APES UNIT 3

Based on the data in Figure 1, which of the following is the best estimate of the carrying capacity of the moose population?

1,500

Replacement level fertility

2.1

Based on the trends shown in the table, in which of the following years was the owl population at carrying capacity?

2015

Based on the data in the graph, what was the average number of children born per woman in less-developed regions in 1975?

4.7

The demographic transition model describes population change over time as a country becomes more developed. Age-structure diagrams describe how populations are distributed across age ranges. Which of the following age-structure diagrams best displays the age ranges in a country that is in stage 2 of the demographic transition?

An expansive pyramid age-structure diagram

Based on current trends and patterns, which of the following statements best predicts how the human population will change over the next 50 years?

As the population density increases, there will be an increase in disease transmission, leading to increased mortality.

Which of the following best describes a difference between generalist species and specialist species?

Generalists use a large range of resources, while specialists have a limited range of resources they use to survive.

A scientist is studying a biome that experiences large seasonal fluctuations in both temperature and precipitation patterns. Which of the following would best characterize the organisms that inhabit the biome?

Generalists would be most abundant, because the resources available would be constantly changing.

Type 1 or K

Humans

Based on the survivorship curves shown below, which of the following is a possible reason for the change in the shape of the curve from 1900 to 1980?

Improvements in health-care services and medical research

Type III

Insects

Cycads are gymnosperms that were diverse and abundant during the Mesozoic era. Extant species of cycads share many traits with those from the Mesozoic era. Cycads bear cones, are long-lived with slow growth rates, show late reproductive maturity, and have very few offspring. Based on this description, the cycads are

K-strategists with a Type I survivorship curve.

The tropical rain forests are known to have a large variety of animals. One example is the orchid mantis that is highly camouflaged when standing on a certain species of orchid found in tropical environments. Another species, the tropical cockroach, can live anywhere in the rain forest where it can find water and a food source. Which of the following statements best describes why it is predicted that the orchid mantis will be more affected by global climate change than the tropical cockroach will be?

Orchid mantises tend to be advantaged in habitats that remain constant; the rain forest habitat is likely to shift because of global climate change.

Researchers monitored the number of reindeer over time on an island off the coast of Alaska. The reindeer were introduced in year 1, and the population size was counted every 5 years. The data are shown in the table above. Which of the following claims about trends in the population size over time is best supported by the data?

The population exceeded the carrying capacity of the island, which led to a decrease in the population size following extreme resource depletion.

density dependent

factors that influence population growth based on size Resources

density independent

factors that influence population growth independent of size Weather

The rule of 70 can be used to determine a population's doubling time. Doubling time is a measure of the

population growth rate

Based on the description and the data table above, which of the following combinations best classifies the song sparrow?

r-strategist and generalist

Based on the data in the graph, when did more-developed regions first reach replacement level fertility?

1970

In a given country, the population size is decreasing because there are fewer prereproductive-aged individuals in the population. Which of the age structure diagrams best illustrates the population of this country?

A top-heavy age structure diagram, like the one for Charlotte County, Florida, as shown in the figure, illustrates a declining population size because the number of prereproductive- and reproductive-aged individuals is low.

Which of the following claims best supports the classification of bees as an organism that displays a Type IIII survivorship curve, as shown in the graph above?

Away from the colony, bees experience a constant probability of death per unit time as a foraging species.

Which of the following statements best describes why birth and death rates are changing in a country that is in Phase 2 of the demographic transition?

Individuals have better sanitation and access to clean drinking water.

Raccoons eat a variety of foods and can live in a variety of habitats, including locations near humans. Tiger salamanders eat an abundance of worms and insects and require wetland habitats so they do not dry out. Which of the following best identifies the two different species?

Raccoons are generalists, and salamanders are specialists.

Salamanders, ospreys, snapping turtles, and beavers all live in aquatic habitats. Salamanders lay their eggs in small freshwater pools and feed on insects. Osprey habitats include rivers, bays, and swamps and the birds feed on fish and other animals in the water or on land. Snapping turtles live in fresh or brackish water and feed on plants, fish, frogs, and snakes. Beavers build lodges on islands, pond banks, and lake shores and eat a variety of shrubs, grasses, and crops. Based on the information provided above, which of the following species would best be classified as a specialist?

Salamanders

Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in the table?

The black rhino is a KK-selected species because it has a low number of offspring per reproductive event.

Which of the following best describes the change in the carrying capacity of the human population if growth is limited by conditions set forth by the Malthusian theory?

The carrying capacity will decrease, and the human population size will experience a dieback.

Which of the age structure diagrams best illustrates a county that has a stable population size and slow or no population growth?

The column-shaped diagram indicates population stability.

A certain species of dinosaur laid large numbers of eggs, and the hatchlings had high mortality early in life. But if they survived, the young dinosaurs were able to grow at a rapid pace and disperse into the environment in order to thrive. Based on this information and the graph above, which of the following best characterizes this species of dinosaur?

The dinosaurs were r-strategists and exhibited a Type III survivorship curve

Which of the following claims is best supported by the data shown in the table above?

The owl population experienced population overshoot between 1995 and 2000 because of increased competition for resources.

Which of the following best describes the trends seen in the total fertility rates for the world population from 1950 to the projected rates in 2040?

Total fertility rates declined rapidly from 1960 to 2000 because women had children later in life as a result of increased educational opportunities.

In 1950, a country had a total fertility rate of 5.9. In 2010, the total fertility rate of the country was 2.3. Which of the following is most likely the reason for the change in total fertility rate?

Women had increased educational opportunities and had children later in life.

The supply of Earth's fresh water is fixed and is being depleted at a rapid rate. Which of the following best describes the effects of a limited freshwater supply on human populations?

World food production will decrease, leading to increased famine.

A variety of plants and animals inhabit a forest ecosystem. Which statement correctly explains why certain organisms would be more likely to survive than others if a forest fire burned the area?

Generalist species are more likely to survive because they can thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources.

Which of the following density-independent factors can affect the size of a human population?

Heat waves

Which of the following best explains the change in the moose population from 1995 to 1997?

Plants in the area could not support the large population of moose in 1995.

A country is currently in the second stage of the demographic transition. Currently the country has a birth rate of 37.9 births per 1,000 individuals and a death rate of 13.4 deaths per 1,000 individuals. Which of the following changes would indicate that the country is moving from the second stage into the third stage of the demographic transition?

The birth rate declines to 25.3 births per 1,000 individuals.

Which of the following is a characteristic of an organism that displays a Type IIIIII survivorship curve, as shown in the graph above?

The organism produces large numbers of offspring every time it reproduces.

Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in the graph for the population of wolves between 1975 and 1985?

The population declined following depletion of food resources after a population overshoot.

Which of the following statements best describes the pattern seen in age structure diagram C?

There is an imbalance between males and females, with a ratio of 1.5 men to every woman in the population.

The graphs below show changes in a population over time. The dashed line represents the carrying capacity of the species. Which of the following graphs best shows the population size of a K-selected species over time in a stable environment?

This graph shows a population growing to carrying capacity and remaining around carrying capacity. This is a graph for a typical K-selected population.