AP World History Modern 2021 Princeton Review Chapter 7 Key Terms

Baptiste Colbert

Managed royal funds under Louis XIV's rule. Wanted to increase the size of French empire so they could have more trade. To get more land, France was always at war. His policies of warfare and mercantilism worked only for a short period of time

Cossacks

Peasant-soldiers that expanded Russian territories in the 16th-18th century into Siberia and southward to the Caspian Sea.

Encomienda system

Peninsulares given land and specified number of native laborers. In return, the peninsulares were expected to protect the natives and convert them to Christianity. To improve workload of Natives, they later brought African slaves to help out

Time of Troubles (1604-1613)

Period after Ivan IV died without any heir to the throne. Pretenders to the throne would kill each other almost constantly

Indulgence

Piece of paper that the faithful would purchase from the Church to reduce time in purgatory. Church sold indulgences to generate income to pay for their huge number of Renaissance artists and also to maintain power over its members

30 Years War (1618-1648)

Protestants in Bohemia challenged the authority of the Holy Roman Catholic emperor. Huge lose and destruction in Holy Roman Empire. Emperor and Hapsburg lost almost all its power.

Francis Bacon

Published works on inductive logic

Machiavelli

Renaissance writer that wrote The Prince: a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by acting in self-interest rather than on moral tenets.

Jesuits

Restored faith in the teachings of Jesus. Practiced self control and moderation. Believed in salvation by prayer and good deeds. Many were appointed high palace positions.

Medici Family

Ruled Florence during the Renaissance, became wealthy from banking, spent a lot of money on art and architecture by actions as patron for artists.

Long Parliament (1640-1660)

Sat for 20 years to limit absolute powers of the monarchy. Led by Puritans. Denied Charles' funding requests to fight Irish in Irish Rebellion

Montesquieu (1689-1755)

Separation of powers among branches of government

Sugar and Silver in the New World

Sugar: Increased development of plantations throughout colonies and increased need for enslaved or forced labor Silver: Increased forced labor, and created new doors for economy especially in Asia (Ming)

Atheists

During the Scientific Revolution, many Christians began to reject the Church's rigid pronouncements that conflicted with science. Atheist believes no god exists.

Deists

During the Scientific Revolution, many Christians began to reject the Church's rigid pronouncements that conflicted with science. Believe God exists and created the world, but plays a passive role in life.

English Bill of Rights

Ensured that rulers would be Anglican. Limited powers for monarchs

Ivan IV (the Terrible) of Russia

Established absolute rule in Russia. United Russia. Expanded eastward. Reign of terror: Executed those who were a threat to his power, even his own son

Huguenots

French Protestants that grew in size during the Protestant Reformation

John Calvin

French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

Charles V of Spain

From Hapsburg family but grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella. Had land in France, the Netherlands, Austria, Germany, and Spain through a series of carefully arranged marriages. Elected Holy Roman Emperor by German Princes. Huge empire brought riches. Fought Protestantism in Germany because he was obviously Catholic

Oliver Cromwell of England

Led Roundheads during civil war. After Charles I, he rose to power, but was not king: Leader of the English Commonwealth and then became the Lord Protector. Religious intolerance and violence against Catholic and Irish.

The Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome. Included the growth of population, goods, and services after the Black Death. A new middle class of bankers, merchants, traders. Influx of money.

Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation)

16th century movement where the Catholic Church reformed and reaffirmed their teachings. Reforms led by Spain. Reforms: banning of indulgences, consulting with bishops and parishes more often, stricter training of priests, making weekly mass obligatory, salvation came from good works, prayer, Christ, and the Church, and reestablishing the supreme authority of the pope

Enlightened Monarchs

18th century European monarchs that ruled with ideals of tolerance, justice, and improving quality of life but still ruled absolutely

Calvinism

A body of religious teachings based on the ideas of the reformer John Calvin. Stated everyone had a predetermined destiny, most of which were damned by God. Only a few, called the Elect, would be saved. Teachings took off after he preached in Geneva Switzerland. Branch of Protestantism

Middle Passage

Africans were rounded up, put on ships, chained together, taken below deck on their journey to America. At least 13 million Africans were taken to the New World. Many died on the voyage from starvation, disease, suffocation, suicide, or were killed for revolting (20% mortality rate on ships)

Scientific Method

a method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.

Petition of Right

document that limited taxes and forbid unlawful imprisonment

Michael Romanov of Russia 1613

elected czar by feudal lords and ended the Time of Troubles by stabilizing Russia. Created Romanov dynasty which would last until 1917

Vasco de Balboa (1513)

explored Central America for Spain. Saw the Pacific Ocean

Ponce de Leon (1513)

explored Florida for Spain looking for the fountain of youth

Amerigo Vespucci (1500s)

explored South America several voyages. Realized that it was not part of Asia. America was named after him

Voltaire (1694-1778)

freedom of speech and religion

Hernan Cortes (1519)

landed on the coast of Mexico with 600 men in the Aztec Empire. Motivation was to acquire spices and gold. Seized Montezuma and sieged Tenochtitlan with the help of neighboring states who loathed the Aztecs

Three Masted Caravels

large ships with larger sails meant for longer journeys

Divine Right

the idea that God ordained the right to govern to the monarchs, so the people had a moral and religious obligation to obey them

John Locke (1632-1704)

-Wrote "Two Treatises on Government". Argued that man is born good and has natural rights to life, liberty, and property; to protect these rights, people enter Social Contract so that government can secure and guarantee natural rights. People have the right to revolt if government did not protect these rights

Ivan III (Ivan the Great) of Russia

1480 Refused to pay tribute to the Mongols. Declared Russia free of Mongolian rule

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. Challenged the theology and religious role of the pope. Paved the way for revolutions in education, politics, and science.

The Enlightenment

A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers focused on the role of humankind in relation to government. Many members of the Enlightenment were Deists

Louis XIV of France

Absolute monarch which ruled for 72 years. Glorification of France and its culture and arts. Ruled with divine right. Built palace of Versailles to prove his power. Put France in debt with his lavish lifestyle and excess personal spending using government funds. Not religiously tolerant

joint-stock company

An organization created to pool the resources of many merchants. This Distributes costs and risks of colonization and investment of individual investors. Led to huge profits and substantial middle class of merchants. Secured royal charters for colonies

James I of England

Attempted to create reforms that accommodated other religions. Puritans did not want to recognize his power over religion. Claimed divine right. Puritans left, crossed the Atlantic, and established the Plymouth colony

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Decentralized and nation-states formed (ex: small German states gained independence)

Act of Supremacy

Declared that Henry VIII to be head of the English church rather than the Pope

Edict of Nantes (1598)

Decree issued by the French crown granting limited toleration to French Protestants. Ended religious wars in France and inaugurated a period of French preeminence in Europe and across the Atlantic.

Glorious Revolution

Bloodless revolution in which James II was driven from power by the Parliament in fear that he would make England Catholic

Philip V of Spain

Bourbon ruler of Spain; grandson of Louis XIV.

Ferdinand I of Spain

Brother of Charles V who was given power over Austria and the Holy Roman Throne of Germany after Charles abdicated.

Tycho Brahe

Built on observatory and recorded his observations

Cardinal Richelieu of France

Catholic. Chief advisor to Bourbons and Strengthened the role of the French crown. Compromised with the Protestants and helped them attack the Holy Romans to expand their empire. New bureaucratic class was established under his rule

Church of England (Anglican Church)

Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon, who did not give him a son as heir to the throne. A branch of Protestantism

Erasmus

Counseled kings and popes. Wrote "In Praise of Folly" to satirize what he thought were the most foolish political movements to date. Was a Christian humanist.

Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543)

Created mathematical theory that concluded sun is center of solar system (Heliocentric/Copernican theory), disproved Ptolemaic Theory, Wrote "On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres"

Elizabeth I of England

Daughter of King Henry VIII who oversaw a golden age: Elizabethan Age. English golden age of the arts (Shakespeare). Boasted commercial expansion, exploration, colonization. Muscovy Company and the British East India Company were founded as joint stock companies

Charles II of England

Exiled son of Charles I. Brought back by Parliament, took throne, and restored limited monarchy. Closet Catholic, but acknowledged rights of people. Signed Habeas Corpus Act

Henry IV of France

First of the Bourbon kings, who ruled France for nearly two centuries until 1792. Issued Edict of Nantes to stop the Catholics and Huguenots from fighting

Lutherans

Followers of Martin Luther who separated from the Catholic Church. Branch of Protestantism

Ignatius Loyola

Founder of the Jesuits. Former Spanish soldier and intellectual

Enlightenment social contract

Governments were formed not by divine decree, but to meet the social and economic needs of the people being governed.

Humanism (Renaissance)

Intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human life on Earth and to celebrating human achievements in the scholarly, artistic, and political realms. Led to focus on individuals which lead to a reduction in the authority of institutions.

Johannes Gutenberg

Invented the printing press in the mid-1400s

William Shakespeare

Most famous European writer of the Renaissance. His works reflect humanism in its extreme but also the era's obsession with the politics and mythology of classical civilization.

Council of Trent

Series of meetings from 1545-1563 to lead Counter Reformation. Dictated and defined Catholic interpretation of religious doctrine and clarified position on salvation. Tried and punished heretics. Latin reestablished as language for mass.

Charles I of England

Signed the Petition of Right to get money from Parliament. Ignored petition after signing. During Irish rebellion, Parliament rejected his request for money. Civil war was sparked. Roundheads of Parliament defeated the Cavaliers. Was tried and executed.

Philip II of Spain

Son of Charles V. Ruled the throne of Spain and had power over Burgundy (France), Sicily, the Netherlands, and the New World. Under his rule: Expansion into the New World, Spanish Renaissance, Continued the Spanish Inquisition, Gained control over Portugal, Fought for Catholicism, and lost a battle of the Spanish Armada in the British Isles.

Christopher Columbus (1492)

Spanish voyager who reached Cuba and the West Indies

King Henry VIII

Started the Anglican Church because he wasn't granted a divorce. Was excommunicated by the Pope.

Heliocentrism

The belief that the sun was the center of the solar system and that the earth rotated around it

Galileo

Used a telescope to discover the moons of Jupiter and the stars. Published "Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World" in Italian. Showed how the rotation of the earth on its axis produced the apparent rotation of the heavens and how strar's great distance from earth prevent humans from seeing them change position. The Ptolemaic model was supported by the Church, so they put Galileo on trial before the Inquisition in Rome for heresy. He was forced to recant and his book was placed on The Index, a banned heretical book list. He was put on house arrest, but continued to study.

Scientific Revolution

The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science. Study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

Columbian Exchange (Triangle Trade)

The transatlantic transfer of animals, plants, diseases, people, technology, and ideas among Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Old World: Horses, Pigs, Goats, Chili peppers, Sugarcane, The Bubonic Plague, Smallpox, Typhoid, Influenza, The Common Cold, Guns, Catholicism, Etc. New World: Squash, Cassava, Peanuts, Beans, Corn, Potatoes, Cacao, Chagas, Syphilis, Silver, Etc.

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Wanted to bring an end to conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in the region of the Holy Roman Empire. Peace did not last

Francisco Pizarro (1531)

set out to find the Incas with 200 men in 1531. Disease, superior weapons, Inca Civil War, and help from enemies helped Pizarro to take over the Incan Empire by 1535

Mandate of Heaven

Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BCE). Emperor believed that they were divinely chosen, but would be given authority to rule only as long as they pleased heaven. If they failed to rule justly, they would lose the Mandate (ex: famine/drought). Different from Divine Right because the divine right was a privilege without qualification.

Vernacular

the native language of a people, region, or country

War of Spanish Succession

a conflict, lasting from 1701 to 1714, in which a number of European states fought to prevent the Bourbon family from uniting Spain and France because one of Louis XIV's grandsons had inherited the Spanish throne. In the end, Louis' grandson inherited the Spanish throne, but could not combine with France. France also had to give up a lot of its land to England.

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

Wrote "Leviathan" in it he argued that people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish. Believed people needed a government where an all-powerful ruler could suppress their war-like tendencies

Sir Isaac Newton

Wrote "The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy". Invented calculus to prove the theories of Copernicus, Galileo, Bacon, and others. Developed laws of gravity.

Sir Thomas More

Wrote Utopia which described an ideal society where everyone shared wealth and everyone's needs were met. Also a Christian humanist

Martin Luther

Wrote the 95 Theses, posted in 1517, led to Protestant Reformation. Outraged with church practice of selling indulgences. Wanted church service to be conducted in vernacular language, not Latin. Luther claimed salvation was given by God's grace alone and said people could use the Bible to appeal directly to God. In other words, he states that the church was marginalized to an aid for salvation, not the grantor of salvation.

Stuart Restoration

reestablishment of monarchy in the person of Charles II, the son of Charles I, after Cromwell's death.

Vasco da Gama (1497)

rounded the Cape of Good Hope, explored the east African kingdoms, traveled to India and established trade relationships

Sternpost Rudder

allowed for better navigation and control of larger ships. Invented in Han China and traded to Europeans

Magnetic Compass

allowed sailors to determine direction without staying in sight of land

Lateen Sails

allowed ships to sail in any direction, regardless of the wind. Standard on transatlantic voyages

Ferdinand Magellan (1519)

sailed around the tip of South America to the Pacific Ocean for Portugal. Made it to the Philippines and died. First to circumnavigate the world

Viceroy

appointed governors of each of the five regions of New Spain. Established the Encomienda System

Pope Leo X

began to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome; tried to get Luther to recant his criticisms of the church; condemned him a heretic when he would not do so and excommunicated him from the church

James II of England

brother of Charles II. Openly Catholic which made him unpopular. Driven out by Glorious Revolution

Dutch East India Company

controlled routes to the Spice Islands

Mercantilism

countries tried not to import more than they exported; balance in trade. Problem created of one country's surplus being another country's deficit. This problem was solved by creating colonies: raw materials could be extracted and then finished products could be sold in the new market. Fosters later resentment in colonies.

Johannes Kepler

developed laws of planetary motion based on observation and mathematics

Neoclassical Period

mid-early 18th century. Imitated the balanced, symmetrical style of ancient Greek and Roman architecture. Ex: Washington DC federal buildings

Muscovy Company of England

monopolized trade routes to Russia

Astrolabe

portable navigation device that measures the distance of the sun and stars above the horizon. Determined latitude

Habeas Corpus Act

protects people from unlawful arrests

Cardinal Mazarin of France

successor of Richelieu who prepared France for its strong position under Louis XIV

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

treaty between Spain and Portugal that divided the new lands found in the Americas along a longitudinal lines. East=Portuguese territory. West=Spanish Territory

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

wrote "The Social Contract". Believed people were all equal and that society should be organized according to the general will of the people. Argued one finds freedom by sacrifice some individual rights for the common good. Duty of citizen is to obey laws the people prescribe for themselves.