AP World Semester 1 Exam Final

Sub Saharan Africa

-Trade Connections --Gold --Salt (preserve food) --Ivory -- later slaves -Ghana + Mali =Kingdoms on Nagi River -Mali- Timbuktu -Islam affects education, culture, trade... -Rulers utilize it for trade connections, spiritual unity... but also retain indigenous customs

Ottoman Empire Economics

-Trade Routes controlled by Turks, Turks involved in all European trade -Long Term problems? --dependent on imports/exports --no real product they are personally trading --Europeans find way around

Isolationism

-Travel ban --citizens cannot travel without permission --restrictions on visitors and missionaries -Private Trade due to xenophobia(hate of other people countries) and to protect the tradition -The wall offers protections Consequences? No exploration or expansion

South Asia (India)

-Turkic Migrations -Delhi Sultanate (1211-1520)

Land Based Empires (1450-1750)

-Turkic and Mongol invasions cause Turnover of states and transmission -A new weaponized technology of gunpowder and cannons -Global Trade Networks... the strongest areas.

Neoconfucianism

-Unification of Buddhism, Daoism, and Muslim -filial piety, patriarchy

Hajj of Mansa Musa 1324

-Wealthiest man ever! -was the control of gold trade -Muslim -Pilgrimage to Mecca -"Let it rain" with gold, gave it all away -had to borrow money to get back to reserve -powerful rulers-insane wealth-devout Muslim

Hinduism

"Oldest". Interweaving of Aryan and Indus Valley Culture in South Asia around 1500 BCE. Collection of beliefs/ideas/stories! Sacred Texts written in Sanskirt.

Venice city leader

"The Doge"

Huang He

"The Yellow River"- brought life/farming "River of Sorrow"- flood causing fatalities. Water control major concern. Neolithic Groups on the Huang He by 9000 BCE

Zhou Dynasty

(1100-256BCE) Period of Art, Literature, Philosophy → "Classical Period" "Mandate of Heaven"- Without a ruler, "humans fall into all disorders, so Heavens give birth to a man of intelligence whose business it is to regulate the people"... -Confucian Classic "Book of Historical Documents" Age of Confucius and Laozi ...

The Vedas

(1500-1200 BCE) Collection of poems about Gods of Nature Division of God Purusha into Varnas (Castes) Mouth- Brahmins (priests) Arms- Warriors Legs- Businessmen, Landowners Feet- Lower Working Classes Hinduism's CASTE SYSTEM Develops into 1,000s of Jatis (Castes) -exclusive, limited mingling - priests and warriors at the top! "Untouchables"-Outcasts, "polluting work"

Rice cultivation

(6000 BCE) calorie rich easy storage labor intensive

Imperial Harem

-Women favored by Sultan, protected status

Products of Hanseatic empire

-Woolen textlies, timber, furs, flax, honey, wheat, and rye

Gladiatorial Combat

- "A duty to the ancestors" or to honor the gods...Arete (god of war)?" -> entertainment -Who were gladiators? Slaves, convicts, and poor.

The Gracchi-Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus

- 2nd century BCE Tribunes - Policies -- programs use tax money to benefit poor people --welfare land land distribution to poor - "Power of the Masses" --power of revolt/strike - Murder!!? --Both murdered and said to be unsolved mysteries -> SYMBOL OF SYSTEM - politicians and patricians are in full control to their liking - How will leaders placate the urban poor? Bread and Circus- give something to eat and entertainment.

The Punic Wars

- 3 wars - Rome versus Carthage - Rome wins first round and punishes Carthage with indemnity (reparation payments) Army of Hannibal Barca - Second Punic War - Hannibal start massive Army in New Carthage and gets into Rome peninsula - Rome attacks Carthage and Hannibal it's too late to protect - Rome is ultimate power in the Mediterranean Cato the Elder " and furthermore... Destroy Carthage!!!"- leads to third war - destroys Carthage's rebuild and in all of its puts salt in all of its fields

Mongol invasions 1258CE

- Baghdad is captured end the Caliphate, the Caliph has his head cut off and kicked into the crowd - end of the caliphate -Islam still flourishes and spread

The Black Plague

- Bubonic/Pneumic carried by rats and fleas Causes: -A "Little Ice Age" that causes rat and flea migration -Mongol Invasions -the Pax Mongolica -World Trade Patterns Effect: -A Eurasian Pandemic -33-50% Mortality rate -"Culture of Death" -Social Unrest caused there to be fewer peasants and labors --rebellions of these groups -Credibility to Elites, --the Church in Europe? Using trickery of forgiveness for money as everyone is among death and want to be saved

Crusades Lasting Results

- Death, Destruction -Tension between religions -Muslim central of religion -Church Credibility? thumbs down -Trade Cultural Exchange? thumbs up (sugar, cotton) -Weakens Byzantine Empire, accelerates the end

Bread and Circus

- Festivals - Handouts, food and drink - Entertainment

Sappa Inca

- Inca King

Flavian Amphitheater "The Colosseum" (80CE)

- Major Public Work - Monumental Architecture -ONE OF A KIND

A Military Society of Rome

- Roman legionary-foot soldier-plebian - Conscription is enforced - have Greek influence from Sparta designs - phalanx to centuries?? Legion - a Roman legion hat from 6 to 8 thousand soldiers

Al-Andalus Caliphate Weakens

- Spanish "Reconquista" (790-1300s) -Forced baptism, conversion...1478 The Spanish Inquisition

Japanese poetry

- The Haiku- 17 syllables -themes of nature, the senses... Zen -compared to Western themes and arete

Separated Empires leads to division in Christianity

- West (Roman Catholic) -Byzantine (Eastern Orthodox)

The Roman Republics

- Who votes? Every senator - dictators? In case of emergency one Senator could be given Authority - Consuls set agenda, in the middle, power to veto

Expansion/Imperialism in Rome

- attained lots of money, taxes, tribute - also attained land resources - initially no new citizens, but became an incentive later -In order to control new territories there were new costs - help to returning veterans with land grants and pension (constant cash flow) - had slave results as 25% were slaves...Spartacus with military experience led revolt -new enemies made

Ottoman Empire

- in 1453 Cee Muslim Turks seized and renamed Constantinople; Istanbul - first use of cannons - the "Ottoman Empire" by Ottoman Turks has begun

First Crusade

- retake Antioch and Jerusalem - blood bath, massacre -killed innocent children, mother, and fathers

Plebeian Living Conditions

- small and confined - No sewage system - Health hazards - In danger of fire

Paleolithic Life in America

- used mammoth bones to make houses/tools -fur for clothing -meat for food -poop for fire/heat

The Franks and Charlemage

-" barbarian Christians" -Christian Power! Utilized Latin! -Charlemagne- established supremacy of Franks -Pope crowns Charlemagne -Papal Alliance: "Emperor of the Romans"

Hebrews

-"Eber Siders" -Abraham's Covenant with YHWH --promise: one od, Abrahman gets a lot of kids and land -Isaac- son of Abraham -Jacob son of Isaac ( aka Israel) has 12 Sons (Tribes of Israel) -Cananites flee to Egypt -Famine and Egypt (1600 BCE) -Slavery of Jews and the "Exodus"(escape/exit) (Under Moses and Ramses II 1200s BCE) -The Reed/Red Sea is parted for escape -Mt. Sinai and "The Ten Commandments" (312 -tone of God is seemed to be harsh and legalistic

South East Asia

-"Greater India" -What happens in South Asia transmits to Southeast Asia -Today: Myamar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietname, Malaysia, Indonesia -Mix of indigenous, South Asian and East Asian Cultures

The Inca Empire

-"Lost City" of Machu Pucchu -Terracing, flatten out sloped land for crops -POTATOES -Life, civilizations, empire with Andes Mountains

The OLMEC (1200-400B.C)

-"Mother Culture" -Gulf Coast, shared religious beliefs -created own writing, "Epi Olmec"

Mughal Empire Political

-"Shahs" Emperors (Persian language influence) -Akbar the Great -Shah Jahan at "Shjabanabad" and Aurangzeb -Local administrators -SHARI'AH LAW BASED

Influence from India/Arabs

-"arabic" numbers, -algebra -Decimal system -Concept of zero -Trignometry -Heliocentrism -Paper making (emerged from Chinese and transmitted by Chinese

Sikhism

-(syncretism) -cultural blending of two elements -Guru Nanek's (believer/spreader) --monotheism --equality -5th largest religion -Turbans and beards

The Fall of the Roman Empire

-1. BARBARIAN INVASIONS --Central Asia 2. Overextention:Cost Resources --Too expensive... INFRASTRUCTURE 3. Military Exhaustion --Too big to sustain 4. Leadership failure --bad emperor, no leadership 5. Class Conflict --Mad Romans; plebeians, slaves, patricians 6. LOSS OF ROMAN VALUES --loss of OLIGARCHY --religion...ideologies topple empire...polytheism->monotheism --JESUS RESPONSIBLE FOR FALL OF ROME List made by Edward Gibbons-historian'

Justinian

-1. Justinian Code of Law- sets precedent example -2. Expand Byzantine Power to Peak -3. Hagia Sophia "Church of Holy Wisdom"

Twelver

-12th Imam will return -Shi'ah belief

Augustus Ceasar

-1st Emperor of Rome -"the revered one" -makes own gov't positions Princep Senatus-Prince of Senate-Head of Senate Imperator-highest priest religious leader Pontifex Maximus-highest priest religious leader -The Deified Julius- emperor worship -Art/Architecture made him muscular with armor showing power, father of Rome, graceful -Res Gestae Divi Augusti -Pax Romana-ruled 27BCE-14BCE -"I found a brick and left it in marble"

Several Follow Crusades

-3rd Crusade (King's Crusade)... Richard I, Saladin of Egypt --"Children's Crusade" - boy had a dream from God to lead crusade, gathered kids, got on random boat and later sold as slaves. -4th Crusade --traders storm Constantinople then are excommunicated -Chritsian Brutality Religions Fervor --Jews, Muslim

Europe in the Middle Ages

-600-1450CE -DARK AGES -Post Classical Period-Renaissance -Middle of Fall of Rome -Eurocentric views

The Roman Empire

-800s-509 BCE Kingdom -509BCE Republic 27 BCE-1453 CE Empire

Great Mosque at Djenne

-African architecture

Native Americas of the Great Plains

-Agriculture begins around 8000 BCE -Key crops: maize corn, potatoes, peas, and squash

Culture Case File of Rome

-Algriculture: Olives make OLIVE OIL, Grapes for WINE, Cattle for MEAT/DAIRY, Sheep for CLOTHING -Dress: Tunics, Togas, Sandals -Coinage: Gold, Silver, and Bronze -Language: Latin, Greek (eastern portion) -Religion: Greek Mythology, "arete" —emperor worship, variety of cult worship -Judaism and Christianity are on the rise, threatening emperor power as monotheistic religions -Suspicion of royalties... Jesus Christ is the "King of the Jews"

Umayyad Caliphate continued

-Arabic and Islam become "glue" for new empire/melting pot and imperial bureaucracy -More Umayyad conquest:Berbers(nomads) in N. Africa -West Capital: Cordoba (spain)

Mughal Empire Art

-Architecture, mausoleum and mosques(hindu looking)

The Phalanx of Hoplite soldiers

-Armies of Alexander overwhelmed defenses of Persian Empire - captured Persian wife married her and declared himself Emperor Persia - in Egypt he upgraded the coastal city called Alexandria and it became the center of Commerce with the greatest Library

Succession and Divison of Mongol Empire

-Asia in 1335CE (4 Khanades) -Mongols assimilate but cleared the way for many "modern" states - Ming Dynasty overthrows Mongols in China -Moscow ends "Tatar: tributes in 1480, consolidates Russia - Mughal Empire of India overthrow Delhi

Athenian Imperialism

-Athen's navy and leadership dominates -Dispatched people proposed ot keep working together. -Voluntary at first then forced -Treasury at Delos then Athens -Tributes collected

Jews Return to Canaan...Tribal Judges

-Becomes Empire -1020-950BCE-Imperialism under Kings- Saul, David, Solomon - 1st Temple at Jerusalem (Zion) -Division of Kingdoms: Northern 10 Tribes=Isreal and 2 Southern Tribes=Judah

The TORAH

-Book of Moses --Nei'im-The Prophets --Ketuvim-Other Histories like "Psalms"

The Crusades (1096-1291)

-Byzantines ask for "help" against Turkish(Muslim Invaders) -Papal Response? Yes because Byzantine will be in debt, reunify Christianity, Holy lands, silk route trading connections. -Who participated? Servants, peasants, knights, opportunists, all sorts of people participated. -Urban II holds a council; "God wills us to take back the holy lands."

"Five Good Emperors"

-Caligula -Nero -Trajan-Peak of Empire -Hadrian-built wall to protect -Marcus Aurtius- Stoic, philosophy

Trans-Saharan Trade

-Camels and saddles -Timbuktu-> Egypt with camels

Abbasid Caliphate (70-1258CE)

-Capital: Bahgdad (has Tigris RIver, Iran) -more cosmopolitan (religion freedom) bureacracy -Increasing Persian Turkish influence - Central Authority Weakens- revolts, quasi-independent states emerge

The Mongol Empire (1206-1405)

-Central Asia tribes led by Khans -Expert horseback -herders/warriors -Yurts

Aristotle

-Champion of Reason and Logic, said to be "best of the west" for 2000 years -RATIONALISM -Array of Intellectual works like logic, physics/science, astronomy, ethics -Tutor of Alexander the Great

Downfall of Ottoman Empire

-Changing trade (Europeans find way around) -Patterns, the rise of Europe....WWI>>>

Junks/jongs

-Chinese treasure ships -massive aircraft carriers

"Reconquista"

-Christian delegates conquer territories of "Al-Andalus"

Phoenicians

-Colonies -Trade -Biremes -First alphabet based on sounds -Conquered by Persian Empire

Mongol Empire Conquest

-Conquest of Kiev and Moscow -Tribute Payments -"Russian" resistance forms due to Mongol attacks -Brutal conquests... -Then progressive rule: --standardize law -religious tolerance -Infrastructure projects -Adoption of Uyghur Script -Conquer Abbasid Caliphate -Yuan Dynasty in China -Kublai Khan is Chinngis Khan grandson

Umayyad Caliphate (661-750 CE)

-Conquest under Umar I: --conquests north -conquers Demascus, New Capital of Empire -conquers Persia (637CE) territories -conquers Jerusalem (638CE) - third holiest city of Islam -"Dome of the Rock" -conquering, taxation, not forced conversion -Imperial policies vs. Islamic faith

Mughal Empire Intellectual

-Court Language is Persian! Also Hindu, Urdu, Pakistan...

How to check/balance military leaders? The First Triumvirate

-Crassus-Pompey-Julius Ceaser -Crassus killed and Pompey flees to Greece and Julius conquers -Julius Caesar favorable and sleeps with Cleopatra -Julius Caesar Dictator FOR LIFE -Assasinated by Senate -ROME IN DISARRAY -Politicians feel guilty, outraged!!

Exchange of Crops. People Products, Culture, Diseases

-Crops: cotton, rice, tea, spice, sugar, citris fruits, bananas -People: Vikings, Turks, Aravs, Bantus, Malaysians(SE Asia Boat technology), Polynesians(Pacific Ocean Islands) -Cultural "enclaves" , trade scatters Muslim and Jewish "trade diasporas" -Culture: SPead of Islam, Buddhism -> Neoconfucianism India math and Western philosophy adapted by Muslim -Technology: spead of gunpowder, paper and printing, sailing navigation/commercial practices -Disease: Black Plague kills almost half of the population ...The NEW world hasn't been discovered yet

732 CE Battle of Taurs

-Defeat by Franks -start of "Al Andalus"

Mughal Empire

-Delhi Sultanate and Rajput Kingdoms conquered -Turkic/Mongol Ancestry --Tamerlane and Babur ---gunpowder with canoons

Pax Mongoloica

-Developing Trade-Silk Route -Cultural Exchange- Buddhism and Islam - Greco- Islamic medicine, numering, etc.. -Paper, Gunpowder for cannons, Bubonic plague

Greek Theater

-Draman of love, justice, morality, and equity -Tragedies, Oedipus by Sophocles -Comedies, Lysistrata by Aristophanes -Greek Culture tests audience with physical emotional, mental, and social challenges for entertainment.

Roman Dynasty

-Dynasty-emperors chosen from -Become a problem -Caligula-Nero -crazy and cruel -gets killed in Gladiator games -Empire goes to sister then her son

"Holy Roman Empire" in Medieval Madness

-Emperors are elected by the pope and princes/electors -Holy? No -Roman? No, German -Empire? No, confederation

The End of the Roman Empire?

-Empire Divided...West and East -293CE-Constatine-330CE-emperor of the east -Eastern Captial "Constantinople" -Conversion to Christianity -The West Falls -Rome- 476CE -The East?? Byzantine Empire until rules until 1453

Fanaticism and Scapegoating

-FLagellants- self harm -Anti-Semitism- Jewish people become target of blame -massacres of Jews -World Population drops 25% -Took 80 years to recover -Then a Renaissance-REBIRTH

Bread and Circus Continued in Christianity

-Festivals -Tournaments -"Circuses" -Fairs -Religious holiday feasts

Mughal Empire Economy

-Feudalism and Trade in the Indian Ocean -Indian crafts and Guilds --cotton and spice -NO NAVY

Fire of 64CE

-Fire outbreaks at plebeian living quarters and burns 70% of land -Nero blames Christians and so he persecutes them -built the biggest palace on land burnt

State Building and Culture in Sub-Saharan Africa

-Foundational Civilizations! -Niger River Valley

Medieval Europe

-Fragmented, decentralized -Socioeconomic Systems: --Feudalism-class obligations based on landownership and debt -The Nobility- Kings/Lords -Vassal-debtor -Peasants and Serfdom (debtors) --landless labors -slavery, legally bound to land -Manorialism -Crop Rotation

Maya Civilizations

-Great Pyramid at Tikal -Chichen Itza --Temple of the Warriors --The Great Ball Court --Observatory ---Astronomy, Calendar Experts ---most impressive -Mayan Writing

Alexander's Empire

-Having full control of Greece he skipped the rest of school and try to take over the world - proved to be the one of the most successful military leaders and emperors - he used conquest and administration to uniformity - he copied the satrap system - tried multiple religions and had high religion tolerance - use the marriage for uniformity and used to mix Greek with other local population - he set up 14 to 17 other cities named Alexandria - due to his mixed race it resulted in descendants that spoke Greek - Alexander died young as he retreated from the Indus River and died in Babylon from alcoholism or poison - the empire was then divided into satrapies ruled by dynasties he left in charge

Mayan Writing

-Hieroglyphics! Numbers! -Surprising because of no draft animals -Mayan mathematics> Roma mathematics -Concept of Zero

Mughal Empire Social

-Hindu Caste System, Many merchant class, "middle class"

The Khmer Empire (Angkor Kingdom)

-Hinduis, and Sanskirt...Later Mahayana/Theravada (Buddhism) -Imperial and Spiritual --Capital: Angkor -Angkir Wat- Largest religious site/temple in the world --Hindu towers are covered with reliefs of gods and incarnations

Mughal Empire (1526-1858)

-Hindus have mistrusts of Islam, got Dhimmi Status -Mongol/Muslim rule

Towns in Medieval Time

-Housing, Church, Markets -Economy: Guilds (agreement of shop owners), DOMESTIC SYSTEM -Rise of small "Middle Class", as market goods are produced by hand at home

Spain and Portugal

-Iberia (to the greeks) -Hispania (to the Romans) -711-732 CE -"Moor" Invasion and Cordoba

Migrations/Invasions of Abbasid Caliphate (1055CE)

-Ibn Khaldun -Who? Turkish -Where? Central Asia -"The Sultan"

Conflict of Orders

-In 451 BCE Law of the Twelve Tables, standardized law code -Tribunes, plebeian senator position in 360 BCE

East Africa

-Zimbabwes -Swalaili -The Great Zimbabwe -Ethiopia the Axum Kingdom

Downfall of Mughal Empire

-Intolerance -Renewed Division... -British Colonism

Ottoman Empire Religion

-Islam, but others tolerated while inder Shari'ah Law -Sufis

Mughal Empire Religon

-Islamic Administration but largely Hindu Population -Toleration under Akbar -Sikhism -Guru Nanek's

Shari'ah

-Islamic law -defines divorce, parently responsibility, marriage, inheritance, eating, dressing, and housekeeping

The Blue Mosque

-Istanbul, Turkey -built in 1616CE -dress code...both men and women have to be covered -only designs on wall, no people, IDOLATRY

Architecture in Japan

-Japanese/Korean -Adoption of Chinese Symbols

Diasporal again

-Jews become dispersed and disorganized -Persecution because of scapegoating(wrongfully blamed based off minority) -blamed for plague and Jesus' death -Stereotypes- Laws restrict land ownership for Jews and so had to become Jewish merchants

Byzantine (Eastern Orthodox)

-Language and Culture: Greek! Hellenistic -Church Leader and Captial: Constantinople, patriarchs -Iconoclastic Controversy: Destroy idols - Muslim influence -Priests Married? Yes

West (Roman Catholic)

-Language/Culture: Latin, Roman? -franks -others -Church Leader and capital: Pope, Rome -Iconclastic Controversy: Icons are ok (cross) -Priests Married: No, celbate(church is family)

Emperor Constantine

-Legalized Christianity in 313Ce -Official Religion of Empire under Theodosius -Polytheistic "cults" eliminated in 394CE! Spectacular Reversal!-In battle had a vision of a cross and so he put in on all their armor then wins war and converts

Jesus

-Like Buddhism, not tolerated well at first -birth unknown -Jewish Traditions, Patriarchal, Monotheism -Miracles→ Messiah? God incarnate? -Sacraments- Baptism, Eucharist(Jesus' flesh), etc -Compassion, Forgiveness, Salvation(unliked Buddhism or Islam) -Arrest, Crucifixion -Early Church Founders- --Peter-apostle, "rock" of the church. First bishop of Rome... --Paul of Tarsus- earliest missionaries to Rome. Why Rome? Letters, correspondence -Roman Response? Ambivalence (religion tolerance, didn't care) or Persecution -"Cannibals" accusation because of the Sacrament of the Eucharist -Suspicions of Loyalty -Nero in 64 CE...big fire and blames Jews

Ottoman Empire Intellectual

-Madrases -Muslim Scholarship continued with Architecture

The Second Triumvirate

-Marc Antony-Julius Caesar best friend, sleeps with Cleopatra who kills herself about Antony dies -Octavion-Julius Ceasar adopted heir, son in law -Lepidus-retires

War between Mecca and Medina

-Mecca surrenders to Medina -Ka'aba redicted to...Allah -Islam the source of unity for region -Death in 632 CE

Ancient American Culture Sites

-Mesa Verde, Ancient Pueble, left of the Rocky Mountains -Chaco CUlture- The Great Kiva in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, left of the Rocky Mountains -Mississippi Mound Builders, Cahokia, 15000 inhabitants -Great Pyramid at Tikal -The Great Ball Court at Chichen Itza

Inside the Hagia Sophia

-Mihrab to the Qibla!: -marker that shows route to Mecca -Minber for the imam

Life in the Roman Empire

-Military Network created cities as Forts and outposts became Urban centers -Concrete became major innovation as it was crucial to road building as when it dried water did not affect it - Aquaducts also a major innovation and it was a water Bridge or a canal on top of the bridge that was built with Arch ways to preserve materials - Rome becomes first city with a million people

The Rule of Generals

-Military assignments... -Privatized Armies- mercenaries -Mercenaries- pro soldiers work based off money -Marius elected Consul SEVEN TIMES -Sulla's March on Rome- Dictator?!? Demanded by Sulla

East African trading cities

-Mogadishu and Manda Island --spoke Swahili

Majority vs. Minority

-More majority then less living as minority -Less majority then less living as minority

Al'aqsa

-Mosque -"Dome of the Rock" -rebuild on Solomon's temple

Ali

-Muhamad son-in-law -first male follower of Islam

Taj Mahal 1648CE

-Muslim Spread to Southeast Asia -In indonesia

islam

-Muslims -follower, practitioner

Nero

-Narcissist- excess admiration for self -"Artist"- self boasting -"Hero"- self boasting -"Athlete"- competed in Olympics, rigged to win -Killed and says "oh what an artist dies in me." ironically

Traditional Japanese Theater

-Noh and Kabuki -puppets, audience included

Roman Government change

-Oligarchic Republic(Elite representatives)->Imperial Dynasty (like India or China)

devshirme

-Ottoman policy of taking boys from Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers and bureaucrats or gov't officials

Human Civilizations in the Americas

-PALE Paleoenvironmental Atlas of Beringia -Earliest human fossil found in the Americas date to 14000 BCE, 11000 BCE -evidence of mammoth's bone's butchered -New footprints in NM date to 21000 BCE

Patron-Client

-Patricians Office security and money for plebeians and in return plebians are in life long debt to patrician.

Patricians vs. Plebians

-Patricians- elite landowners, 3% of population, have the rights of land government offices and Military, and have the plebeians in lifelong debt - Plebeians- everyone else in population, ninety-seven percent of population, limited rights, have the power of population, organize, power and number with revolt and strike.

Pax Romana

-Peace of the Roman Empire

Sultanate of Malacca

-Peaks in 1400s -Sultan- Turkic -Religion? Islam -Written language used to be phoneticlally to represent Malaysian spoken languge? Arabic

Iconiclasts

-People that destroy icons

Great and Schism of 1054 A.D

-Pope Leo IX sends message for Eastern Patriarch to fall into line... -Patriarch says NO! -Pope excommunicates Eastern Orthodox -Patriarch excommunicates Roman Catholic Church

European Contact with Japan

-Portuguese traders -Jesuit Catholic Francis Xavier --Has brief success missionary then "Silence" --Backlash against foreigners and Christianity -Isolationism --NO mISSIONIZING, Wary of Western Influence -Stay isolated until 1853

Judiasm

-Religion in the West after Rome falls -First major "Abrahamic" monotheistic faith -Abrahmaic- Judiasm, Christianity, Islam -Case study of majority-minority relations, tolerance and persecution -THE TORAH -AKA "THE OLD TESTAMENT" -"canonized in 350 BCE

Inca Empire continued

-Sappa Inca-king -Empire by 1400s -Cuzco-captial city -Quechu- language -Circocha-creator lord -Different colors of textiles from COTTON -Mummified their royals to keep hanging out with them

Qanat

-Sideways well from hill or mountain, type of aqueducts -Needed for Persian environment as society needed an abundance of resources for its vast population.

Al-Andalus

-Spain known as under rule of Caliphate -Several Centuries of Interaction - Spanish/Arabic Language -Christian/Muslim culture -European/Caliphate culture/tech. -Dhimmi Status for Jews -Christians...not reciprocate the same

The Peloponnesian War

-Sparta vs. Athens -Greek city states not thrilled about Athenian control and looked at Sparta to end it -Athenian and allies go to war with Sparta and buddies -Alliances wreck Greek and the armies of Phillip II of Macoba stormed to seize culture and religion -Managaed to gain full control of Greece and left it to son "Alexander the Great"

Monasticism in the Church

-Spiritual Healing -Scholarship/Healing -Orders like Franciscans, Dominicans -Monks⇾ Monasteries called Abbeys -Nuns⇾ Convents -Compare to Islamic Sufism

The Church

-Strongest Institution/"Empire" from taxes -Hierarchy- priest knows archbishops, archbishop knows pope -Taxation- tithing-taxes for church -Daily Life- prominent part of daily life in Christian culture -Superstition Greek Rationalism not used, answer is always God's word from priest -Christianity in Art goes from Romanesque to Gothic

Ottoman Turks Political

-Sultan(and Caliph) like Mehmed and Suleimani -Empire-Territory gained? -Imperial Harem -Valide Sultan -Capital: Istanbul -Tax Forming and Timars

Byzantine Empire

-The "Roman" Empire Continued -"greatest gov't ever" -1. Greek/Hellenisitc (Alexander's use of marriage) Culture -2. Roman Law- government, emperors -3. Christianity- major framework for unity

Mycenaeans and Trojans

-The Mythology Epics of Homer- the Iliad and Odyssey Trojan War won with wooden horse

Buddhism

-The Sinhala Dynasty --establish Buddhist rule --Buddhist majority today -Trade Hindu Influence -The Majaphit Kingdom of Java

Key Trade Connections and Trade of Malacca

-The Straits of Malacca -entrepot -Boats full of spices, cotton, ivory, gold, and salt from West -Boats full of silk, rice, tea, porcelain from East

Qur'an

-The holy book of Islam, sacred writings -the word Allah given to Muhammad -when Muhammad dies it is completed

Japan and Tokugawa

-The power of the Shoguns -Tokugawa Leyasu unifies Japan under his rule - 2 dynasties-submission of the daimyo -the Tokugawa Shogunate

Muslims view of Jesus

-a prophet -not the Son of God as it conflicts with pure monotheism

Supply

-amount of goods/services in market

Resources/Capital

-anything used to create value in the future

"flying cash"

-beginning of paper money -Innovated in China

Sunni

-beleieve people should choose rule, not bloodline -83% Sunni majority

Blood letting

-blood sacrifice of royal person -spiritual, halucinating, mystic -drugs

Credit

-buy now, pay later -pay overtime with interest

Norse Culture

-by sea -Fishing -Trading -Piracy -Mythology/Polytheism-thor, Odin -> Christianity/Monistic -Assimilation in c.1100 to Christianity, spreads to those regions

Muezzin

-calls the faithful to pray, male -tradition created by Muhammad, persons voice

World Trade Developments

-cities as centers of trade -coastal cities -Major Trade Networks (medditerranean, Cross Sahara, Silk Route, Indian Ocean) - Lots of power for merhcant elites -Caravans and Pack Animals (donkey, mules. camels, horses) -Boats ( lanteen sails, arab dhows, viking longboats, chinese junks)

Spice Islands products

-cloves, nutmegs, mace, frankincense, myrrh, aromatic woods, and goods from China

Aztec Empire (1400-1521)

-collects tributes/taxes from neighbors -Capital of Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) --island type of land -Unique type of irrigations: chinaupes -The market: Cocoas beans, maize, tomatoes, xocolati. ahuacomolli

Shipping/Navigational Technologies

-compass -astrolable -stern rudders -lateen sails -dhows -junks/jongs

A Christian Empire

-conquest/uniformity -Councl of Nicaea (325 CE) --priest --parish -Hierarchy Bishops-Diocese -Patriarchs- Archbishops -The "Pope"-Rome -Gospels, Major Works, Creed -(Paul's Letters) Collected- "The New Testament"- Stories of Jeus -Early Disputes and Changes:Conception of God, the Holy Trinity -Divinity of Jesus? Jews/Islam oppose -Idols/Icons- divisons of these like the crucifix -The Pope- the most powerful emperor -Christianity Splits with the Roman Empire! -Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox -1054 The Great Schism

"The Biggest Agricultural Exchange in History (to this point)"

-cotton -sugar -wheat

Caligula

-crazy and cruel -gets killed in Gladiator games -Empire goes to sister then her son

excommunicate

-cut off from the church

Astrolable

-device uses starts for navigation

Bartering

-direct exchange of goods/services

Zimbabwes

-dwellings, Trading Posts, Indian Ocean Exchanges

Free Market Economy

-economy where goods/services flow freely

Janissaries

-elite soldies from devshirme, trained from day one

Coca

-energy boost from coca plants, cocaine

Diaspora

-exile and dispersal -Assyrians conquer Judah and "The Lost 10 tribes" -Babylonians conquer Judah and destroy 1st temple -Babylonians "creativity" (wall paper skin) and slavery of Jews again -Jews are taken and enslaved -Judaism survives, no assimilation -teachers-scholors-rabbis -codification of law (Talmud)- like the Ten Commandments -Cyrus the Great and the Persians return to Judaea and rebuild 2nd Temple at Jerusalem -Alexander the Great and the Romans suffer Jewish revolts and so Titus destroys 2nd Temple, dismantles Judaea

Stern rudders

-fin in back of boat, directs boat

Res Gestae Divi Augusti

-first person account of Augustus bragging about what he did for the poor with games and the military expansion -Art/Architecture/public works used as propaganda to influence you to feel or do something

The Inca Temple to Smat Cuzco

-for rituals, sacrifice, and a treasury -room of God and a golden bench for the past seven Sappa Inca -"perfect stonework" becomes foundation for Christian cathedral

The Vikings

-from Scandinavia -Raids and Migrations (790-1100 CE) -Piracy with Naval strategies, always on the water -Leif Erikson-made it to the Americas -William the Conqueror-takes over England, influence culture into England (Beowulf) -Russia- the "Rud" at Kiev -Trade Networks!!! -major routes

Burqas and Hijabs

-full-body veil -Islamic concept of modestly and privacy

Zamindars

-hindu nobles, tax collectors

Spanish Codexes and Azten Culture

-human sacrifice -blood sacrifice -common among Mayan

Beringia

-ice age land bridge connected Amerca and Russia

Infanticide

-if a baby was weak at birth, then it was not raised

Inflation

-increase in price - price drops if supply is high -price increases if supply low and demand high

Shintoism

-indigenous spirit worship

Market

-individual sectors of economics -paper(money) -bitcoin?

Groits and Griotes

-job: create oral performance of history of people -history, oral traditions and song

Sub-Saharan Africa Culture

-kin-based networks (tribes) -patriarchal -ancestor veneration -animistic worship -Groits and Griotes

Akbar the Great

-known for religious tolerance -grandson of Babur who created a strong central government -conqueror -universal toleration -brutal military -favor of the people -dhmmi status, remonval of jizya

Timars

-land grands -little kingdoms that collected taxes

Hausa Kingdoms Ghana and Mali

-large estates -turned into important parts of Africa

dhows

-lateen sails -stern rudders

Easter Island located

-left of Africa -monuments of giant stone heads

Muhammad

-married into the Quraysh -age 40, he was on trip in the mountains and is visited by Angel Gabriel

Swalaili

-mixture of Bantu+Arabic language

Zeng He

-muslim chinese sailor

Vikings Technology

-naval technologies -Longboats -used lightweight wood and tar as glue -more man power, one row of boatmen -"The Vasa"- the greatest boat, sunk due to size

1478 The Spanish Inquisition

-no more tolerance -everyone Christian

Aurangzeb

-no tolerance -tried introducing more Muslim religion/culture

Sahel

-not desert, not tropical, but where crops are good

entrepot

-part city stoppage point

"A Little Ice Age"

-period of cooling in N Hemisphere

caravanserais

-pit stops, place people shelter

Aztec Religion/Mythology

-polytheism --nature, patronage -Quetzalcoatl- divine hero, ruler

Shaman Kings

-priest/king

Imam

-priest/rabbi, leader of worship

Madrases

-private Islam schools

Greek Sophists

-professional tutors hired educating Athenian boys (no opportunity for girls except in Sparta)

Banks

-protect money and give interest -loans others money and takes interest

Olympics

-religious ritual combined with athletic performances in honor of the gods

Suleimani

-ruled at Ottoman Empire peak -the magnificent

Jihad

-sacred struggle -self defense

The Academy

-school founded by Plato for wisest minds of Athens, only for boys -Finest student: Aristotle

Commodity

-something people find of great use or value -diamonds

Chingis Khan dies

-sons and grandsons continue expansion -conquer Abbasid Caliphate - Yuan Dynasty in China

Shintoism

-spirit worship -nature/patron gods -Amaterasu - Rock Gardens -Emperors claimed to be descendants of Amaterasu

Emperor Yongle

-sponsored expeditions by Admiral Zeng He -7 voyages to Indian Ocean -Exploration and Trade then later Ming Emperors shut it down

Xerces

-support by land and sea due to need of supplies by boats -Battle of Thermoplylae the "300" -Battle of Salamis-Athenian triremes a turning point -Brings unification to Greece

Shi'ah

-supporters of family of Muhammad -16% of majority

Samurai

-sword symbolized knight class - Topknot- kept hair up and tied high -Bushid- code of ethic "Way of the Samurai" -Sepuku/harakiri - suicide due to failure

Tax Forming

-tax from the timars for sultan

Chinggis Khan

-the first selected "The Great Khan" -Innovations with Horses/ Calvary -Stirrups(foot straps), Crossbow, Swords -Fearsome Warriors, Terror Tactics -Siege Warfare

Ottoman Empire Socially

-tolerance a strength and dhimmi status -The jizya Jerusalem prospered and had pilgrim tax -janissaries -slavery- devshirme -tribute paid in blood

Ummayad Caliphate fall

-tooo may unhappy groups- non-arabs, non-muslims, over taxation - Abbas Clan supported bu Shi'ites and other angry with Ummayads overthrow and creat Abbasid Caliphate

The Great Zimbabwe

-trading post -population of 20000 -gold, ivory, other animal products collected and exchange

lateen sails

-triangular sails -catch wind at angles

Ethiopia the Axum Kingdom

-unique kingdom -one place in sub saharan Africa Christianity spreads

compass

-used spoon at first -shows direction going

Greek Pottery

-used to glorify humanity -hero worship -painted with black, white, or orange differencing from China porcelain.

The Republic

-utopia idea, no one would inherit anything, no gender diversity, babies raised by wet nurses.

Price

-value measured in currency

Marco Polo

-visits in 1275 from Venice -17 years of travel and observation -"The Travels" of Marco Polo ...suspicious

Demand

-want of good/services -level of desire

"Dome of the Rock"

-where Isaac was to be sacrificed

Khadija

-wife of Muhammad -family is Quraysh

Gender in Islam

-women are to satisy mens' needs and bear them children -got rights of more support from husband after divorce and their children - able to have multiple wives -lose rights to have more than one husband, have husbands live with them, and keep children custody

Caliphate people

1. Arabic 2. Persian 3. Turkish

Core Beliefs of Jews

1. Caring but Authoritative, Intervening God (ONE!) 2. A chosen people with a promised homeland. 3. Sacred Calendar- (i.e. Sabbath, Passover) 4. Legal System (i.e. 10 Commandments) 5. Patriarchal... men more rights/obligations stress gender roles, family.

Three choices offered to conquered peoples

1. Convert to Islam 2. Dimmi Status 3. Dar al Islam

Athens

1. Demes-districts 2. DEMOCRACY -Roles of the citizens councils:legislation new laws 3. Assemblies execute -policy -judiciary 4. Limits in order to be a citizen -Had to be male -landowner, native to Athens -free -16% of population

Patricians

1. Elite Landowners(Nobles/Aristocrats) 2. Afford Military Offices 3. Rights of land government offices

Common Culture of Mycenaeans and Trojans

1. Greek Mythology -Language (Greek) -Religion Festivals -Polytheistic Gods and Divine Intervention -Humanistic....have virtues and faults.

Sparta

1. Handout -Citizens and Helots - 2 Kings, 1 home and 1 away fighting -Council of Elders 2. Military Society -all warriors -Philosophy -Infanticide 3. Raising/ Educating Children -helots raised children -minimal for women in Sparta 4. Women in Sparta -Seen as mother ot future warriors -education, fitness, hunting

Three major ideas he instigated that promoted Westernization

1. Introduced "cipher schools" for teaching basic reading and math (education). He introduced the printing press and the newspaper to Russia to spread information. He also funded the Academy of Sciences. 2. Demanded aristocrats acquire the morals and tastes of Europe's elites. Russians had to dress like those from Western Europe, and forced them to shave in the Western style. 3. He encouraged exports and built a fleet on the Baltic.

4 Noble Truths

1. Life is suffering 2. Suffering is caused by selfish desires 3. Suffering can be overcome 4. Live eightfold path.

Uniformity under Hinduism, Government and Religion

1. Provide for Artha (wealth), kama (pleasure), dharma (duty)---> moksha 2. Reinforced Hindu caste system and gender roles (patriarchal) regarding marriage, property, etc. sati / suttee 3. Relationship between Brahmins/Rulers. Examples? Religion and Economics- Guilds develop from Jatis because in same caste.

Problems for Dynasties

1. Succession Issues 2. Peasant Revolts 3. Barbarian Invasions 4. "The Mandate of Heaven

The Spread of the Faith:

1. Trade Routes (land and sea), Emphasis on Business 2. Education, Scholarship, Learning Stressed 3. Surfism- Islamic Order. Mystics, ascetics, artistic (copying scripture), monastic, healing....monastic 4. Appeal of Abrahamic Islamic Values, Art, and Culture

Japanese Culture

1. Unique Traits 2. Chinse Adaptions -Clothing: Kimono- dress line, full body clothing - Diet: Fish, Sushi -Chinse adaptions? Rice and BUDDHISM -Religion: Shintoism -Neoconfucianism with filial piety and patriarchy -Zen

Japanese Government and society

1100s-1800s -Feudalism-social ecnomic classes, land + debt -Emperor- with mandate from Amaterasu -Shogun- general (warlord) -Daimyo- land owning noble -Samurai- class of professional trained warriors (salaried) -Peasants- landless laborers

Mongol Invasion of Japan

1st Invasion -> Kamikaze- "divine wind" 2nd invasion -> Samurai Japan created from volcano reactions -Archipelago

Qin Shi Huangdi

221-210 BCE "The First Emperor" Qin Dynasty Imperialism in China! meaning conquest and uniformity Defeats rivals and unifies modern China Legalism in place Harsh Laws and Taxes Consciption Bureacracy-Scholars that are Legalists Infrastructure adn Uniformity! Public Works like Great Wall of China

7. Which group was most attracted to Christ's teachings? A) poorer classes B) wealthy elites C) conservative Jews D) Roman soldiers

A

In the 4th century, Christians adapted celebrations of the winter solstice to celebrate Christ's birth, a celebration called: A) Christmas B) Easter C) Labor Day D) Pentecost

A

Which of the following best describes the historical record for Jesus? A) A collection of religious texts written decades after his death B) Extensive Roman and Jewish records of his life, influence, and death C) Oral traditions that became canonized in the 18th Century D) An autobiography work he wrote

A

Which of the following was the most important factor in the spread of the bubonic plague in Eurasia? A The Mongol expansion from central Asia to China, eastern Europe, and the Middle East B The consolidation of western European monarchies C The spread of Buddhism from central Asia to China D The population decline and the outbreak of peasant revolts in eastern

A The Mongol expansion from central Asia to China, eastern Europe, and the Middle East

Malian Emperor Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 can best be understood in the context of which of the following? A The expansion of Islam throughout Afro-Eurasia B The development of new transportation technologies C The diffusion of African culture to the Middle East D The territorial expansion of West African empires

A The expansion of Islam throughout Afro-Eurasia

Archipelogo

A chain of islands

Gupta Dynasty

A new dynasty, through conquest, marriage and alliance... 320 CE- ruler renames himself Chandra Gupta I- Typical Imperialism- Administers, tributes, and taxes

Enlightened despot

A ruler in an absolute monarchy that acts for the benefit of the people, instead of personal benefit. It can also be a ruler who advanced new concepts of intellectual inquiry and legal rights, at least for the nobility, but held on to power for himself.

Guild

A sworn association of people who gather to stop competing . Share resources, Control prices and quality Standardize elements of measurement.

Serfdom

A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave or to peruse their a new occupation.

3. Which of the following gives the best definition for satrapy: A) Administrative unit B) Military arrangement C) Religious practice D) Economic system

A) Administrative Unit

12. Which group began using copper currency and was the first to introduce paper currency in 1024 CE? A) China B) India C) East Africa D) Europeans

A) China

Which group became much more focused on internal trade and began restricting foreign exploration and travel after the 1300s? A) China B) India C) East Africa D) Europeans

A) China

Which group began using enormous trade ships called junks? A) China B) India C) East Africa D) Europeans

A) China

4. Depended on port cities like Manda and Kilwa as well as internal zimbabwes like the Great Zimbabwe. A) East Africa B) West Africa C) India D) Malaysia

A) East Africa

5. North America is NOT considered an area of primary urbanization because: A) Only rarely did North Americans create large settlements B) They were direct descendents from Mesoamerican groups C) They did not utilize writing D) Their city-states were so different from other primary areas

A) Only rarely did North Americans create large settlements

1. After the defeat of the Assyrians, Cyaxares of Media established a Balance of Power in Mesopotamia, meaning: A) Separate branches of government B) Persian philosophy towards India C) An important monument of Babylon D) Stable relations between local groups

A) Seperate branches of government

4. The significance of the early Bantu people involves their A) spread of language/culture throughout Southern Africa B) creation of a large nation state in West Africa C) trade connections with Mesopotamian groups D) scientific achievements in astronomy and mathematics

A) spread of language/culture throughout Southern Africa

8. In 1200 CE, which area was described by Marco Polo as the most economically and technologically advanced civilization? Also called "the wealthiest" people in the world by Ibn Battuta... A) the Byzantine Empire C) India B) Song Dynasty China D) the Abbasid Caliphate

A) the Byzantine Empire

Which of the following statement regarding the tenets of Islam is accurate? A Islam is a monotheistic religion. B Muslims worship Muhammad. C Pilgrimage to Mecca commemorates the bith of Muhammad. D The Qur'an is meant to supplement Jewish and Christian scriptures. E Friday is an obligatory day of rest for Muslims.

A. Islam is a monotheistic relgion

Ibn Battuta traveled widely across the Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Africa in the fourteenth century. His travels serve as evidence for the A unifying influence of Islam B excellent condition of roads in Africa and Asia C political unity of Africa and Asia D widespread use of paper money

A. Unifying influence of Islam

First Muslim according to tradition

Abraham

Greek City States

Agoras Gymnasia Amphitheatre Acropolis Government depends on city states

Bedouin

Arab Nomadic Tribe Groups, roaming, animal herders

10. Which of the following best explains Emperor Constantine converting to Christianity? A) God revealing himself on the road to Damascus B) His vision and use of Christian symbols to win a battle C) His birth into a Christian family and then becoming emperor D) His interest in learning and reading of the Christian scriptures.

B

The Eucharist, or Holy Communion, is reflected in which saying of Jesus? A) "Blessed are the merciful" B) "This is my body....this is my blood" C) "Repent; for the kingdom of heaven is near" D) "Love your enemies as yourself"

B

The beatitudes from the Sermon on the Mount are a list of: A) questions for followers B) promised rewards C) threats for failure D) demands for change

B

Muslim scholars' incorporation of cultural and intellectual influences from pre-Islamic societies can best be used as evidence that A most educated Muslims continued to speak European languages well into the fifteenth century B European merchants had established trade outposts throughout Muslim Central Asia C Muslim scientists rejected the contributions of scientists from other cultures as heretical D Muslim states and empires were central to the processes of intellectual transfer in Eurasia

B European merchants had established trade outposts throughout Muslim Central Asia

Which of the following factors represents the most significant cause of the growth of cities in Afro-Eurasia in the period 1000-1450 ? A Climate change B Increased interregional trade C Decreased agricultural productivity D Increased invasions

B Increased interregional trade

Which of the following most encouraged the development of new cities such as Cahokia along the Mississippi River, Swahili city-states on the East African Coast, Venice on the Mediterranean coast, and Hangzhou on China's coast during the period 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E.? A Decreases in regional warfare B Intensification of regional trade C Migration of populations from pastoral societies D Development of mass production techniques

B Intensification of regional trade

Which of the following accurately describes the Mongol Empire's role in facilitating trans-Eurasian trade? A It imposed Mongol religious beliefs and practices on conquered peoples. B It reestablished the Silk Roads between East Asia and Europe. C It created a self-contained economic system by banning non-Mongol merchants from its territories. D It developed a sophisticated bureaucracy staffed by talented Mongols.

B It reestablished the Silk Roads between East Asia and Europe.

Which of the following characterized the trans-Saharan trade by 1250 C.E.? A The bulk of the trade consisted of low-priced commodities. B Muslim merchants dominated the trade. C European Christians became directly involved in the trade. D Most trade was carried by horse rather than by people.

B Muslim merchants dominated the trade.

The expansion of communication and trade networks in Afro-Eurasia from 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E. resulted in the spread of which of the following from South Asia? A Military weaponry, such as iron-tipped spears and chariots B Technological and scientific concepts, such as the decimal and zero C Irrigation technologies, such as ceramic pipes D Textile manufacturing processes, such as the spinning jenny

B Technological and scientific concepts, such as the decimal and zero

Which of the following statements is accurate about the Mongols during the 1200s and 1300s? A The Mongols suppressed Islamic and Buddhist religious practices. B The Mongols facilitated the diffusion of many Chinese inventions. C The Mongols led successful naval invasions of Japan. D The Mongols conquered Constantinople.

B The Mongols facilitated the diffusion of many Chinese inventions.

Which of the following was the most important factor in the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia in the period circa 1250-1500 C.E.? A The religious zeal of Muslim soldiers willing to die to spread Islam B The activities of Muslim traders and Sufi missionaries C The relative lack of interest in Islam among Hindus and Buddhists D Muslim rulers' policy of toleration of all religions practiced in their realms

B The activities of Muslim traders and Sufi missionaries

Which of the following was the major contributing factor to the spread of the plague to Cairo, Beijing, and Florence in the fourteenth century? A Indian Ocean trade routes connecting South Asia to China, Southeast Asia, and Europe B Trade along the Mongol road system across Central Asia C The collapse of the Abbasid caliphate D African trade routes connecting sub-Saharan Africa with Asia and Europe

B Trade along the Mongol road system across Central Asia

The development of Indian Ocean trade routes in the period 600 B.C.E. to 600 C.E. and the development of transatlantic trade routes in the period 1450 C.E. to 1600 C.E. were similar in that both depended on A the impetus of missionizing religions B understanding of currents and wind patterns C the political consolidation of newly conquered regions into empires D innovations in ship design that originated in Europe

B understanding of currents and wind patterns

In the fourteenth century, merchants from China, Arabia, Persia, and Egypt were drawn to Calicut, India, primarily to purchase A iron B pepper C sugar D ivory E tobacco

B pepper

4. The major Persian emperors Cyrus, Cambyses, Darius, and Xerxes all ruled around: (HINT: eliminate inappropriate dates.) A) 1,000 CE B) 500 BCE C) 3,000 BCE D)8,000 BCE

B) 500 BCE

1. Civilizations in South America settled mainly near what geo. feature? A) Atlantic B) Andes C) Amazon D. Caribbean

B) Andes

15. The Axum group in Eastern Africa can best be described as a: A) Muslim trade hub on the horn of Africa B) Christian Kingdom in Ethiopia C) Jewish merchant community on the Red Sea D) Great Zimbabwe that traded with port cities

B) Christian Kingdom in Ethiopia

10. Mansa Musa presided over the major trade of what commodity in Mali? A) Salt B) Gold C) Slaves D) Ivory

B) Gold

2. Persian rule eventually extended over all of the following EXCEPT this area, that successfully resisted Persian rule: A) Indus Valley B) Greece C) Mesopotamia D) Egypt

B) Greece

5. Which religion spread across the Sahara Desert and the Indian Ocean to influence religious practices and culture? Christianity B) Islam C) Buddhism D) Hinduism

B) Islam

3. For the Inca, the mit'a labor system was mainly: A) A system of controlling slaves B) Required service of all citizens C) Used to recruit warriors for battle D) An unsuccessful attempt at Communism

B) Required service of all citizens

3. Contained major trade empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay A) East Africa B) West Africa C) India D) Malaysia

B) West Africa

2. Which Chinese ruler moved the capital to Beijing, built the "Forbidden City" and sponsored oversea explorations? A) Qin Shihuangdi B) Yonglo C) Zeng He D) Matteo Ricci

B) Yonglo

5. Which of the following was a set of policies of the late Ming emperors? A) Collaboration with the Mongols C) Declining emphasis on Confucianism B) a Travel Ban and restrictions on foreign trade D) prohibition of Buddhism

B) a Travel Ban and restrictions on foreign trade

1. Which of the following best describes the politics of the early Ming Dynasty? A) adopting Buddhism and relaxed policies C) assimilation of Mongol and Western culture B) strong emperors and return to tradition D) unrest and disunity

B) strong emperors and return to tradition

10. The Persian Empire was acceptable to most of its inhabitants because all of the following were true about the empire EXCEPT: A) the empire utilized local administration B) the empire was technically tribute-free (required no taxes) C) rulers tolerated religious and cultural diversity D) the military kept order with local soldiers

B) the empire was technically tribute-free (required no taxes)

Which of the following was the most important factor in the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia in the period circa 1250-1500 C.E.? A The religious zeal of Muslim soldiers willing to die to spread Islam B The activities of Muslim traders and Sufi missionaries C The relative lack of interest in Islam among Hindus and Buddhists D Muslim rulers' policy of toleration of all religions practiced in their realms

B. The activities of Muslim traders and Sufi missionaries

Between the eighth and tenth centuries Arabs brought back from India a variety of crops that they then began cultivating in the Middle East. These included staple crops such as hard wheat, rice, sugarcane, and new varieties of sorghum; fruits such as banana, sour orange, lemon, lime, mango, watermelon, and the coconut palm; vegetables such as spinach, artichoke, and eggplant; and the key industrial crop, cotton. From Iraq, many of these crops then spread westward all the way to Muslim Spain, which was transformed into a veritable garden under Muslim rule. Other crops passed by ship from southern Arabia to East Africa, while still others moved by caravan from northwest Africa across the Sahara to tropical West Africa. This was especially true for cotton, whose diffusion in Africa directly paralleled the spread of Islam itself." Which of the following political contexts most directly led to the developments in Afro-Eurasia described in the passage? A The collapse of the Gupta Empire B The expansion of the Islamic caliphates C The Crusades D The creation of the Mughal Empire

B. The expansion of the Islamic caliphates

"If it were asked, why do we accept the theory of contagion, when already the divine law has refuted the notion of contagion, we will answer: The existence of contagion has been proved by experience, deduction, the senses, observation, and by unanimous reports. And it is not a secret to whoever has looked into this matter or has come to be aware of it that those who come into contact with plague patients mostly die, while those who do not come into contact survive. And amidst the horrible afflictions that the plague has imposed upon the people, God has afflicted the people with some learned religious scholars who issue fatwas* against fleeing the plague, so that the quills with which the scholars wrote these fatwas were like swords upon which the Muslims died. In conclusion, to ignore the proofs of plague contagion is an indecency and an affront to God and holds cheap the lives of Muslims." The passage by al-Khatib best illustrates which of the following? A The literary tradition of long-distance travelers in the Islamic world B The growth of scientific thought and innovation in Muslim Spain C The impact of Christian attempts to reconquer Spain from the Muslims D The efforts of Islamic missionaries to spread their faith along trade routes

B. The growth of scientific thought and innovation in Muslim Spain

Muslims calendar

B.H -> A.H = Before Hijrah - After Hijrah

Niger River Valley 500BCE-500CE

Banta Migrations diffusion of... --developed several network cities --migrates to South Africa --diffusion of language, agriculture, metal-working. -..limits of agriculture! --climate due to tropics -Trans-Subsaharan Caravans --Trade across Saharan -Exports: ivory, gold, salt, later slaves

Mono theism

Belief in one God

Which groups have the greatest/ least favorable trade positions in the global economy?

Best 1. China 2. India 3. Arab/Turkish Muslim Least favorable: Europe

Monistic

Brahman permutes all creation.

Buddhism vs. Hinduism differences

Buddhism has no Gods other than Mahayana Buddhists that see Brahman as God. Caste System not important in Buddhism, anyone can achieve Nirvana. Caste in Caste system in Hinduism dictates dharma.

Buddhism vs Hinduism similarities

Buddhism is offshoot of Hinduism. Both monistic. Believie in recarnation.

Religions in Samarkand

Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and Christianity

Theravada Buddhism

Buddhist sect that focuses on the wisdom of the Buddha.

Stupa

Buddhist structure

Socrates

Bum-walked around having discussions, embarrassing Sophists Teacher-Had disciples who followed him for wisdom Writer-No Criminal-Charged with "corrupting youth" and "blasemy" -Gained "wisest man" with response of "because I am the only one who sees how dumb we are" to the question "what makes you believe you are so wise?" -held on trial and embarrassed judges and given choice of death penalty or leave Athens, and so he drank the poison and "died for Athens"

9. According to Christianity, the "original sin" of Adam and Eve A) would not be overcome B) made men and women equal C) could and would be forgiven D) was a practical joke on humans

C

Which of the following societies engaged in extensive maritime trade well beyond their borders in the fifteenth century? A Mesoamericans in the Pacific Ocean B Bantu peoples in the Indian Ocean C Chinese in the Indian Ocean D Russians in the Pacific Ocean

C Chinese in the Indian Ocean

Between 200 B.C.E. and 1450 C.E., the Silk Roads linked which of the following? A The Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean B North Africa and western Europe C East Asia and the Mediterranean Sea D The Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea

C East Asia and the Mediterranean Sea

"If it were asked, why do we accept the theory of contagion, when already the divine law has refuted the notion of contagion, we will answer: The existence of contagion has been proved by experience, deduction, the senses, observation, and by unanimous reports. And it is not a secret to whoever has looked into this matter or has come to be aware of it that those who come into contact with plague patients mostly die, while those who do not come into contact survive. And amidst the horrible afflictions that the plague has imposed upon the people, God has afflicted the people with some learned religious scholars who issue fatwas* against fleeing the plague, so that the quills with which the scholars wrote these fatwas were like swords upon which the Muslims died. In conclusion, to ignore the proofs of plague contagion is an indecency and an affront to God and holds cheap the lives of Muslims." The system of thought demonstrated by al-Khatib suggests he was most influenced by which of the following? A New understandings of the natural world during the Enlightenment B Daoist understandings of the balance between humans and nature C Greek and Roman philosophical principles of logic and empirical observation D Arab interactions with Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians in the pre-Islamic era

C Greek and Roman philosophical principles of logic and empirical observation

Which of the following lists three places Ibn Battuta, the fourteenth-century Muslim traveler, visited? A The Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, and Japan B The Arabian Peninsula, France, and India C India, Mali, and Persia D India, Persia, and Poland E England, Iraq, and Mali

C India, Mali, and Persia

In the period 1000 to 1450, which of the following developments partially resulted from knowledge of Greek science and technology?A Japanese temple design in Kyoto B Christian theology in the Roman Empire C Islamic medical books in Baghdad D Mongol military tactics in Central Asia E Inca bridge design in the Andes

C Islamic medical books in Baghdad

A historian researching the effects of the Crusades on the diffusion of technology would probably find which of the following sources most useful? A European crusaders' accounts of Islamic religious practices B Muslim accounts of European royal marriages C Monks' translations of Arabic mathematics texts brought from conquered territories D Birth records from villages along the routes used by the Crusaders

C Monks' translations of Arabic mathematics texts brought from conquered territories

During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, territories under Mongol control benefited from which of the following? A Widespread adoption of Confucian family hierarchies B Trade that facilitated the spread of Christianity throughout the Indian Ocean region C Trade that tied several distinct regional networks together D Widespread adoption of Buddhist religious practices

C Trade that tied several distinct regional networks together

The Mongol conquests of much of Eurasia in the thirteenth century tended to encourage trade along the Silk Roads primarily by A opening large new markets for both European and East Asian goods in Central Asia B increasing the demand for military supplies needed by the Mongol armies that occupied various regions C decreasing the risk of bandit attacks and reducing the number of local rulers collecting tribute from trade caravans D discouraging seaborne trade along the Indian Ocean routes that competed with the Silk Roads

C decreasing the risk of bandit attacks and reducing the number of local rulers collecting tribute from trade caravans

Muslim scientists in the period before 1450 c.e. generally participated in intellectual and scholarly exchanges with neighboring cultures by A being the recipients of funding from foreign rulers B serving strictly as copyists of earlier works that otherwise would have been lost C expanding upon the legacy of earlier scientific works by conducting their own research D learning from the superior scientific knowledge of medieval western European scientists

C expanding upon the legacy of earlier scientific works by conducting their own research

The Little Ice Age, which lasted from 1300 to 1850 C.E., likely had the strongest effect on which of the following? A The fall of the Aztec civilization B The Protestant Reformation C The severity of the Black Death D The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople

C The severity of the black death

9. Zoroastrianism refers to: a. Cult worship of a caped, masked avenger with sweet sword skills. b. The monotheistic worship enforced by Darius I of Persia c. A dualistic religion comparing the gods of good and evil d. Persian worship of a creator god of the sun.

C) A dualistic religion comparing the gods of good and evil

9. Sinbad the Sailor is an example of the prevalence of what marine merchant group after 700 CE? A) Jews B)Hindus C) Arab Muslims D) Malaysia

C) Arab Muslims

5. Monsoon winds made this area a trade hub for several groups and cultures. A) Mediterranean C) Indian Ocean B) Persian GulfD) East Asian Seas

C) Indian Ocean

4. The Ming's improvements to the Great Wall and its shifting policy towards foreigners can be described as: A) Outgoing C) Isolating B) Inquisitive D) Assimilating

C) Isolating

6. Lateens were a development in: A) Navigation B) Measurement C) Sailing D) Agriculture

C) Sailing

Who was the Chinese-Muslim admiral of several overseas explorations to the Indian Ocean? A) Qin Shihuangdi B) Yonglo C) Zeng He D) Matteo Ricci

C) Zeng He

6. Walled-in enclosures used as administrative centers and trading posts in sub-Saharan Africa are called: Botswanas C) Zimbabwes Terra-cottas D) Bantus

C) Zimbabwes

"City of Spices"

Calicut, India

Who was the next noteworthy Tsar of Russia?

Catherine II, the Great, became Tsar in 1762. She is remembered for her important victories over the Poles and Turks, expanding the borders of Russia to the Black Sea and Caspian Sea.

Agora

Central marketplace

Song Dynasty

Champa Rice-drought resistent Bank notes (paper money), gunpower, compass, overseas trade

The Mauryan Dynasty

Chandragupta Maurya r. 321-238 BCE Begins to conquer neighboring empires. Then his for well known grandson Asoka Maurya.

China Trading

China acquires more imports than they are exporting.

Zen

Combination of Buddhism with more Daoism

Persian Empire

Conquest- the biggest empire at the time through tribute systems-taxes collected from conquered area

"Ballad of the Army Carts"

Conscription challenge. Taxes are a challenge

Karma

Consequence from one's actions

Magistrates

Consuls, Praetorys, Quaestors, Censors

Gupta Dynasty continuation

Cultural Golden Age! Hindu Epic Poem such as Ramayana and Mahabharata, and The Laws of Manu written in Sanskrit. Hinduism is a resurgent as caste systems are enforced and Buddhism is rejected.

8. The organizer of the early Christian church who went on proselytizing missions throughout the Roman Empire. A) Jesus B) James C) John D)Paul

D

All of the following characterized the atmosphere surrounding the growth and spread of Christianity EXCEPT: A) Roman control of Judaea B) Early support from political leaders C) Divisions in the Jewish community D) Christian adaptation of Jewish tradition

D

Which of the following contributed to the Chinese government's decision to stop voyages of exploration in the Indian Ocean in the early fifteenth century? A Armed resistance from Arab navies B Lack of sufficient Chinese goods for trade C The destruction of the Chinese fleet by typhoons D Government concern with domestic problems and frontier security E Fear of the spread of the plague to China

D Government concern with domestic problems and frontier security

Trade spurred the introduction of both Islam and Hinduism to what is now called A Japan B Brazil C Pakistan D Indonesia E Saudi Arabia

D Indonesia

Which of the following staple crops is most associated with the rise of Mesoamerican civilizations? A Manioc B Potatoes C Beans D Maize E Rice

D Maize

Which of the following ideas was given to Muslims on the authority of the Qur'an? A All earthly existence is merely an illusion. B Muhammad is God. C The soul may be reborn in another earthly form after the death of the individual. D Moses and Jesus were both great prophets sent by God for the benefit of humanity. E The cow is a sacred animal, and the eating of beef is therefore a sacrilegious and impure act.

D Moses and Jesus were both great prophets sent by God for the benefit of humanity.

Before 1450 C.E. which of the following is true of sub-Saharan Africa's commercial economy? A Phoenician merchants controlled most of the long-distance trade of sub-Saharan Africa. B The Mali—Great Zimbabwe trade route dominated the economy of sub-Saharan Africa. C Sub-Saharan Africa exported gold to the Middle East and Europe. D The Sahara Desert prevented sub-Saharan traders from participating in long-distance trade.

D The Sahara Desert prevented sub-Saharan traders from participating in long-distance trade.

n the period 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E., merchant diaspora communities, such as those of Muslims in India, Chinese in Southeast Asia, and Jews in the Mediterranean, had which of the following in common? A They generally imposed their own languages on the local communities. B They generally became military outposts that facilitated the expansion of empires. C They generally lost touch with their homelands and merged with the local population. D They generally introduced their own cultural practices into the local cultures.

D They generally introduced their own cultural practices into the local cultures.

By 1200 C.E. Improved agricultural technology had spread throughout much of sub-Saharan Africa primarily through the A development of oxen immune to diseases carried by the tsetse fly B discovery of gold that provided a means of exchange among groups C expansion of the Sahara Desert, which forced Berber peoples to move south D migration of Bantu-speaking peoples with their knowledge of ironworking

D migration of Bantu-speaking peoples with their knowledge of ironworking

A significant example of the interaction among Indian, Arab, and European societies by 1200 C.E. was the transfer of knowledge of A iron and copper mining techniques B the flying shuttle and spinning jenny C the science of optics and lens design D numerals and the decimal system E gunpowder and cannons

D numerals and the decimal system

"Trade diasporas" developed for Jews and Muslims because their religions: A) Frowned upon trading and banking. B) created religious networks that fostered trade C) made trade part of ritual practice D) Did not restrict exchange of any goods or services

D) Did not restrict exchange of any goods or services

4. At its peak, Inca territory is best described as a(n): A) city B) state C) confederation D) empire

D) Empire

2. Utilized quipu for record keeping and accounting. A) East Africa B) West Africa C) Maya D) Inca

D) Inca

7. Because of technological innovations, by 1450 CE, which of the following areas was described as the "Great Crossroads" for trade and exchange of goods? A) Silk Route B) Atlantic Ocean C) South China Sea D) Indian Ocean

D) Indian Ocean

2. Nok and Bantu settlements in West Africa developed near: A) Red Sea B) Nile R. C) Lake Titicaca D) Niger R.

D) Niger R.

Inca's used quipu, a system of strings and knots for: A) Rope bridges B) Fire starting C) Ceremonial attire D) Record-keeping

D) Record keeping

8. Our greatest remaining symbols of power and art from the Persian empire comes in the form of: Tombs B) Architecture C) terra cotta figures D) Sculpture

D) Sculpture

Which of the great religious systems below were characterized by monotheism combined with a sacred text and a strong missionary thrust? A Buddhism and Confucianism B Buddhism and Hinduism C Christianity and Judaism D Christianity and Islam E Islam and Judaism

D. Christianity and Islam

As Islam spread between 1200 and 1600, it affected gender relations in which of the following ways? A. Women were no longer allowed to be small-scale traders. B. Polygamy became widespread. C. Women became fully equal to men in terms of the right to divorce. D. Existing local customs regarding marriage and the role of women blended with Islamic models.

D. Existing local customs regarding marriage and the role of women blended with Islamic models.

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam share which of the following? A They are polytheistic religions. B They recognize the divine nature of certain prophets. C They revere both Mecca and Jerusalem as pilgrimage sites. D They recognize the existence of Adam and of Moses. E They share the Talmud and the Gospels as sacred texts.

D. They recognize the existence of Adam and Moses

The sponsoring of scholarship by Turkic dynasties, such as the Timurids, best shows that, in the period circa 1200-1450, scholarly activities in the Muslim world continued despite the A conquest of Baghdad by the European Crusaders B expansion of the Song dynasty into Muslim Central Asia C Byzantine reconquest of Palestine and Lebanon D fragmentation of the Abbasid Caliphate

D. fragmentation of the Abbasid Caliphate

The Greco Persian Wars

Darius 1- Athenian Interference naval expedition Battle of Marathon (26 miles to Athens) Use of Phalanx strategy by Greeks from Sparta Hoplite soilders

Hinduism continuation

Decribes Universal Spirit (Brahman) (monisitc). Charcters: Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma Avatars/Incarnations: Rama and Krishna Major Beliefs of Moksha, Samsara, Dharma, and Karma

Shiva

Destroyer, recycler

Which of the following did the Mongol armies fail to conquer, and why? A Kievan Russia, because the Mongols were unable to endure the harsh Russian winters B The 'Abbasid Caliphate, because the defenders flooded the Mesopotamian plains and made them impassable for the Mongol cavalry C Central Asia, because of the effective diplomacy of Timur and his successors D The Southern Song Empire, because of its superior resources from earlier industrial and commercial revolutions E Japan, because severe storms aided the experienced Japanese naval forces

E Japan, because severe storms aided the experienced Japanese naval forces

Manorialism

Each kingdom is in its own self-sustaining independent kingdom

Captured Hormuz and Bombay to get involved in Indian Ocean trade

England

Tibetan

Enlightened soul that keeps reincarnating.

Regional Diversity Develops

Ethnicity, Language, Hinduism diversifies.. Influx of Islam and Turkish, Persian, Arabic! Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Pashtun...

Evolution of Roman Government

Etruscan Kings-> Comitia, Centuriata--> Magistrate Positions and Leaders

Moor

European Muslims

Post Classical Empires, South Asia to 1500 CE

Ex. Rajput Kingdoms and Vijayanagara Empire dynasties of patriarchal warrior-caste monarchs... continued patterns of Hindu rule

3. True or False: The Sahara Desert made it nearly impossible for the West African groups to exchange with Mediterranean and Nile peoples.

False

Gymnasia

Fields where athletes competed

Temple Worship

Flexible/diverse, regional worship mixed with local traditions. Brahmins legitimize rulers power and in return the rulers build them temples. Art/architecture.

Sui Dynasty/Tang Dynasty

Generals Dominate/Reunify, Wesward Expansion along Silk Road Islam and Buddhism flow in.

What factors isolated Russia under Peter the Great

Geographic location- remote by land as its ocean port Archangel wa ice-bound. Religion- Russia belonged to the Greek Orthodox branch of Christianity so their communication with the Roman Church was limited. Foreign Rule- by the Mongols as they had oriented Russia's ties more toward Central Asia than to Western Europe, Russia was also surrounded by hostile neighbors like the Swedes, Poles, Germans, Lithuanians.

Hausa Kingdoms

Ghana and Mali --on Nagi River

Allah

God of Islam

Sui Dynasty/Tang Dynasty continuation

Grand Canal Building Vietnam, Korea, and Japan = "Cultural Hegemony"

Asoka Maurya

Grandson of Chandragupta Maurya. Expansion and Imperialism r. 265-238 BCE Battle of Kalinga (260 BCE) Conversion to Buddhism! Asoka's Edicts on Pillars

Arete

Greek Sculpture

Why are Persian always viewed as the villains? Where is Persia today?

Greek beat the Persians, Greek are the Mother of Culture. Iran is Persia today, continuing the reputation of people with beards and scarves are bad.

Hoplite

Greek soldier

Bhakti Movement

HIndu revival, "response" in spirituality, art, poetry... mystical devotion to single "god" because influence from Islam greater spiritual inclusion of gender, caste because greater support and unity.

Why would Peter be considered an enlightened despot?

He elevated his country to be similar to the highest Western powers by working hard for the benefit of others. He had complete control over the country, but he used it to everyone's advantage.

Vishnu

Heroic preserver

Amphitheatre

High points of the city, temples or gov't structures

Senate

Highest Legislative Body

Mecca

Holiest city, birthplace, on major caravan route, has special temple

City of a staging point for Arab Muslim trade into the Indian Ocean point

Hormuz island

Post Classical Asia (600-1450CE)

Huns overtook Rome Xingu overtook Qin, Han Ching Huns overtook Gupta, India Turk overtook India, Byzantine

Yin and Yang

Idea that natures forces are dual and contemporarily, they balance each other out

Was Peter like an "undercover boss," Peter the Great traveled in disguise and worked where to learn about Western society and economics?

In 1697, he embarked on a "Grand Embassy of Western Europe," travelling especially to England, the Netherlands, Baltic ports, and the Holy Roman Empire. He searched for allies for Russia (anticipated a war against Turks as Russia pressed the Black Sea). He conducted research on the economic, cultural, and military-industrial practices of the Western European powers, even working as a ship's carpenter in Amsterdam.

Cuzco

Inca Capital City

State Building and Culture in South Asia to 1200 CE

India and "Subcontintent" Himalayas Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Afghanistan Indus River Ganges River

Currency

Intermediary of exchange -limited -appealing

Surfism

Islamic Order.

Sufi

Islamic order

Amaterasu

Japanese goddess of the sun

Relations with Central Asian nomads

Kowtow tributes and cultural exchange (Horse Technologies like stirrups, saddles, calvary, crossbow) Assimilation/Settling down Gupta Dynasty was destructed by raiding, fighting, and warring

Mit'a

Labor Tax

Aqueduct

Major innovation, water bridge, or canal

Religion, Spirituality, and Society

Major religions tie to political scructures or empires.

Gupta control over much of India was established by:

Marriage and conquest

Sunni Expasion from Muhammad

Mohammad -> Abu Bakr (father in law) -> Umar (lieutenant) -expanion -imperialism -> Uthman -assasinated -> Mu'awiyah -start of Ummayad Dynasty

Shi'ah Expansion after Mohammad

Mohammed-> Ali (son in law) -assinasted in Civil War -> Hassan (grandson) -assasinated -> Husayn (grandson) -> Shi'ah Muslims

Khans

Mongol King

Yurts

Mongol houses, frame of wooden posts and covered with animal skins

Ramadan

Month of fasting, if, when you can

Athenian triremes

More maneuverable and faster, destroys Greek.

"Chain of prophets"

Muhammad is the last and final link of prophets

Ancient American Culture Patterns

N- cities on rivers and after in land lakes...different irrigation. Challenges to agriculture made American civilizations more susceptible to climate change, overpopulation, "over farming" I- Lack of Writing, Metal works, "Draft" Animals P- Consistent warfare, expansion, decline, collapse R- Polythesistic spirit worship and SHAMAN KINGS

Where did the Hanseatic League operate

Northern Europe, accessed Blatic and Mediterranean Oceans

Etruscans (800 BC)

Northern Italy Greek Influence Mythology Orgins -Prince Aeneas of Troy (sailed from Greece) -Romulus and Remus (abandoned at birth and raised by wolves)

Peter the Great and "Window to the West"

On land that he conquered from Sweden, he created St. Petersburg, a new capital and an all-weather port - designed commercially, geographically, and architecturally as a Western city.

Classical inventions

Paper, Block Printing, Iron and Steel

Legalism

People naturally bad, need structure and control

Of his many goals, what did Peter achieve?

Peter established a strong central government, similar to a monarchy, he created a powerful military, international trade connections, commercial enterprise, and diplomatic contact with the nations of Western Europe.

Westernization

Peter the great was impressed by the strength of the empires from the Western European countries and so he tried to replicate them by involved Russia in Western military, culture, and economics. He also started charging heavy taxes in order to afford all of this.

Three Mother Cultures

Phoenicians Mycenaeans Trojans

Haji

Pilgrimage to Mecca

Theory of forms

Plato's contention that ultimate reality consists of abstract ideas or forms that correspond to all objects in the empirical world. Knowledge of these abstractions is innate and can be attained only through introspection.

Tribune

Plebeian senator postition

Mind Dynasty China

Political: -"Han" Emperors, Mandate of Heaven, Mongols Expelled -New Capital: Beijing and Forbidden City -Confucian Law/Gov. (Civil service exam) Economy: Exports: Corn and Peanuts are new products from America -Canal and Wall Building, infrastructure Religion: Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism -NeoConfucianism- all three revised together Social Class: Confucianism-gender roles, govt. Idealogies: Scholar Officials Art: Porcelain Pottery, Pogudus, Calligraphy Downfall: Another Dynastic turnover due to te Manchus from the North

Who went to "Easter Island"

Polynesian sailors

Cambyses and the Persian Empire

Poor ruler with the shortest reign. Briefly overextended the empire.

The Indian Ocean

Premier #1 Trade Network -trade winds -Monsoon winds used to go North or South for trade

Shang Dynasty

Primary sources of Oracle Bones having earliest form of writing and human sacrifice to leaders

Ramayana

Prince Rama (Vishnu) saves wife from evil spirit, wins bow contest.

Valide Sultan

Queen Mother

Intellextual Arete... PHILOSOPHY

Reality-What is real? Logic-How do we know or prove things to be true? Epistemology- What is knowledge? Where from? Attaining it? Meaning of LIfe/Humanity-Good and Evil?

Han Dynasty

Rebellion Destroys Qin Another general creates.... Move from Legalism to more... Confucianism Civil Service Exams

ROADS! in Inca Empire

Rope Bridges of the Inca Empire -Mit'a -Labor Tax -No draft animals, but were llamas.

Darius and the Persian Empire

Ruled at its peak, continues teh successfulness of the satraps and religious toleration as long as taxes were paid that were then used for major Public Works. Success in infrastructure and the spatial city with ROYAL ROAD, POSTAL SERVICE, and the city PERSEPOLIS. STANDARDIZE COINAGE and bring New Religion. Solidified satrapies, moved to unify PERSIA, built Persepolis.

Security

Safety of the empire

City that reaches its "zenith" as a Silk ROute stoppage points in the post classical period

Samarkand

Mahayana

Sees Buddha as God

Five Pillars of Islam

Shahada- statement of faith, no God, but Ala, Muhammad is his prophet Salaah- prayer, believe to ask for forgiveness/ thanks facing Mecca five times a day Zakat- 2.5% given to the poor or less fortunate, almsgiving Ramadan- month of fasting, if when you can Haji- pilgrimage to Mecca

Buddhism

Siddhartha Gautama- 563 B.C. Born into Prince in Palace (Warrior Class) Ran away after seeing suffering and gave up wealth. Great Renunciation Ascetic Return to sin Heavy Meditation...Under the Bo Tree gained Nirvana Enlightenment - nirvana Buddha- "the awakened"

Afro-Eurasian Trade Networks

Silk Roads/Silk Route -Chinese Exports of tea, rice, silk, and porcelain -India exports of cotton and pepper -Nothing really from the West -Caravan Routes and caravanserais -Trade Hub Cities --Kashgar and Samarqand --trade based merchant rule

Main products of export

Silk, Rice, Procelian, Tea

Plato

Socrates student -sometimes call "real father" of philosophy -wrote down philosophy -Allegory of the Cave -Theory of Forms -The Academy -The REPUBLIC -Women should be treated equally

Darius and Zarathustra/Zoroaster in the Persian Empire

Standardize coinage! Darius brings a new religion, Zoroastrianism. -based on the prophet -God of good and God of bad

The Mahabharata

Story of Bharata people, Arjuna the Warrior, Arjuna's big desision (duty, death, morality)

TRUE or FALSE: Christian messages resulted in dramatically different views towards slavery and the treatment of women in the Roman Empire.

TRUE

Phalanx

Teamwork strategy, first row shieldeing, second row attacking with long spears, and last row shielding top of army. Originating from Sparta army. Destroyed Persian armies with Phalanx giving round 1 to Athens.

Adapting to the Environment

Terracing (flatening of land) and Hydraulics (pumps draining systems)

Which of the following demonstrate the increased use of Sanskrit in Gupta India?

The Laws of Manu and the Mahabharata

Cultural diffusion

The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another

Restrictions of non Islams

They could not build new houses or worship them. Had to wear distinguishing garments, their prayer sounds would be muted, houses coud not be higher than the Muslims houses, poll tax was higher fro them as second class.

Hadith

Traditional records of the deeds and utterances of the prophet Muhammad, and the Quran, for Islamic theology and law

Golden Rule

Treat others how u would like to be treated

"The Sultan"

Turkish ruler

Mu'awiyah

Umayyad ruler, and first caliph of the Umayyad Dynasty

Ibn Khaldun

Unique practice- first to apply social science theory to the study of history Thesis of his Universal History- cyclical theory of history, in which vigorous nomadic peoples regularly conquered urban peoples who were settled, cultured, and contented, took over their cities, settled into lives of luxury, and then themselves fell prey to the next round of invasion from more robust nomads

Moksha

Uniting with the Brahman

Gateway for asian products into Europe

Venice

What debt does Western Philosophy owe to Muslim scholars? What would have been likely lost?!?

Western Philosophy owes the debt for keeping alive the Hellenistic traditions, for the fall of the Roman Empire would have forgotten and neglected the intellectual traditions and woudl of lost the texts from greece and India.

Asoka's Missionaries

Why not to the West? Already had Gods. After Asoka the Maurya Dynasty collapses. Buddhism in India has conflisction with Hinduism. Asoka's Missions spread to the East. Influx of Islam to the southeast. (Strict monotheism)

Culture Unified

Written Language Confucianism Mandate of Heaven Silk Route Products

Asoka's Edicts on Pillars

Wrote down what he said on pillars. Asoka practiced Dhamma as reperation. Asoka retained violence as state policy. For Buddhism he founded hospitals, built 84000 monasteries and stupas, religious groups outside Buddhism had a lasting impact.

First three "Dynasty Kingdoms" ruled by D.P.D.M

Xia Dynasty and Yu the Great Shang Dynasty Zhou Dynasty

Qadi

a judge

Mausoleum

a large tomb

Arab

a member of a Semitic people, originally from the Arabian peninsula and neighboring territories, inhabiting much of the Middle East and North Africa.

Mandate of Heaven

a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source

Chasquis

a system of runners that traveled the Inca roads as a kind of postal service, carrying messages from one end of the empire to the other.

Dar al-Islam

abode of peace, home of peace

Native Indian groups that predate any historical immigration and who live in remote areas separate from South Asian society are called:

aboriginals

Socratic Method

asked series of questions to reveal truth, engaging process of inquiry leading to deeper understanding. -used today by lawyers

Ganges River

backbone of major citires, water said to be holy. Said to have Brahmin in the water.

Malaysian sailors contributions

balance-lug sails that could be rotated

Satraps

bureaucrats and local administrators

Confucianism

by Confucius People are naturally good. "Dutiful Submission to Virtuous Rule" Husband-wife Father-son Elder-youth Ruler-subjects men-women Golden Rule

Daoism

by Laozi 500s-300s BCE Daodejing "Tao Te Ching" "The Way of the Dao" Flow of nature, reality. Humble, quiet, reflective. Connects to Buddhism. Effects: Acupunture, medicine, alchemy, art and poetry.

Which of the following likely intensified during the Gupta Dynasty?

caste system and Hindu gender roles

Bill of Exchange

checks

Mosque

church

Medina

city that Muhammad and his followers fled to

Ibn Sina's Qanun fi'l-tibb

comumes on the pharmacology of herbs, the functioning organs, fevers, and surgery. "Canon of Medicine".

Chinaupes

crops on top of lake water

The Gupta Dynasty is remembered for being a time of:

cultural flowering

Dharma

duty, role in life

Caliphat

empire of a caliph

Helots

ensalved surrounding population of Sprta, 75-80% of population

Allegory of the Cave

explored topics and had answers for most philosophical questions

Hijrah

flee from Mecca

Consciption

form of tax, required military service

Ka'aba

house for the gods

Economics

how people get what they want or not

Cyrus the Great and the Persian Empire

introduced satraps, religious tolerance, and security. "The Great" founder of the Achaemenid Dynasty. Lengendary!

Xia Dynasty

legendary "tamer" of the Yellow RIver

Monasticism

lifestyle of no attachments.

Quraysh

merchants rulers of Mekkah

mahdi

messaih

Crop Rotation

mixing up crops location as some crop nutrient soil after it is warred down

Aninism

nature ancestors

Civil Service Exams

need intense Confucian intelligence.

Imperialism in South Asia

numerous kingdoms and city states until Alexander the Great arrived in 326 BCE

Battle of Thermopylae

of the "300". Died, but fought off Persians for 3 days

Dalia Lama

person who lead the government, was believed to be a reincarnation of the Buddha.

Mercenaries

professional soldiers that work based off pay, no loyalty

Caliph al-Mamun

proved "Kings are the rulers of the people, but scholars are the rulers of kings..." as Ahmad ibn Hanbal argued that only scholars had the authority to interpret Quranic text.

Rationalism

rational and scientific inquiry to pursue truth like Scientific Method today.

Samsara

reincarnation, different lifecycles

Tolerance

religious/culture freedom

Sultanate

rule by Turkish King

Chinese Writings

sexist, men patriarchal symbol for man is land power symbol for women is holding a baby modern writing is much the same.

Jiyza

tax on non-muslims

Peter the Great

the "czar" or monarch of Russia (from "Caesar")

Mehmed

the conqueror

Uluma

the theologies and legal experts of Islam

Minaret

towers

caravan

trade parade

Biremes

unique kind of boat, two decks of boarmen

Dhimmi status

was to accept "protected", status as worshipers of one God who accepted Muslim rule

Quipu

way of accounting and messages by tying knots