America
Potatoes
Neolithic Crafts
Pottery, Metallergy, Textile Production
Sati
Practice where widow joined husband in death
Kingdom of Axum
Principle Christian trade port on the east coast of Africa
Maize
Principle food source of Mesoamerica
Oracle Bone
Principle instrument used by fortune-tellers; has the Chinese writing preserved
2 ways Persian people went to slavery
Prisoners of war, indebt men
Foundation of all Islamic empires
Productive agricultural economies
Role of Helots
Provide agriculture and supply Spartians with food.
Ways Siberians reacted to Russians
Readily accepted trade; resented the ever-demand for tribute and resisted
European Christendom
Region that never experienced political unity but adopted Christianity as the dominent source of cultural authority
Mansa Musa
Reigned during high point of Mali empire and supported Islam by making Hajj
Aristotle relied on _____ to sort out mysteries of world
Rely on senses for information and reason to sort mysteries
An Lushan
Revolt leader left Tang dynasty weak
Parthian topped by
Revolt within empire
What did seabourne trade in Indian Ocean benefit from
Rhythms of the monsoon winds
Most important veda
Rig Veda
church became prominent throughout French Indochina
Roman Catholic church
John of Montecorvino
Roman Catholic missionary who worked to convert China to Christianity
Served as representatives of the crown and reinforced civil administrators
Roman Catholic priests
Empire desired Indian peper so much it developed direct trade routes
Roman empire
family of tsars ruled Russis in 19th century
Romanov
Shudra
Semifree serfs
What were helots
Servants of the Spartian State
Tuthmosis 3
Several campaigns to dominate any threats
What did Dona Beatriz teach?
She taught that Jesus Christ had been a black African man,Kongo was the true holy land of Christianity,heaven was for Africans
Pre-existing religions in Japan
Shinto, neo-confucism, zeh buddhism
Founder of Buddhism
Siddhartha Gautama
Romans desired what from China
Silk
How did Buddhism come to China
Silk Road
dynasty prevented China from being taking over entire Korean peninsula
Silla
What stopped Macedonian campaign into India
Soldiers refused to travel farther from home.
British attacked this to try to relieve the pressure from the German attack at Verdun
Somme
which dynasty returned centralized rule to China after Tang
Song
ultimate German target
Soviet Union
Conquered Phillipines
Spain
Why no Mayan books today?
Spanish burned them
Moksha
State out of cycle of reincarnation. Deep, dreamless sleep that was permanent liberation from physical incarnation
Venus Figurines
Statues that promoted fertility
Society set up in Greek Poleis is what way?
Strict Patriarchal family structure
2 major canals build to allow naval vessels to travel between world's seas and oceans quicker
Suez and Panama
Most effective agents of conversion to Islam
Sufi Mystics
Who developed a navy to patrol the Niger River and protect trade interests?
Sunni Ali of Songhay
The majority of Muslims belong to the ____ sect
Sunnis
Yangzi River Valley
Supported more intensive agriculture, rice cultivation
Darwin's theory of evolution slogan
Survival of the fittest
Lenin in exile
Switzerland
divine faith (Islamic)
Syncretic religion that foucesed attention on emperor as ruler common to religious, ethnic, and social groups of India
Most prominent people in the Caribbean region
Taino; also known as Arawaks
Two clans that fought in Japan
Taira and Minamoto
Dynasty created equal-field system
Tang
Dynasty replaced Sui
Tang
Tang Dynasty second empire(best)
Tang Taizong
What did New Kingdom build
Temples, palaces, statues
unifier of Mongols
Temujin
Capital of Mexica society
Tenochtitlan
largest early city in Mesoamerica
Teotihuacan
gained as a result of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Texas, California, new Mexico
two principal Mexica gods
Tezcatlipoca "smoking mirror" Quetzalcoatl "feathered serpant"
Russia's departure from the war meant what for Germany?
That they could concentrate its resources on the western front solely
Lucy
The Australopithecus whose one of the best-known prehistoric individuals. Her body was well preserved with the sand and mud that covered her body. 40% of her skeleton was found.
"The Rubber People"
The Olmecs
What dynasty did the Manchus declare after the fall of the Ming dynasty?
The Qing
VOC
Vereenigde OostIndische Compagnie (United East Indian Company from Dutch)
What was the "Son of Heaven"?
The emperor was considered the "son of Heaven". It was the idea that they were human beings designated by heavenly powers to maintain order on earth.
Location og King Louis XIV palace
Versailles
Manifest Destiny
The idea that the United States was destined even divinely ordained to expand across the North American continenet fron the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific and beyond.
King Nebuchadnezzar
The king who gained Babylon rule again; lavished wealth on city
Primates
The order with humans, monkeys, gorillas, etc
What did the Portuguese call the kingdom of Ndongo?
They called it Angola.
Where did most African slaves come from?
They came from war captives.
Explain the relationship between the shogun and the emperor in Japanese government
The shogun ruled as a temporary stand-in for the emperor theoretically. In fact, the emperor was only a figurehead and the shogun sought to monopolize power.
Mesopotamia Rivers
Tigris and Euphrates
Beliefs about souls of departed ancestors Africans held
They believed that the suls of the departed ancestors had the power to intervene in the lives and experiences of their descendants: the departed could shape evens to the advantage of descendants who behaved properly and honored their ancestors and bring misfortune as punishment for evil behavior and neglect of their ancestors' memory.
Temple of the Giant Jaguar
Tikal stepped pyramid
Tamerlane
Timur the Lame a Turkish who conqued Parts of Persia
Reason Austria-Hungary entered Central Powers
To help give them a free hand in pursuing their Baltic interest without fear of a Russia intervention
Gran Colombia broke into
Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador
3rd leader to unify Japan
Tokugawa leyasu
The town of Edo is known as _____________________ today.
Tokyo
Chola kingdom in Southern India relied on
Trade
Treaty took Russia out of the Great War
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Pueblo and Navajo
Tribes of people in American southwest
Korea had a ____ relation with China
Tributary
Chichen Itza
Tried to dampen hostile instincts and tried to make a larger political framework for Mayan
New religions emerged to meet needs of changing tomes(india)
True
T/F Polytheistic Arabs were threatened by Muhammad's monotheism
True
T/F Song Dynasty mistrusted military leaders and placed emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and arts
True
T/F The Mongols resisted assimilation to Chinese Culture
True
world's first socialist society
Union of Soviet Socialist Republic
Joint-stock company formed by Dutch merchants
United East India Company
Dutch proclaimed themselves this after beating the Spanish for independence
United Provinces
lend-lease program between United States and Britain
United States "lent" destroyers and other war goods to the British in return for the lease of naval bases
principal players of the cold war
United States and Soviet Union
two new imperialist powers emerged at the end of the 19th century
United States, Japan
five permanent members of the UN
United States, Soviet Union, Great Britain, France, China
Brahman
Universal soul and foundation of all living things
Punjab
Upper Indus Valley that straddles modern India and Pakistan
Earliest cities developed where?
Valley of Tigris and Euphrates rivers
One problem common to China, Ottoman, Russian, and Tokugawa Japan
Weak Military
How was education made available to girls?
Wealthy familites engaged the services of tutors that gave education to girls.
What did the Portuguese trade with local interior authorities in exchange for slaves?
Weapons were traded.
Patterns established in two main cities (Harappan)
Weights and Measurements, Architectual styles, brick sizes
first to describe "iron curtain"
Winston Churchill
Veda means
Wisdom or knowledge
Gender that most convicted of being witches
Women
Supervised domestic affairs in Rome
Women
Catholic schools based curricula on
Writtings in Latin
Voltaire
Wrote writings to target Franch monarchy and Roman Catholic church
only women chinese emperor
Wu Zhao
Darius's successor
Xerxes
Ancient Chinese Dynasties
Xia, Shang, Zhou
dID nUBIA HAD WOMEN RULERS
YES
Brought back unified rule to China in 6th century
Yang Jian
Founder of Sui Dynasty
Yang Jian
State of Chu
Yangzi state appeared in the late Zhou Dynasty
What city did Muhammad go to when he was forced to leave Mecca?
Yathrib (Medina)
Event leading to collapse of Han dynasty
Yellow Turban Uprising
Did India influence southeast Asia a lot
Yes
Did Olmecs have pyramids
Yes
Did members of age grades perform tasks appropriate for their level and form allies with each other
Yes
dynasty Khubilai Khan established
Yuan
marae
a ceremonical precinct and temple structure. It had several terranced floors with a rock or coral wall designating the boundaries of the sacred space. Pacific Islands used them to worship their gods.
results of the civil war on the United States
abolition of slavery, strengthening of the federal state
main use for airplanes during the Great War
aerial reconnaissance
capitulations
agreements that exempted European visitors from ottoman law and provided European powers with extraterritoriality
(Legalist) foundation of state's strength
agriculture and armed forces
Economic foundation of Roman empire
agriculture production
Jainist most important principle
ahimsa
The Blitz
air war; attacks by Germans by raining bombs on cities
How did Americans and British react to blockade of Berlin
air-lift designed to keep West Berlin's inhabitant alive, fed, warm
kumiss
alcoholic drink from animal products by fermenting mare's milk into a potent concoction
four noble truths
all life involves suffering, desire is reason for suffering, elimination fo desire stops suffering, disciplined lifewith the Noble Eightfold Path brings elimination of desire
How did equal-field system work
allocated land in individuals and family according to fertility and recipient's needs; one fifth was hereditary and rest avaliable for redistribution
By "tyrants" greeks meant
ambitious politicians who gained power by irregular means
centerpiece of Witte's industrial policy for Russia
ambitious program of railroad construction
pogroms
anti-Jewish riots
Difference between democratic and republican form of government
democratic form is where all citizens participate in political affairs while a republican form is where deegates represented the interests of various constituencies
Imported Diseases took their worst tolls in
densely populated areas (such as Aztec, inca)
Reson Sui Tangdi's construction projects generated hostility
dependence on high taxes and forced labor
Nuremberg laws
deprived German Jews of their citizenship and prohibited secual intercource and marriage between Jews and other Germans
Characteristics involved in state-building in middle ages
development of fresh sources of finanace(taxes) and maintenance of large standing armies
What were "self-ringing bells"?
devices brought by Europeans; mechanical clocks.
According to Legend; who did Virgin Mary appear before in Mexico City
devout peasant Juan Diego
Why did guilds discourage competition and technological innovation
did not seek to realize profits as to protect the market and preserve their members' places in society
financial difficulties led to collapse of Yuan Dynasty
didn't maintain adequate reserves that backed up paper money
Why did Buddhism appeal to lower castes
didn't recognize social distinctions
Most Mongol conquests lost within a century
dificult to adjust to administrators
Why did the upper-class women wear veils
discourage men from other houses
discovery caused Caribbean to become an afterthought for the Spanish Empire
discovery of rich silver in Mexico and Peru
purpose of Wannsee Conference
discuss and coordinate implementation of final solution; to get rid of Jews
common denominator among various schools of art after Great war
disdain for realism and concern for freedom and expression
epidemic
disease that claimed lots of victims and survivors gained immunity
Wuwei
disengagement from the competitive exertions and active involvment in affairs of the world (Daoism)
led to series of strikes and demonstrations in Petrograd in 1917
disintegrated armies, mutinies, food shortages
Pizarro arrived in Inca empire during
dispute between Huascar and Atahualpa
dioceses
districts with prominent cities in Rome that were presided by Bishops
How did Catherine improve government efficientcy
dividing empire into fifty provinces, promoted economic development, worked to improve condition of serfs
Why first crusade quickly successful
division and disarray in ranks of Muslim foes
vertical organization
dominate all facets of a single industry
Kingdom of Chucuito
dominated highlands region around lake Titicca
imperialism
domination of European powers
foundation of economic growth and social development in medieval Europe
dramatic increase in agricultural yields
purpose of Truman doctrine
draw battle lines of cold war; divided between free (democratic) and enslaved (communist); committed US to anti-communist
Freud held key to deepest recesses of human psyche
dreams
Capitalism
economic system where private parties make their goods and services available on a fresh market and seek to take advantage of market conditions to profit from their activities
Home to arts and theater in Japan
edo and Osaka
the "spark" that ignited the war between the states in the U.S.
election of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency in 1860
Patricians
elite class determined by birth
main point of Russian reforms
emancipation of serfs
Prince Henry the Navigator
embarked on a series of campaigns to spread Christianity and increase Portuguese influence on the seas
third estate in old regime
embraced rest of population;24 million serfs, free peasants, urban residents from laborers, artisans, shopkeepers, physicians, bankers, and attorneys
Harapan concern for
fertility
Kebra Negast (Glory of Kings)
fictional work showed lineage of David and Solomon to kings of Ethiopia
quinto
fifth of the silver production that was reserved for the crown
Confucius believed best way to promote good government
fill positions with individuals who were both well educated and extraordinary conscientious
two problems developed due to Song administration
financial, military
Mandated use of common script throughout China
first emperor(qin)
Twelve Tables
first set og laws; framework for Roman social order
length of cold war
five decades
spread plague from one victim to another
fleas
how did high incomes foster economic development?
flourishing markets, encouraged entrepenuers to counteract high wages and labor scarcity by inventing labor-saving technologies
How long did Caesar claim dictator title?
for life
What did the Japanese government do to control foreign relations?
forbade Japanese from going abroad on pain of death,prohibited construction of large ships,expelled Europeans from Japan,prohibited foreign merchants from trading in Japanese ports,forbade import of foreign books
economic development in Ottoman Empire dependent on
foreign loans
led Congress of Vienna
foreign prime minister of Austria, Prince Klemens von Metternich
pygmies
forest dwellers of central Africa
Republic
form of government where delegates represented the interests of various constituencies
Number of People Jacobins executed w/ guillotine between 1793-1794
forty thousand people
# wives a man can have
four
second estate in old regime
four hundred thousand nobles
tetrarchs
four officials that administer roman empire(one emperor and lieutentent per half of Romnan empire)
Wilson's plan for a just and enduring postwar peace settlement called
fourteen points
Emancipation Proclamation
freed slaves in those states that had rebelled
How did US respond to Japanese invasion of French Indochina?
freezing Japanese assets in the United States and by imposing complete embargo on oil
WWhy didn't Charles V not extend his authority throughout Europe
he had to devote his attention and energy to the Luthern movement and to imperial princes who took advantage of the religious controversy to assert their independence. Also he didn't have ambition to extend military. He didn't build a massive administrative center but let lands keep their laws and customs; also foreign challenges
Why did Aurangzeb break with Akbar's policy of religious toleration
he was devout Muslim which saw Islam as exclusive
What allowed Alexander the Great to beat Persian military
heavier arms and more sophisticated military tactics
Reason for fall of Sui
high taxes and forces labor
Manichaeism promoted
highly ascetic lifestyle, breif struggle between the forces of good and evil, possibility of individual salvation, and a strict moral code of behavior
Thervada Buddhism
hinayana"lesser vehicle" older stricter buddhism
Justinian'z most significant political contribution
his codification of Roman law
What did Ashoka write in his rock and pillar edicts?
his policies and decrees
Tamerlanes empire dissolved by
his sons got into conquest from loose organization
Justinian ruled with
his wife, Theodora
sacraments
holy rituals that bring spiritual blessings on observants
Torah
holy scripture of Isrealites; Hebrew for doctrine or teaching
crusade
holy war
Why did Hindus in lower castes convert to Islam
hoped to escape discrimination by converting to a faith that recognized equality
Reason Lenin was sent back to Russia
hoping that this committed antiwar activist would stir up trouble and bring about Russia's withdrawal from the war
only thing Gaucho needed to survive
horses
Made it possible for European farmers to increase amount of land they work
horseshoe and horse collar
_____ system to control daimyos
hostage
What were Samurai given in exchange for police and military services
huge agricultural surplus and labor services of peasants
saints
human beings who led such exemplary lives that God held them in special esteem.
most destructive violence in early modern Europe apart from wars
hunt for witches
Roosevelt Corollary
it exerted the U.S. right to intervene in the domestic affairs of nations within the hemisphere if they demonstrated an inability to maintain security deemed unnecessary to protect U.S. investments
North's view on succession
illegal insurrection and act of betrayal
mandarins -
imperial officers who traveled throughout the land and oversaw implementation of government policies
Inca administration
implemented taxes to support Inca; organized system of state-owned storehouses to stock agriculture surplus and craft products; also began extensive road networks
Neo-confucianism
importance in morals, education, hierarchial order.
Lamaist Buddhism recognized Mongol khans as
incarnations of the Buddha
determined degree of comfort and security offered by city life
income
Economic growth in Jpan with
increased agricultural production
What did economic growth in Japan have its roots in?
increased agricultural production
allowed rapid population expansion in China
increased agricultural production
how did biological exchanges enlarge pop.
increased food supples and richer diets (new food traded to new parts of world)
How did Portuguese traders change the nature of the slave trade
increased its volume and sent slaves to new destinations
did Axum communicate with the larger Christian world or stay independent
independent
major source of labor for the haciendas
indigenous population
Tokugawa did this to Christians
persecuted them.
How did rulers of 3 empires regard their holdings
personal possessions by right of conquest
Epicureans
philoshers of Hellenistic who believed pleasure as the greatest good. quiet satisfaction
Reasons impossible to follow development of Harappan
physical remain underwater; can't decipher writing
Maya writing
pictographs
Eucharist
piests offered ritual meal commemoration Jesus' last meal with disciples before his death
How was theme system organized
placing an imperial province under the authority of a general who assumed responsibility for both its military defense and its civil administration
Early goal of Ghaznavids campaigns
plunder
slavic peoples
poles,czechs,slovaks,serbs,croats,slovenes
Caesaropapism
policy where emperor not only ruled as secular lord but also played prominent role in religious affairs
Roman Forum
political and civic center filled with temples and public buildings where leading citizens tended to government buisness
English civil war
political and religious disputes between kings and parliament
Qing and Ming dynasties favored _____ over technological innovation
political and social stability
why did German industrialization proceed slowly
political instability resulting from competition between many German states
zionism
political movement that holds that the Jewish people constitute a nation and have the right to their own national homeland
What forms did Europeans work to bring "civilization" to their subject peoples
political order and social stability
How did Roman administrators interpret Jesus' teachings about kingdom of God
political overtones of a threat
Reasons it was crucial to maintain colonies if they are not economically successful
political reasons, military reasons
According to educated subjects of Ottoman, biggest problem facing the empire
political structure that vested unchecked power in the sultan
led to conflict between Bantu villages
population growth strained resources with few lands avaliable for migrant to settle
Reason for Greeks colonizing other parts
population pressure
society of Etruscans ruled by
powerful kings
greatest attraction of the Americas from the Spanish perspectice
precious metals
Vishnu
preserver of world; god who observed universe from heavens and occasionally entered human form to resist evil or communicate tachings
Invading Huns contributed to the fall of the western Roman empire by
pressing the Germanic peoples into the western Roman empire
led to reassessment of US foreign policy in Latin America during the late 1920s and 1930s
pressure of Great Depression, instability of global politics
Ming government worked to
prevent Chinese subjects from dealing w/foreign peoples
Delian league created to
prevent further Persian invasion
new tech. that benefited Luther's cause
printing press
Played a role in French and English colonial efforts
private investors
Joint-stock companies were
privately owned
Rapid population growth drove
process of equally rapid urbanization
industrialization
process that transformed agrarian and handicraft-centered economies distinguished by industry and machiene manufacture
How did the powerful eunuchs win the favor of the later Ming emperors?
procuring concubines for them,providing for their amusement
What did Portuguese concentrate their efforts in Brazil on
production and export of sugar
griots
professional singers and storytellers in Africa
Financed powerful Chola navy
profits from trade in Indian Ocean
Why did Hindus embrace new cults
promised salvation
Why did Ethiopian Christians carry amulets or charms
protection against menacing spirits.
May Fourth Movement
protests against foriegn, Japanese, interference
St. Scholastica
provided guidance for the religious lives of women living in convents
Keynes thought government providing public work projects would ease depression by
provinding jobs
Hideyoshi did what to unify Japan
punished those who betrayed Nobunga, using military power and diplomacy made alliances with remaining daimyos & became military master
Color reserved for imperial use only
purple
According to Cicero, highest public duty of each individual
pursuit of justice
stock bought "on margin"
putting up as little as 3 percent of a stock's price in cash and borrowing the remainder from brokers and banks or by mortgaging their homes.
Where did Hitler make the French sign armistice after German invasion of France in WW2
railroad caR WHERE gERMANS SIGNED ARMISTICE IN 1918
effects machine production had on economics
raised worker productivity, encouraged economic specialization, promoted the growth of large-scale enterprise
industrial society encouraged women to (by late 19th century)
raising children, managment of home, preservation of traditional family values
How did England get new sources of taxes
raising fines and fees for royal services
those who fought
ranks of nobles with education focused on military art
transformed Japan into a major imperial power
rapid industrialization
caused equal-field system to start to break down
rapidly rising population place pressure on avaliable land and bribes and Buddhist monasteries took some land out of the system all together.
President Lincoln's primary aim during the Civil War
restoration of the union
After Wang Mang usurped the throne of the Han he attempted to
restore land that had been taken from the royal family
How did the governments maintain the spirit of the home front and counter threats to national unity
restriction of civil liberties, censorship of bad news, and vilification of the enemy through propoganda campaigns.
according to declaration of independence, what right do the people have if the government infringes on ind. rights
right to alter or abolish it, and institute new government
kowtow
ritual prostration in which subordinates knelt before the emperor and touched their foreheads to the ground
first steam-powered locomotive
rocket
Iberian exploration by
royal government support
Qianlong
ruled at height of Qing dynastu
main classes in Inca society
rulers, aristocrats, priests, and peasant cultivatos
social classes deveolped in complex African societies
ruling elites, military nobles, administrative officials, religious authorities, wealthy merchants, artisans, buisness entrepreneurs, common people, peasants, slaves
factors provided a large supply of cheap labor for growing factories
rural overpopulation, declining job opportunities, and financial difficulties of small farmers
Slash-and-burn cultivation
sLASH BARK OR TREE, BURN TREE TO GROUND, made fertile weed-free patch
Issues that embassies to Baghdad dealt with
safety of Christian pilgrims, his relationship with Muslim neighbors, policy towards Byzantine empire
(Ramanuja) where did genuine bliss come from
salvation and identification of individuals with their gods
Only people allowed to serve in military and hold gov; jobs(japan)
samurai,upper nobility
Bhagavad Gita
sanskrit for "The Lord's Song"
Why might have Ashoka seen Buddhism as appealing
saw it as faith that could unify his culturally diverse and far-flung realm
Hadith
sayings attributed to Muhmmad and accounts of the prophets deeds
humanist
scholars interested in humanities-literature, history, and moral philosophy
motives prompted Europeans to explore the world's oceans
search for basic resources and lands suitable for cultivation of cash crops, desire to establish new trade routes to Asian markets, and aspiration to expand influence of Christianity
Second Reich
second Germn Empire,following Holy Roman Empire
complicated dquest for independence from Britain rule in India
secretarian differences between Hindu and Muslims
Which kind of courts condemned and executed the vast majority of witches
secular
What did Martin Luther attack
the sale of indulgences (excused ind. From doing penance for their sins) as an individual
Why were social lives of Arab women put under strict control of their male guardians
to ensure legitimacy of heirs.
Why did the 12th imam go into hiding
to escape persecution
Jewish people didn't get along with imperial regimes because
they had difficulty recognizing emperors as divine
Why did steamships and railroads lower transportation costs?
they had the capacity to carry huge cargoes
Why did Spanish and Portuguese men so readily enter into relationships with indigenous and African women
they readily did so because there were so few European women avaliable in the Americas
Why didn't European mariners make an effort to establish permanent settlements in Australia
they reported there were no reasons to make an effort in Australia
Why didn't Confucius address religious questions?
they thought it was beyong the capacity of moral human intelligence
Why did Mesoamerican peoples practice human sacrifices
they thought it was essential to world's survival. It was devotion to war god Huitzilopochtili who needed human sacrifice to remain pleased
Most destructive European conflict before world War II
thirty years' war
line divided Korea
thirty-eighth parallel of longitude
creoles
those born in Americas of Iberian parents
peninsulares
those who came from the Iberian peninsula
those who worked
those who cultivated as peasants on land dependent on lords
Under ancient regime/old regime in France; how many estates
three
Describe the kowtow.
three kneelings and nine head knockings
how did early Bantu peoples mostly govern themselves
through family and kinship groups
Akbar took power by
throwing Adham Khan, commander of the Mughal army, out the window twice
monsoon winds in Indian Ocean
tied southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and east Africa together in a maritime trade route
Railroad Time
time where all railroad clocks read precisely the same time in the four North American "zones"
Japan's economy was similar
to China during their commercial revolution
(Middle Kingdom) what responsibility did China have?
to bring order to subordinate lands through a system of tributary relationships.
What did charters grant trading companies the rights to do
to buy, to sell, build trading posts, to make war in companies' interests
Mendicants wanted
to champion spiritual over materialistic values
goal of trusts and cartels
to control supply of a product and hence its price in the marketplace
Hopeful goal of the blockades
to deny food to populations hoping that a starving mass would force their government to capitulate
Why did settler kill hundred of thouands of bison
to destroy the economy of the Plains Indians and to destroy the native cultural tradtions
purpose of the Berlin West Africa Conference
to devise the ground rules for the colonization of Africa
WEWhy did women wear veils (islam)
to discourage attention of men from other households
Capitalism emerged
with active support of government authorities who saw capitalism best suited to their individual and collective interests
why did unemployment initially affect women less than men
women made 2/3-3/4 salary of men for same work
Why was the Tale of Genji written in Japanese and not Chinese
women rarely recieved formal Chinese style education (women writer)
product manufacturing concentrated on (medieval europe)
wool textiles
Jati often took forms of
workers' guilds
How did slaves resist their owners?
working slowly for their masters, sabotaged plantation equiptment or work routines, running away from a plantation community
Shinto
worship in spirits in nature, national religion w/emperor divine
Confucian moralists saw armed forces as
wretched but necessary evil
Did Europe develop more superior military technology than Asia because of competing states
yes
Later crusades after the first weren't as successful
yes
