APES pollution vocab

four most populated countries in the world

1) china 3) united states 2) india 4) indonesia

nuclear fusion

2 isotopes of light elements forced together at high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus

cultural eutrophication

Cultural eutrophication also occurs when excessive fertilizers run into lakes and rivers.

giardia

Giardia infection is an intestinal infection marked by abdominal cramps, bloating, nausea and bouts of watery diarrhea

NOSCLP

NOx, Ozone, SOx, CO, Lead, PM

r-selected species

The production of numerous small offspring followed by exponential population growth

toxicant

a chemical compound typically produced by human activity that has a harmful effect on an organism

pH

a figure expressing the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a logarithmic scale on which 7 is neutral, lower values are more acid, and higher values more alkaline

temperature inversion

a phenomenon in which the temperature of the atmosphere increases with altitude in contrast to the normal decrease with altitude. it can lead to pollution accumulating at ground level.

cholera

an infectious and often fatal bacterial disease of the small intestine, typically contracted from infected water supplies and causing severe vomiting and diarrhea.

replacement level fertility

average number of children born per women at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to another

turbidity

cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by large numbers of individual particles

direct costs

costs that are directly related to or caused by an industry or pollution event

indirect costs

costs that are indirectly related to or caused by an industry or pollution event e.g. the loss of business due to a negative public image

first law of thermodynamic

energy is neither created nor destroyed, but may be converted from one form to another

noise pollution

environmental pollution consisting of persistent, bothersome, or harmful noise which may interfere with communication, recreation, work, or sleep

organic effluent

liquid sewage or other organic waste, e.g. milk, produced by living organisms and discharged before processing

integrated waste management

management process that uses many different methods of waste processing to effectively deal with waste products

water hardness

measure of the amount of calcium and magnesium salts in water

nuclear fission

nuclei of iso types split apart when struck by neutrons

total fertility rate

number of children who would be born per 1000 women if they were to pass through their childbearing years

crude death rate

number of deaths per 1000 people

crude birth rate

number of live births occurring among the population per 1000

indicator organism

organism whose presence, absence, or abundance can be used as a determination of the health of the habitat being studied

point source pollution

pollution that can be identified as emanating from a specific place, such a pipe or drain

non point source pollution

pollution that enters a system through diffuse, poorly defined entrances, such as chemicals dropped by a chemical duster

acid rain

precipitation with a pH below 6. it is caused by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide dissolving in water vapor.

eutrophocation

process of accelerated enrichment of water ways, often by nitrogenous materials such as fertilizers

clean air act

regulates "NOSCLP"

ore

rock that contains a large concentration of a mineral making it profitable to mine

k-selected species

selection occurring when a population is at or near the carrying capacity of the environment, which is usually stable

pollution

the adding of unwanted, damaging or often harmful chemicals to a system

urbanization

the growth of cities as a result of the redistribution of people from rural areas to urban environments

ecological footprint

the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain then use of natural resources

sewerage

the infrastructure (piping, drains, etc.) that transports sewage

oil spill

the loss of oil from a contained environment

biological oxygen demand

the mass of oxygen used by one liter of sample effluent stored in darkness at 20 degrees C for five days

atmospheric pollution

the pollution of the air by fine particles and gasses including CO, CO2, O3, and NO2

sewage treatment

the process of using mechanical, biological, and chemical treatments to separate , process and purify biological and domestic waste.

Albedo

the proportion of the incident light or radiation that is reflected by a surface, typically that of a planet or moon.

recycling

the use of waste or old material to provide all or part of the raw material for new products

half life

time it takes for 1/2 the mass of a radioisotope to decay

photochemical smog

type of air pollution caused by the action of sunlight on hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and other pollutants from emitted by motor vehicles and industry

second law of thermodynamics

when energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy